Moccasins CLS 3 the Wigwam CLS 4 Cradle Boards
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GRADE THREE SOCIAL STUDIES RESOURCE MANUAL: SUPPLEMENT PART 2 - NA TIVE STUDIES DEBORAH MORGAN B. Ed., University of Lethbridge, 1975 Dip. Ed., University of Lethbridge, 1982 A One-Course Project Submitted to the Faculty of Education of The University of Lethbridge in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF EDUCATION LETHBRIDGE,ALBERTA December, 1988 NATIVE STUDIES RESOURCE MANUAL Debbie Morgan December 1, 1988 TABLE OF CONTENTS Indian Tribes INT I Mistatin: Indians of the Plains INT 2 The Blackfoot (Oracle) INT 3 Blackfoot Sacred Paintings INT 4 The Blackfoot (Indians of Canada) INT 5 The Micmac INT 6 The Cree INT 7 Montagnas and Naskapi INT 8 The Ojibwa Games GAM I String Games GAM 2 Lacosse GAM 3 Indian and Eskimo Games Native Contributions CON I Contributions to Present Day Life CON 2 Contributions to the English Language Transportation TRA I Travois TRA 2 Bark Canoes Clothing and Shelter CLS I Indian Eskimo Clothing CLS 2 Moccasins CLS 3 The Wigwam CLS 4 Cradle Boards Food FOO I Indian and Eskimo Uses of Fire FOO 2 Indian and Eskimo Fishing Techniques FOO 3 Buffalo Hunting FOO 4 The Buffalo Hunters Legends LEG I False Face Curing Society LEG 2 Northwest Coast Indians: Masks LEG 3 Indian Rattles LEG 4 The Indian Culture Additional Information ADD I Basic Background Information ADD 2 Programs and Services (Federal) ADD 3 Constitutional Reform ADD 4 Self Government Indian Tribes INT 1 the buffalo hunter Cover Mistatin is an imaginary Indian The land, man of the Plains. He might be one of the men pictured in these pages. He might have been a the people, buffalo hunter and a warrior. the life the map. Each group in Canad spoke a dialect of one of three maj or language families - Algonquian, Siouan, and Athapaskan. CANADA The Indians who lived on the western high plains were main: hunters of the large herds of buffalo that until a century ag grazed on the short grasses. T: people moved often, to follow t animals. The Indians who live< on the eastern rolling prairies UNITED STATES farmed in the river valleys. Th usually lived in permanent lodges in small villages. In the 1500s the Spanish conquerors brought horses to Mexico. Little by little, either through trade or through capture, horses made their wa~ northwards from one Plains group to another. By the late 1700s even the most northerly The map shows the general areas where some of the Plains groups had horses and Plains tribes lived. were expert riders. The Plains Indians lived on the There are no mountain ranges on Once there were horses, some vast flatlands that extend the plains, no large lakes, and eastern prairie farmers left th~ eastwards from the foothills of only a few rivers. Trees grow crops to become hunters. Som the Rocky Mountains to the mainly along the banks of the Cree, OJ ibwa, Sarcee, and Siou valley of the Mississippi River. rivers and streams. Indians from the north and th From central Alberta, Saskatche east moved into the plains to wan, and western Manitoba, the In the north, winters are long follow the buffalo herds. plains stretch south almost to and cold, with snow and bliz the Gulf of Mexico. On the zards. The wind seems never to The horse brought changes to rolling eastern prairies grew tall stop blowing. Winters can be the life of the Plains Indians. grasses, such as blue stem and just as severe in the south, but Then in the late 1800s the wild wheat. The high, level usually they are shorter. Canadian Pacific Railway pus] western plain was covered with a its way across the prairies. Wi short grass called grama grass. In the 1700s there may have the railway came the end of tl been as many as 30 000 Plains old way of life. Indians living in Canada. Several of the main groups are shown on JDdians of e Plains Plains Indians wore clothes made of deer, elk, or antelope hide. To protect their feet from Clothes the rough ground, they wore moccasins with hard soles, usually made of buffalo hide. In cold weather they wrapped a robe of buffalo hide around their shoulders. A man hunting buffalo on horseback, or out on a raid in summer, often wore a breech clout, leggings that reached to the hips, and moccasins. The leggings were attached by thongs to the belt of the breech-clout. A knife and a small bag hung from the belt. Some times men added a hide shirt to the outfit. In later years, shirts for ceremonial occasions were elaborately decorated, and feather head dresses were worn. Women wore dresses made of deer, antelope, or elk hide, knee-high leggings, and moccasins. Children were usually dressed in much the same way as their parents, though in summer they often went naked. Plains Indians decorated their clothes with fringes and dyed porcupine quills. Plants and minerals were mixed with grease to make Woman's dress decorated with porcupine quills dyes. Buffalo robes were painted with scenes Imd fringe. from the life of the wearer - past wars, hunts, and dream experiences. After the Europeans arrived, Plains Indians used coloured beads to decorate clothes. As time went on, they began to make their clothes from European cloth. 1 Shelters Western Plains Indians lived in tipis. The tipi, .hich is perhaps the best-known dwelling of !he North American Indians, was cone-shaped and usually measured about four metres in diameter. It was ideally suited to the wandering life. The frame was made of lodgepole pine poles, often more than seven metres long. Three or four poles were propped against each other to cross at the top. Then fifteen or twenty additional poles were set round the first group to complete the frame. :The covering for the frame was made of Ibuffalo hide. It took about fourteen hides to cover the frame from the ground up to a level just below the point where the poles crossed. Wooden pegs or stones held the bottom of the covering in place. Sometimes an extra layer of buffalo hide was hung inside the tipi, from partway down the ~vering to the ground. This inside curtain ftirected cold drafts upwards and helped to keep out the dampness. Two flaps of hide, one on each side of the Backrest made of willow rods for use in the tipi. opening at the top of the frame, acted as a sort of chimney. Each flap was attached to a long pole, which rested on the ground outside the tipi. When a fire was lit inside, someone positioned the flaps to catch the wind, so that Tipis were usually put up by the women. it would carry the smoke away from the tipi. Often they were arranged in a semi-circle, so that the doorway of each tipi faced the rising Inside the tipi, people sat on the ground, sun. Sometimes a string of dewclaws was leaning against backrests made of willow hung on the door flap, so that the claws twigs laced together with thongs. Their beds would rattle when someone entered or left were furs spread on the ground. Parfleches, the tipi. shields, bows and arrows, and cases for head dresses were hung from the tipi poles. On the eastern prairies, where the Plains Indians farmed, dwellings were usually dome The hunter carries a pronghorn antelope. He is greeted shaped lodges built partly underground, and by an old warrior w.ho wears a buffalo robe painted with stories of battles and hunts. A woman adjusts the covered with layers of packed earth. Each smoke {lap on the tipi. lodge sheltered forty or more people, and was built to last as long as ten years. Inset photograph shows a model of a tipi. Smoke {laps are open at the top. 3 them of their own. If a mother or a father Sharing the work died, an uncle or an aunt of the children tried to make up for the loss. Often a widower Plains Indian families cared about one married a sister of his earlier wife, or a widow another. Children were always welcome in the married a brother of her husband. tipis of their relatives. They spent a great deal of time with their grandparents. Often Sometimes there were more women than men when an older woman's husband died, a a group. Then elders, chiefs, and leaders mighj granddaughter went to live with her. have two or three wives, who were usually sist Children were taught early to behave and Men and women shared the work. Women obey the rules, although discipline was gentle. prepared the hides that were to be used for Older children helped and protected their tipi coverings, clothes, and bags. Often they younger brothers and sisters. decorated their clothes and bags with dyed quills, and later on with European beads. Most Plains Indians liked to have children Women put up the tipis and took them down. around them. If a child died, parents hoped They picked berries and wild greens. They that they would soon have another. Some dug up the roots of wild plants. They prepared times they adopted a child that reminded the food and cooked it. Summer • Men were the hunters and warriors. They made raids on other groups, often to try to capture horses. Men made weapons and tools and cut up the carcasses of the animals they ~nted. They painted tipi coverings with scenes depicting brave actions in battle or special skills in hunting. Parents taught their children the skills t]:ley would need when they were adults.