Periodic Table of Elements https://periodic-table.pro/Element/Ge/enView online at https://periodic-table.pro

Germanium

Bulk commercial germanium is sold in ingot bars. This is the broken end of one, showing its internal crystal structure. Germanium is used in light emitting diodes and semiconductors, just like silicon above it.

01. OVERVIEW

Symbol Ge Atomic number 32 Atomic weight 72.64 Density 5.323 g/cm³ Melting point 938.3 °C Boiling point 2820 °C

02. THERMAL PROPERTIES

Phase Solid Melting point 938.3 °C Boiling point 2820 °C Absolute melting point 1211.4 K Absolute boiling point 3093 K Critical pressure N/A Critical temperature N/A Heat of fusion 31.8 kJ/mol Heat of vaporization 334 kJ/mol Heat of combustion -536 J/(kg K) Specific heat 321.4 J/(kg K) Adiabatic index N/A Neel point N/A Thermal conductivity 60 W/(m K) Thermal expansion 6×10 ⁶ K ¹ 03. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Density 5.323 g/cm³ Density (liquid) 5.6 g/cm³ Molar volume 0.000013645 Molar mass 72.64 u Brinell hardness N/A Mohs hardness 6 MPa Vickers hardness N/A Bulk modulus N/A Shear modulus N/A Young modulus N/A Poisson ratio N/A Refractive index N/A Speed of sound 5.4×103 m/s Thermal conductivity 60 W/(m K) Thermal expansion 6×10 ⁶ K ¹

04. REACTIVITY

Valence 4 Electronegativity 2.01 Electron affinity 119 kJ/mol Ionization energies 762, 1537.5, 3302.1, 4411, 9020 kJ/mol

05. SAFETY Autoignition point N/A Flashpoint N/A Heat of combustion -536 J/(kg K)

06. CLASSIFICATIONS Alternate names N/A Names of allotropes N/A Block, Group, Period p, 14, 4 Electron configuration [Ar]3d¹⁰4s²4p² Color Gray Discovery 1886 in Germany Gas phase N/A 07. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

Electrical type Semiconductor Electrical conductivity 2×10³ S/m Resistivity 0.0005 m Ω Superconducting point N/A

08. MAGNETIC PROPERTIES Magnetic type Diamagnetic Curie point N/A Mass magnetic susceptibility -1.5×10⁹ m³/Kg Molar magnetic susceptibility -1.09×10¹⁰ m³/mol Volume magnetic susceptibility -7.98×10⁶

09. ABUNDANCES In universe 0.00% In sun 0.00% In meteorites 0.00% In earth's crust 0.00% In oceans 6×10⁹% In humans N/A

10. ATOMIC DIMENSIONS AND STRUCTURE Atomic radius 125 pm Covalent radius 122 pm Van der Waals radius N/A Crystal structure Face centered cubic Lattice angles π/2, π/2, π/2 Lattice constants 565.75, 565.75, 565.75 pm Space group name Fm_ 3m Space group number 225 11. NUCLEAR PROPERTIES Half-Life Stable Lifetime Stable Decay mode N/A Quantum numbers ³P₀ Neutron cross section 2.2 Neutron mass absorption 0.001 Known Isotopes ⁵⁸Ge, ⁵⁹Ge, ⁶⁰Ge, ⁶¹Ge, ⁶²Ge, ⁶³Ge, ⁶⁴Ge, ⁶⁵Ge, ⁶⁶Ge, ⁶⁷Ge, ⁶⁸Ge, ⁶⁹Ge, ⁷⁰Ge, ⁷¹Ge, ⁷²Ge, ⁷³Ge, ⁷⁴Ge, ⁷⁵Ge, ⁷⁶Ge, ⁷⁷Ge, ⁷⁸Ge, ⁷⁹Ge, ⁸⁰Ge, ⁸¹Ge, ⁸²Ge, ⁸³Ge, ⁸⁴Ge, ⁸⁵Ge, ⁸⁶Ge, ⁸⁷Ge, ⁸⁸Ge, ⁸⁹Ge Stable Isotopes ⁷⁰Ge, ⁷²Ge, ⁷³Ge, ⁷⁴Ge Isotopic Abundances ⁷⁰Ge - 20.84%, ⁷²Ge - 27.54%, ⁷³Ge - 7.73%, ⁷⁴Ge - 36.28%, ⁷³Ge - 7.61%

https://periodic-table.pro/Element/Ge/enView online at https://periodic-table.pro