DOCSLIB.ORG

Mixed Migration: Libya at the Crossroads

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mixed Migration: Libya at the Crossroads MIXED MIGRATION: LIBYA AT THE CROSSROADS Mapping of Migration Routes from Africa to Europe and Drivers of Migration in Post-revolution Libya Prepared by Altai Consulting for the UNHCR | TRIPOLI – NOVEMBER 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was written by Arezo Malakooti, with the assistance of Tahar Benattia and under the supervision of Eric Davin (Altai Consulting). Field research was conducted by Arezo Malakooti, Tahar Benattia, Laurence Hargreaves, Chashah Nicholas, Usama Al Senosy, Karim Nabata and Guleid Hassan Dirir. We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of UNHCR Libya in the design and structure of this project as well as the collaboration of IOM Libya. The assistance of UNHCR and IOM teams in Ethiopia, Niger, Somaliland, Sudan, Malta and Italy, as well as that of the agencies and authorities interviewed is also gratefully acknowledged. Last but not least, we thank all the migrants who kindly offered their opinions and stories for the purposes of this research. ALTAI CONSULTING Altai Consulting provides strategy consulting and research services to private companies, governments and public institutions in developing countries. Altai teams operate in more than 25 countries in Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia. Since its inception 10 years ago, Altai Consulting has developed a strong focus on migration and labour market related research and program evaluations. Contact Details: Arezo Malakooti (Project Director): [email protected] Eric Davin (Altai Partner): [email protected] www.altaiconsulting.com To download this report online: www.altaiconsulting.com/mixedmigrationlibya This publication was produced by Altai Consulting for review by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Opinions expressed in the report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the UNHCR. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Acronyms 4 I. FOREWORD 5 II. INTRODUCTION 7 III. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8 IV. METHODOLOGY 14 1. Objectives 14 2. Approach 15 3. Secondary Research 16 4. Fieldwork 20 5. Sample Analysis 27 V. MAIN ROUTES OF TRAVEL AND THE JOURNEY TO LIBYA 30 1. Countries of Origin 30 2. Routes of Travel 31 3. Conditions of Journey 46 4. Smuggling 48 5. Transit Countries 57 6. The Circulation of Information 62 7. The Role of Networks 67 VI. INFLOWS AND DYNAMICS IN LIBYA 71 1. Push and Pull Factors 71 2. Types of Migrants and Reasons for Migration 76 3. Entry Points 93 4. The Libyan Labour Market 98 5. Quantifying the flows of migrants in Libya 100 6. Human Rights Issues 105 VII. OUTFLOWS TO EUROPE AND RETURNS HOME 109 1. Onward Journey from Libya to Europe 109 2. Returns From Libya to Country of Origin 124 VIII. CHANGES SINCE THE REVOLUTION 131 1. Migration Trends Under the Gadhafi Regime 131 2. Impact of the Libyan Revolution 132 3. Changes Post-revolution 133 IX. THE CHANGING NATURE OF THE JOURNEY 136 X. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES 139 1. A Comprehensive Approach for the Management of Mixed Migration 139 2. Recommendations 143 3. Perspectives 145 XI. ANNEX 1: LISTS OF FIGURES 148 LIST OF ACRONYMS AVR Assisted Voluntary Return AVR&R Assisted Voluntary Return and Reintegration DCIM The Department for Combatting Illegal Migration (Libya) DRC The Danish Refugee Council ECOWAS The Economic Community Of West African States EU The European Union ICMPD International Centre for Migration Policy Development ICRC The International Committee for the Red Cross IDI In-depth interview IDP Internally displaced person IOM The International Organization for Migration KII Key informant interview OAU The Organisation for African Unity RSD Refugee Status Determination UNHCR The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees FOREWORD I. FOREWORD The vast majority of the migration routes through the central Mediterranean transit through Libya. Yet, despite regular press coverage of the too often recurring tragedies unfolding at sea between the Libyan coast and the islands of Lampedusa and Malta, little is actually known about the part of the journey through Libya and further afield. How are the migrants and asylum seekers entering Libya? Which routes do they use? What are the profiles of the migrants? Which countries do they come from? What are their motives? Do all of them intend to travel to Europe by boat? How many of them are arriving in Libya and departing for Europe? What are the risks, dangers and constraints they face throughout their journey to Libya and eventually onto Europe? While on paper there is a clear distinction between economic migrants and asylum seekers, how does this distinction play out in reality? These are some of the questions we had in mind when the idea of this study was first conceived in 2012. Prior to the 17-February Revolution in Libya, access to the southern areas of the country, and to the various detention centres where irregular migrants are kept, was at best difficult, and usually not possible at all. Before 2011, little research on the migration phenomenon in Libya had been conducted, let alone any field study. Gaining first-hand information directly from the people involved in the migration flow; developing a greater insight into the drivers at play and the dynamics of the mixed migration flow; identifying the key dangers and risks involved in the journey; in a nutshell, gaining a better understanding of a fast changing and increasingly complex phenomenon, are some of the key objectives that the study ‘Mixed Migration: Libya at the Crossroads’ was meant to achieve. The study was carried out by Altai Consulting and commissioned by UNHCR. 5 ‘Mixed Migration: Libya at the Crossroads’ represents, to date, the first and most comprehensive and updated attempt to map out the different elements at play in the mixed migration flow, involving extensive field work in ten different key locations in Libya but also in some of the key countries of origin and transit (Niger, Sudan, Ethiopia and Somaliland) and the main countries of destination (Malta and Italy). While it builds on past studies and existing literature, it presents a fresh set of data and a new perspective on a set of issues ranging from travel routes; cost of travel; entry points; conditions of the journey; the dynamics and economics of the smuggling business; the push and pull factors of migration; types of migrants; factors influencing decisions to move on or to settle in Libya; the various protection problems migrants, and particularly asylum seekers, are facing during their journey; attempts to quantify the flow of migrants in Libya and the issues and dangers associated with the onward journey to Europe. The study is part of a wider research project that was commissioned by UNHCR and carried out by Altai Consulting to look at three issues of key concern to UNHCR in post-Gaddafi Libya: namely the dynamics of mixed migration (‘Mixed Migration: Libya at the Crossroads’), the situation of refugees in urban settings (‘A Social and Economic Assessment of Urban Refugees in Three Libyan Cities’) and the status of southern populations (‘Assessing Genealogical Profiles, Access to Documentation and Access to Services in Southern Libya’). In addition to contributing to developing greater insight on each of the concerned topics, all three studies are meant to inform and improve the design of operational interventions and programs in support of people in need of international protection, not only for the UNHCR but also for other actors serving these populations. Mixed Migration: Libya at the Crossroads Altai Consulting | November 2013 FOREWORD Beyond the information and insight they provide on the concerned matters, the three studies also propose a set of recommendations targeting the international organizations in Libya, the UNHCR and the Government of Libya. While the issue of security, border control and enforcement of the rule of law are top priorities for the Libyan government, post-revolution Libya still lacks a proper migration and asylum framework for the proper management of the mixed migration flow into the country that guarantees the physical integrity and protection of the migrants, particularly the asylum seekers fleeing their countries for fear of persecution. Since it re-established its presence in Libya in 2011, the UNHCR has been assisting vulnerable refugees and asylum seekers with relief items, cash assistance and the facilitation of medical referrals. UNHCR is continuously visiting detention centres where persons of concern to the organization are held, providing relief items and medical attention. Through numerous capacity- building initiatives, the office has been advocating for the identification of alternatives to detention and the establishment of procedures that expand the protection space and address the basic needs of refugees and asylum seekers. Yet, the protection needs remain as diverse as they are challenging. By making available this study and sharing new data, UNHCR hopes to generate a renewed interest and attention to the issue of mixed migration in Libya and more particularly to the situation of asylum seekers and refugees. We hope it will lead to reinvigorated efforts by the government, as well as local and international partners, for the development of protection solutions for refugees and asylum seekers in Libya. More opportunities for those seeking asylum need to be made available inside Libya to prevent them from going underground, resorting to illicit activities and risking their lives at sea. 6 As the study suggests, the issue of mixed-migration in Libya has bearings well beyond Libya. In this optic, this study seeks to encourage efforts to bring together the various concerned actors in the region, and along the migration routes, to work in a concerted manner at developing solutions for the many issues associated with mixed migration, but particularly for the achievement of durable solutions for those persons in need of international protection. I wish to extend my gratitude and express my admiration for the work conducted by the Altai Consulting teams, particularly the field teams who spent a great deal of time, and had to endure numerous constraints and challenges, to collect the data for this study.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Protection of Constitutional Democracy Against Terrorist and Related Activities Act, 2004
    STAATSKOERANT, 23 JULIE 2013 No. 36689 17 PROCLAMATION by the President of the Republic of South Africa No. 24, 2013 NOTIFICATION BY PRESIDENT IN RESPECT OF ENTITIES IDENTIFIED BY THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL:_ SECTION 25 OF THE PROTECTION OF CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY AGAINST TERRORIST AND RELATED ACTIVITIES ACT, 2004 I, Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma, President of the Republic of South Africa, hereby, in terms of section 25 of the Protection of Constitutional Democracy against Terrorist and Related Activities Act, 2004 (Act No. 33 of 2004), give notice that the Security Council of the United Nations, under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, has amended the Lists reflected in the Annexures in respect of entities which have been identified as being - (a) entities who commit, or attempt to commit, any terrorist and related activity or participate in or facilitate the commission of any terrorist and related activity; or (b) entities against whom Member States of the United Nations must take the actions specified in the Resolutions of the said Security Council, in order to combat or prevent terrorist and related activities. This gazette is also available free online at www.gpwonline.co.za 18 No. 36689 GOVERNMENT GAZETTE, 23 JULY 2013 This Proclamation and the Annexure thereto, shall also be published on the South African Police Service Internet website: http://www.saps.pov.za The United Nations Security Council regularly updates the lists in respect of additions and deletions. The updated lists and key thereto are electronically available on the following websites on the Internet: http://www.un.orq/sc/committees/1267/AQIist.html http://www.un.orq/sc/committees/1988/List.html http://www.saps.qov.za (link to above website) Future deletions or additions to the lists will be published as and when information to that effect is received from the United Nations Security Council.
    [Show full text]
  • THESIS SEISMICITY of LIBYA and RELATED PROBLEMS Submitted by Hassen A. Hassen Department of Civil Engineering in Partial Fulfill
    THESIS SEISMICITY OF LIBYA AND RELATED PROBLEMS Submitted by Hassen A. Hassen Department of Civil Engineering In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Summer, 1983 COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY Summer, 1983 WE HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER OUR SUPERVISION BY HASSEN A. HASSEN ENTITLED SEISMICITY OF LIBYA AND RELATED PROBLEMS BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING IN PART REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE. Committee on Graduate Work Adviser ii ABSTRACT OF THESIS SEISMICITY OF LIBYA AND RELATED PROBLEMS The seismicity of Libya was investigated. Available data of earthquakes, which have occurred in or near Libya during the period 262 A.D. to 1982, have been collected. These data together with geological information are used to investigate the nature of seismic activity and its relationship to the tectonics of the country. Statistical analysis is used to calculate the frequency-magnitude relation for the data in the period from 1963 to 1982. The results indicate that about 140 earthquakes will equal or exceed a Richter magnitude of 5 every 100 years, and one earthquake will equal or exceed a Richter magnitude of 7 every 100 years. The whole country is characterized by low to moderate levels of seismic activity but some segments have experienced large earthquakes in this century and earlier. On the basis of observed and expected seismicity, a four-fold subdivision is suggested defining the activity of the dif­ ferent parts of the country. The highest activity is found to be concentrated in Cyrenaica (northeastern region) and around the Hun graben (northcentral region).
    [Show full text]
  • Nationwide School Assessment Libya Ministry
    Ministry of Education º«∏©àdGh á«HÎdG IQGRh Ministry of Education Nationwide School Assessment Libya Nationwide School Assessment Report - 2012 Assessment Report School Nationwide Libya LIBYA Libya Nationwide School Assessment Report 2012 Libya Nationwide School Assessment Report 2012 º«∏©àdGh á«HÎdG IQGRh Ministry of Education Nationwide School Assessment Libya © UNICEF Libya/2012-161Y4640/Giovanni Diffidenti LIBYA: Doaa Al-Hairish, a 12 year-old student in Sabha (bottom left corner), and her fellow students during a class in their school in Sabha. Doaa is one of the more shy girls in her class, and here all the others are raising their hands to answer the teacher’s question while she sits quiet and observes. The publication of this volume is made possible through a generous contribution from: the Russian Federation, Kingdom of Sweden, the European Union, Commonwealth of Australia, and the Republic of Poland. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the donors. © Libya Ministry of Education Parts of this publication can be reproduced or quoted without permission provided proper attribution and due credit is given to the Libya Ministry of Education. Design and Print: Beyond Art 4 Printing Printed in Jordan Table of Contents Preface 5 Map of schools investigated by the Nationwide School Assessment 6 Acronyms 7 Definitions 7 1. Executive Summary 8 1.1. Context 9 1.2. Nationwide School Assessment 9 1.3. Key findings 9 1.3.1. Overall findings 9 1.3.2. Basic school information 10 1.3.3.
    [Show full text]
  • Consolidated UN Security Council Sanctions List Last Updated on 14 October 2015
    The Consolidated UN Security Council Sanctions List Last updated on 14 October 2015 Consolidated United Nations Security Council Sanctions List Generated on: 14 October 2015 Composition of the List The list consists of the two sections specified below: A. Individuals B. Entities and other groups Information about de-listing may be found on the Committee's website at: http://www.un.org/sc/committees /dfp.shtml and http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1267/delisting.shtml . A. Individuals TAi.155 Name: 1: ABDUL AZIZ 2: ABBASIN 3: na 4: na 56 ا:Name (original script): 123456 879 Title: na Designation: na DOB: 1969 POB: Sheykhan Village, Pirkowti Area, Orgun District, Paktika Arovince, Afghanistan Good quality a.k.a.: Abdul ABiB Mahsud Low quality a.k.a.: na Nationality: na Passport no.: na National identification no.: na Address: na Listed on: 4 Oct. 2011 (amended on 22 Apr. 2013 ) Other information: Fey commander in the Haqqani Net ork (TAe.012) under SiraIuddin Jallaloudine Haqqani (TAi.144). Taliban Shadow Governor for Orgun District, Paktika Province as of early 2010. Operated a training camp for non-Afghan fighters in Paktika Province. Has been involved in the transport of weapons to Afghanistan. QDi.012 Name: 1: NASHWAN 2: A-. AL-RA//AM 3: A-. AL--AMI 4: na TUVاﻥ 56 ا:Rﺯاق 56 ا:Name (original script): NO45 Title: na Designation: na DOB: 1961 POB: Cosul, IraH Good quality a.k.a.: a) Abdal Al-Hadi Al-Iraqi b) Abd Al-Hadi Al-Iraqi Low quality a.k.a.: Abu Abdallah Nationality: Iraqi Passport no.: na National identification no.: na Address: na Listed on: 6 Oct.
    [Show full text]
  • Smuggled Futures: the Dangerous Path of the Migrant from Africa to Europe
    Smuggled Futures: The dangerous path of the migrant from Africa to Europe A Research Report May 2014 A NETWORK TO COUNTER NETWORKS Smuggled Futures The dangerous path of the migrant from Africa to Europe Part of the Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime series on Human Trafcking May 2014 A NETWORK TO COUNTER NETWORKS Appreciation and Acknowledgements This work was authored by Tuesday Reitano, Laura Adal, and Mark Shaw of the Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime. It draws on interviews by the authors in Libya and the Sahel countries, including extensive interviews with migrants across West and North Africa. Additional interviews were also conducted by Umberto Rondi in Italy, Peter Tinti in Niger, and Jonas Klange in Burkina Faso. It also benefts from a comprehensive desk review undertaken by Marcena Hunter. The Global Initiative gratefully acknowledges the range of experts from the Global Initiative Network who have given up their time to contribute to the development of this report, and for the fnancial support of the Government of Norway. To my habibi Clément, whose own future was cut short in pursuit of ensuring that others might have one. Je t’aime. L.A. © 2014 Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the Global Initiative. Please direct inquiries to: The Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime 7bis, Avenue de la Paix P.O. Box 1295 CH-1211 Geneva 1 Switzerland www.GlobalInitiative.net This publication can be downloaded at no cost at: http://www.globalinitiative.net/knowledge-bank/publications/ About the Global Initiative against Transnational Organized Crime The Global Initiative (www.globalinitiative.net) is a network of prominent law enforcement, governance and development practitioners who are dedicated to seeking new and innovative strategies and responses to organized crime.
    [Show full text]
  • The Right to Asylum Between Islamic Shari'ah And
    The Right to Asylum between Islamic Shari’ah and International Refugee Law A Comparative Study Prof. Ahmed Abou-El-Wafa Produced and Printed by Printing Press of Naif Arab University for Security Sciences Riyadh - 2009 (1430 H.) The Right to Asylum between Islamic Shari’ah and International Refugee Law A Comparative Study Prof. Ahmed Abou-El-Wafa Riyadh - 2009 (1430 H.) “Those who believed and emigrated, and strove in the cause of GOD, as well as those who hosted them and gave them refuge, and supported them, these are the true believers. They have deserved forgiveness and a generous recompense.” (Quranic Surat al-Anfal, "The Spoils of War" [Chapter 8 verse 74]) “Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.” (Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Article 14) "Every man shall have the right, within the framework of the Shari'ah... if persecuted, is entitled to seek asylum in another country. The country of refugee shall be obliged to provide protection to the asylum seeker until his safety has been attained, unless asylum is motivated by committing an act regarded by the Shari'ah as a crime". (Article 12 of the Declaration on Human Rights in Islam) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Regional Office in the Regional Office in the Arab Republic of Egypt GCC Countries E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Arabic Website: English Website: www.unhcr.org.eg www.unhcr.org First Edition 2009 This book is written, on behalf of UNHCR by Prof. Dr. Ahmed Abou-El-Wafa, Chief of the Department of Public International Law, Faculty of Law, Cairo University.
    [Show full text]
  • (Silurian) Anoxic Palaeo-Depressions at the Western Margin of the Murzuq Basin (Southwest Libya), Based on Gamma-Ray Spectrometry in Surface Exposures
    GeoArabia, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2006 Gulf PetroLink, Bahrain Identification of early Llandovery (Silurian) anoxic palaeo-depressions at the western margin of the Murzuq Basin (southwest Libya), based on gamma-ray spectrometry in surface exposures Nuri Fello, Sebastian Lüning, Petr Štorch and Jonathan Redfern ABSTRACT Following the melting of the Gondwanan icecap and the resulting postglacial sea- level rise, organic-rich shales were deposited in shelfal palaeo-depressions across North Africa and Arabia during the latest Ordovician to earliest Silurian. The unit is absent on palaeohighs that were flooded only later when the anoxic event had already ended. The regional distribution of the Silurian black shale is now well-known for the subsurface of the central parts of the Murzuq Basin, in Libya, where many exploration wells have been drilled and where the shale represents the main hydrocarbon source rock. On well logs, the Silurian black shale is easily recognisable due to increased uranium concentrations and, therefore, elevated gamma-ray values. The uranium in the shales “precipitated” under oxygen- reduced conditions and generally a linear relationship between uranium and organic content is developed. The distribution of the Silurian organic-rich shales in the outcrop belts surrounding the Murzuq Basin has been long unknown because Saharan surface weathering has commonly destroyed the organic matter and black colour of the shales, making it complicated to identify the previously organic-rich unit in the field. In an attempt to distinguish (previously) organic-rich from organically lean shales at outcrop, seven sections that straddle the Ordovician-Silurian boundary were measured by portable gamma-ray spectrometer along the outcrops of the western margin of the Murzuq Basin.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of African Cities
    Towards Urban Resource Flow Estimates in Data Scarce Environments: The Case of African Cities The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Currie, Paul, et al. "Towards Urban Resource Flow Estimates in Data Scarce Environments: The Case of African Cities." Journal of Environmental Protection 6, 9 (September 2015): 1066-1083 © 2015 Author(s) As Published 10.4236/JEP.2015.69094 Publisher Scientific Research Publishing, Inc, Version Final published version Citable link https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/124946 Terms of Use Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license Detailed Terms https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Journal of Environmental Protection, 2015, 6, 1066-1083 Published Online September 2015 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/jep http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2015.69094 Towards Urban Resource Flow Estimates in Data Scarce Environments: The Case of African Cities Paul Currie1*, Ethan Lay-Sleeper2, John E. Fernández2, Jenny Kim2, Josephine Kaviti Musango3 1School of Public Leadership, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa 2Department of Architecture, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA 3School of Public Leadership, and the Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies (CRSES), Stellenbosch, South Africa Email: *[email protected] Received 29 July 2015; accepted 20 September 2015; published 23 September 2015 Copyright © 2015 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Abstract Data sourcing challenges in African nations have led many African urban infrastructure develop- ments to be implemented with minimal scientific backing to support their success.
    [Show full text]
  • Read Book Lonely Planet Ethiopia, Djibouti & Somaliland Ebook
    LONELY PLANET ETHIOPIA, DJIBOUTI & SOMALILAND PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Jean-Bernard Carillet,Tim Bewer,Stuart Butler | 376 pages | 14 Jun 2013 | Lonely Planet Publications Ltd | 9781741797961 | English | Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia Lonely Planet Ethiopia, Djibouti & Somaliland PDF Book General chat. This topic is locked. Mobile Navigation. Copy and paste the url below to share the link. Four days is also two too many IMHO. Combined Ethiopia, Somaliland and Djibouti too. Details here. Can someone explain why expecting an easier travel clockwise? Print current page. The reason is to obtain a new Ethiopian visa if you haven't a double entry. Again Djibouti is OK to go and in 4 days you will get good feeling if country as it will allow you to go outside of town. I called my Djibouti hotel and they said that faxes are outdated and they got rid of them years ago so they couldn't help. Lonely Planet Privacy Policy. Contact Lonely Planet here. You can hire a car from tour agency but it is cheaper to get one at the Ministry of Tourism. Hargeisa Somaliland. More information can be found by viewing the following announcement. You can't reach the Danakil from Djibouti but from Mekele. Post new topic. This topic is locked. Travel Booking Hotels Flights Insurance. Hi there, we use cookies to improve your experience on our website. My experience is from a few years back, found it generally safe, but there's plenty of corruption. We went to Lac Assal. Be careful if you must coming back to Ethiopia, you must have a multi-entry visa in your home country or another single one in Djibouti.
    [Show full text]
  • Access to Information on COVID-19 in Libya and Tunisia
    MMC North Africa 4Mi Snapshot – June 2020 Access to Information on COVID-19 in Libya and Tunisia This snapshot seeks to better understand refugees’ and migrants’ access to different Profiles sources of information on COVID-19. In particular it seeks to learn the sources of This snapshot is based on 777 surveys with refugees and migrants in Libya and 723 information to which respondents have the greatest access and the channels people on surveys in Tunisia conducted from April 6th - May 20th 2020. The survey data from the move use to receive information about the pandemic. The objective is to inform the both countries were triangulated with qualitative data from 12 key informant interviews work of humanitarian actors in their awareness-raising and outreach activities about conducted in Tripoli, Ajdabiya, and Sabha and 12 in Greater Tunis, Médenine, Sfax and coronavirus in Libya and Tunisia. Nabeul. Recommendations In Libya, respondents were surveyed in 34 cities, most notably Tripoli (38%; n=297), Sabha • Awareness-raising programs and information campaigns should create content on (37%; n=284), Ajdabiya (8%; n=61), and Benghazi (6%; n=46). The primary nationalities COVID-19 that can be easily shared and disseminated via social media and messaging of surveyed refugees and migrants were Nigerian (28%; n=220), Sudanese (14%; n=112), apps given the prevalent use of new media by refugees and migrants in both Libya and Nigerien (11%; n=83). Other nationalities that were prevalent in the sample include and Tunisia. Ghanaian, Malian, Cameroonian, Burkinabe and Ethiopian. 72% of respondents are men and 28% are women, ranging from 18 to 65 years of age.
    [Show full text]
  • Hargeisa, Somaliland
    City Case Studies: Case Studies: City Building Urban Economic Resilience during and after COVID-19 African Region African African Region Case Study: Hargeisa, Somaliland African Region African Hargeisa, Somaliland City Case Studies: Case Studies: City Status Primary Area 78 km² Number of inhabitants 1,200,000 (2019) Source: Zoe Flood. City Case Studies: Case Studies: City Case Study: Hargeisa, Somaliland As January 2021 Brief description of COVID-19 in the city Region African First reported case 7 March 2020 Confirmed 1389 (National, mostly in Hargeisa) Deaths 51 (National, mostly in Hargeisa) Recovered 1,349 Data from 21 January 2021 Somaliland confirmed the first coronavirus case on 7 March 2020, with all cases registered in Hargeisa. Only a small number of cases was confirmed in the beginning because only 11 tests were carried out due to the shortage of the diagnostic kits. There were no deaths reported at the beginning of the pandemic, but the public perception in Somaliland was that the virus was more widely present than the official figures indicated and was spreading. The government of Hargeisa implemented a full lockdown from April 2020 until July 2020. The lockdown largely affected government offices, public and private schools, universities, and business located in those areas. The government also ordered the closure of mosques and religious schools (madras). However, the government rescinded its decision to close mosques due to the opposition from religious leaders. Likewise, there was a strong pressure for allowing the continued use of khat (a local stimulant to be consumed in social groups) by local people. However, the government, in consultation with the local khat importers, banned the khat coming from Ethiopia although the Ethiopian airline flights to Hargeisa continued.
    [Show full text]
  • International Medical Corps in Libya from the Rise of the Arab Spring to the Fall of the Gaddafi Regime
    International Medical Corps in Libya From the rise of the Arab Spring to the fall of the Gaddafi regime 1 International Medical Corps in Libya From the rise of the Arab Spring to the fall of the Gaddafi regime Report Contents International Medical Corps in Libya Summary…………………………………………… page 3 Eight Months of Crisis in Libya…………………….………………………………………… page 4 Map of International Medical Corps’ Response.…………….……………………………. page 5 Timeline of Major Events in Libya & International Medical Corps’ Response………. page 6 Eastern Libya………………………………………………………………………………....... page 8 Misurata and Surrounding Areas…………………….……………………………………… page 12 Tunisian/Libyan Border………………………………………………………………………. page 15 Western Libya………………………………………………………………………………….. page 17 Sirte, Bani Walid & Sabha……………………………………………………………………. page 20 Future Response Efforts: From Relief to Self-Reliance…………………………………. page 21 International Medical Corps Mission: From Relief to Self-Reliance…………………… page 24 International Medical Corps in the Middle East…………………………………………… page 24 International Medical Corps Globally………………………………………………………. Page 25 Operational data contained in this report has been provided by International Medical Corps’ field teams in Libya and Tunisia and is current as of August 26, 2011 unless otherwise stated. 2 3 Eight Months of Crisis in Libya Following civilian demonstrations in Tunisia and Egypt, the people of Libya started to push for regime change in mid-February. It began with protests against the leadership of Colonel Muammar al- Gaddafi, with the Libyan leader responding by ordering his troops and supporters to crush the uprising in a televised speech, which escalated the country into armed conflict. The unrest began in the eastern Libyan city of Benghazi, with the eastern Cyrenaica region in opposition control by February 23 and opposition supporters forming the Interim National Transitional Council on February 27.
    [Show full text]