Development Cooperation

C U R R E N T R E S E A R C H S E R I E S Development Cooperation Current Research is a joint publishing project between the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and the Center for Basque Studies at the University of Nevada, Reno (UNR). Te UPV/EHU is the public university Facing the Challenges of Global Change of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country. Current Research is multidisciplinary in approach and publishes the best scholarship of leading CURRENT academics and researchers at the UPV/EHU, which is a worldwide pioneer in RESEARCH S E R I E S bilingual higher education. Te Center for Basque Studies and UNR are proud to make this important series available to an English-language readership. 3 Facing the Challenges of Global Change Development Cooperation: Development cooperation, a concept that has existed for more than ffy years, EDITED BY has been transformed drastically in recent years. With the end of the Cold Koldo Unceta and War in the late 1980s, so-called developing countries ceased to be potential Amaia Arrinda pawns in global political dynamics and gradually became the focus of greater moral concerns. As such, pro-development policies demanded a more ethically grounded political strategy, a challenge that governments and international bodies did not know how to, or did not want to, react to. Tis problem was compounded further by the impact of globalization, with its concomitant increase in the interdependence of a range of global economic, political, social, ecological, and cultural processes. Most recently of all, the global fnancial crisis and its consequences have also raised questions about the future of development cooperation, at a time when it should be more relevant than ever. Tis book addresses a wide spectrum of issues that are central to the debate on development cooperation today such as sustainability, gender equity, technology, communication, rural development, global conficts and commerce, labor relations, fnancing development, humanitarian action, and the specifc case of Africa. ISBN 978-1-935709-02-2 EDITED BY Amaia Arrinda Koldo Unceta and Center for Basque Studies UPV/EHU www.basque.unr.edu www.ehu.es University of Nevada, Reno CR3_Development_cover.indd 1 16/11/10 18:08:42 Center for Basque Studies Current Research Series, No. 3 Development Cooperation: Facing the Challenges of Global Change Edited by Koldo Unceta and Amaia Arrinda Current Research Series No. 3 Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Published in conjunction with the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU I// Center for -:;_ Basque Studies Universidad Euskal Herriko 0 .. UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO II del Pais Vasco Unibertsitatea Current Research Selections of the ongoing work done by the faculty of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), www.ehu.es/ Editorial Committee Amaia Maseda (Chair, UPV/EHU), Arantza Azpiroz (UPV/EHU), Javier Echeverría (Ikerbasque), Jon Landeta (UPV/EHU), Sandra Ott (UNR), Joseba Zulaika (UNR), Santos Zunzunegui (UPV/EHU) Current Research Series, No. 3 Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada 89557 http://basque.unr.edu Copyright © 2010 by the Center for Basque Studies All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Cover and series design © 2010 by Jose Luis Agote. Cover design based on engravings by Eduardo Chillida and Jorge Oteiza. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Development cooperation : facing the challenges of global change / edited by Koldo Unceta and Amaia Arrinda. p. cm. -- (Current research series ; no. 3) “Published in conjunction with the University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU.” Includes index. Summary: “Collection of articles on cooperation for development from researchers at the University of the Basque Country”--Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-935709-02-2 (pbk.) 1. Economic assistance--International cooperation. 2. Economic development--International cooperation. 3. Sustainable development- -International cooperation. I. Unceta, Koldo. II. Arrinda, Amaia. III. University of Nevada, Reno. Center for Basque Studies. IV. Title. V. Series. HC60.D4743 2010 338.91--dc22 2010042968 Contents Introduction: Development Cooperation in Transition — Koldo Unceta and Amaia Arrinda ..................................... 7 1. Sustainable Development in the Brundtlant Report and Its Distortion: Implications for Development Economics and International Cooperation ........................................ 13 Roberto Bermejo, Iñaki Arto, and David Hoyos 2. Te Ecological Debt and Energy Model Change for Environmental Justice ............................................ 35 Rosa Lago, Iñaki Barcena, and Gorka Bueno 3. Technologies for Human Development and Sustainability......... 57 Joseba Sainz de Murieta and Amaia Arrinda 4. Economic Crisis, Gender Repercussions, and Ofcial Development Aid .................................... 75 M. Jose Martínez and Idoye Zabala 5. New Dimensions in Humanitarian Action: Confict-sensitive and Gender-focused Aid ....................... 93 Karlos Pérez de Armiño and Irantzu Mendia 6. New Challenges for Rural Development Cooperation: Institutionality and Public Goods................................. 109 Eduardo Ramos and Eduardo Malagón 7. Communication and Development: From the MacBride Report to the Congo Wars................................................ 125 Juan Carlos Miguel de Bustos and Víctor Santiago Pozas 8. International Labor Law, International Business, and Development Cooperation: Te International Labour Organization and Social Clauses ....... 145 Mikel de la Fuente and Juan Hernández 6 Contents 9. Financing Development: ODA versus FDI and Remittances in the Most Vulnerable Countries................................. 165 Koldo Unceta, Jorge Gutierrez, and Iratxe Amiano 10. Cooperation between the EU and Sub-Saharan Africa: A Development Proposal Based on Open Regionalism and Economic Partnership Agreements?.......................... 187 Eduardo Bidaurratzaga, Juan Carlos Pérez de Mendiguren, and Luis Guridi Index ................................................................. 207 List of Contributors................................................... 223 Introduction: Development Cooperation in Transition Koldo Unceta and Amaia Arrinda Translated by Robert Forstag and Cameron Watson Development cooperation, a phenomenon which arose some ffy years ago, has been afected by various factors that have to a great extent chan- ged the context in which it has operated in recent times. At the end of the twentieth century, following the end of the Cold War, the so-called developing countries—those that were regarded as potential recipients of aid programs—were no longer seen as politically important (as capable of pla- ying an important role in the confrontation between East and West) and instead came to be viewed as an ethical problem more suitably addressed by humanitarian organizations than by governments. In the absence of geostrategic justifcations, eforts to promote development required ethical and political motivations, a challenge that governments and international bodies were either unable or unwilling to respond to, and this is something that undoubtedly infuenced the lower degree of importance that development cooperation has today on the international political agenda. But in addition to the impact on cooperation of the changes that have occurred in international relations, the rapid growth of globalization—and the accompanying increase in interdependence between economic, social, ecological, and cultural processes among diferent parts of the world—also substantially modifed the framework in which development cooperation functioned. 8 Koldo Unceta and Amaia Arrinda Globalization and Development Cooperation Until the 1980s, the conditions in which people lived depended to a great extent on the capacity of the institutions, organizations, and social groups of each country to promote activities that could increase their well-being. Governments, companies, and many diferent kinds of social organizations carried out their activities within a framework that was fundamen- tally determined by the rules established within each individual country. In the case of the most disadvantaged countries, development cooperation or other instruments of economic or fnancial cooperation had to make it possible for such countries to accelerate their own development without calling into question, at least formally, their capacity to advance in any particular area, or to establish their own economic policies and means of social control. In contrast, the globalization process today—most especially those conditions related to the economic and fnancial liberalization that has taken place—means that the prices of goods and services, salaries, interest rates, taxes, investments, and public expenditure are largely determined by the exogenous global factors in which economic activities are con- ducted. Within such a context, institutions and social organizations are confronted with global problems when devising and implementing their own development strategies. Within this new scenario, globalization has meant, in the frst place, a radical change in development fnancing, mainly as a consequence of the impact of the free circulation of capital and of the resulting difculty of channeling investment—by means of public policies—for the purpose of achieving particular development objectives. Tis change was also the result of the vulnerability experienced by many countries, as well

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