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Place-Based Summary of the Arctic Marine Synthesis

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Place-Based Summary of the Arctic Marine Synthesis 150°E 160°E 170°E 110°W 100°W 120°W 180° 130°W 170°W 140°W Text 160°W 150°W 80°N 80°N Place-based Summary of the 75°N Arctic Marine Synthesis 75°N Atlas of the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas September 2011 70°N 70°N 65°N 65°N 170°W 160°W 150°W 140°W Place-based Summary of the Arctic Marine Synthesis Author Melanie A. Smith Contributors Henry Huntington Raychelle Daniel Beth Peluso Pamela A. Miller Audubon Alaska 441 West Fifth Avenue Suite 300 Anchorage, AK 99501 September 2011 Place-based Summary of the Arctic Marine Synthesis INTRODUCTION In early 2010, Audubon Alaska, in cooperation with Oceana, completed the Arctic Marine Synthesis: Atlas of the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas. The project area included the southern Beaufort, southern Chukchi, and northern Bering seas. The atlas provided a holistic look at the dynamic Arctic Ocean ecosystem through 44 maps describing the region’s physical oceanography, water column and benthic life, fish, birds, mammals, and human influences. The Arctic Marine Synthesis has become a valuable tool for scientists and policymakers seeking to better understand the region’s physical attributes, ecological interactions, and the distribution and concentration of marine wildlife. Other organizations have also found this useful for setting conservation priorities and providing information for designing balanced management plans in the Arctic region. The US Geological Survey also featured information from the Synthesis in a recent report on scientific research needed to inform decisions about leasing the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). This document builds upon the original synthesis, which was organized by topics, each presented on a map covering the whole project area. In the Place-based Summary of the Arctic Marine Synthesis, the information has been reorganized into “factsheets” that tell how the ecological layers fit together for each area described. Current uses, conservation status, and threats are all discussed. Each factsheet summarizes the important physical and biological attributes in the area, forming a base for more in-depth research. This new document was developed to highlight important information and to make that information even more user-friendly. Through the process of collecting and mapping data for the original Arctic Marine Synthesis, certain patterns and places became evident as important to the marine ecosystem. With the available information we attempted to identify and draw boundaries around those places, then summarize the physical and biological setting within those boundaries. Not every place mapped is of equal ecological significance. Likewise, places not mapped are not intended to be construed as unimportant. Some places were not included where there are major data deficiencies and the true importance of the area is not yet known (for example, the Chukchi Sea OCS Program Area between Hanna and Herald Shoals, and the Canada Basin). Drawing boundaries for each place was done using professional judgment informed by the approximately 125 spatial data layers and 400 articles and reports collected for the Arctic Marine Synthesis. Boundaries reflect a blending of various attributes: bathymetry, location of the ice edge throughout the year, ocean currents, pelagic and benthic productivity hotspots, migration corridors, haulout areas, nesting colonies, and foraging areas. While there are significant limitations on the quality and quantity of data available to describe the Arctic marine ecosystem, this document summarizes what is known and provides the type of information that can be useful when identifying important places of conservation concern. Several such projects are currently underway. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) recently released their report on Ecologically and Biologically Significant Areas (EBSAs) in the Arctic Ocean. Audubon participated in that effort, and this Place-based Summary of the Arctic Marine Synthesis provides finer-scale boundaries and a deeper level of ecological Audubon Alaska 1 September 2011 Place-based Summary of the Arctic Marine Synthesis information for EBSAs identified in the Chukchi, Beaufort, and northern Bering seas. Audubon Alaska, Audubon California, BirdLife International, and Bird Studies Canada are using the latest pelagic survey and seabird colony data for the North Pacific to identify marine Important Bird Areas from Alaska’s Beaufort Sea to Baja California in Mexico. Oceana continues to work with Native communities to map local and traditional knowledge and subsistence areas, and to use Marxan modeling to identify Important Ecological Areas. We encourage others to use these place-based summaries for planning and education, and to help guide additional scientific data collection and analysis for the extraordinary resources in this region. From shipping, to energy development, to fisheries management, to climate change, exceptional pressures are anticipated in the Arctic marine environment. We created the original Arctic Marine Synthesis and this Place-based Summary to provide scientists, educators, policymakers, and land managers with information they need to make sound, science-based decisions for management and conservation of the Arctic Ocean. Table 1 Places Described Place Name Location Ownership St. Lawrence Island Bering Sea US, Russia Chirikov Basin Bering Sea US, Russia Norton Sound Bering Sea US Southeastern Chukotka Peninsula1 Bering Sea Russia Bering Strait Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea US, Russia Diomede Islands Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea US, Russia Seward Peninsula Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea US Kotzebue Sound Chukchi Sea US Hope Basin Chukchi Sea US, Russia Northern Chukotka Peninsula1 Chukchi Sea Russia Wrangel & Herald Islands1 Chukchi Sea Russia Herald Shoal1 Chukchi Sea Russia, US Cape Thompson & Cape Lisburne Chukchi Sea US Ledyard Bay Chukchi Sea US Kasegaluk Lagoon Chukchi Sea US Chukchi Lead System Chukchi Sea US Hanna Shoal Chukchi Sea US Peard Bay Chukchi Sea US Barrow Canyon Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea US Dease Inlet & Elson Lagoon Beaufort Sea US Smith & Harrison Bays Beaufort Sea US Western Beaufort Shelf & Lead System Beaufort Sea US Beaufort Lagoons & Barrier Islands Beaufort Sea US, Canada Eastern Beaufort Shelf & Lead System1 Beaufort Sea Canada MacKenzie River Delta1 Beaufort Sea Canada 1Factsheets describing areas in non-US waters have not yet been completed. Audubon Alaska 2 September 2011 Place-based Summary of the Arctic Marine Synthesis ARCTIC MARINE SYNTHESIS: ATLAS OF THE CHUKCHI AND BEAUFORT SEAS (Click on text below to hyperlink to report chapters and maps) Cover, Title Page 22. Steller’s Eider 23. King Eider INTRODUCTION 24. Common Eider 25. Long-tailed Duck PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY 26. Ivory Gull 1. Project Area 27. Kittlitz’s Murrelet 2. Bathymetry Other Species 3. Ecoregions 28. Northern Fulmar 4. Ocean Circulation 29. Short-tailed Shearwater 5. Sea Ice Dynamics 6. Sea Floor Substrate Concentration Areas 7. Sea Surface Temperature 30. Seabird Colonies 8. Observed Climate Change 31. Important Bird Areas WATER COLUMN AND BENTHIC MAMMALS LIFE Terrestrial/Marine 9. Chlorophyll-a 32. Polar Bear 10. Net Primary Productivity 33. Arctic Fox 11. Zooplankton Pinnepeds 12. Benthic Biomass 34. Pacific Walrus 13. Opilio Crab 35. Ribbon Seal 36. Spotted Seal FISH 37. Ringed Seal Oceanodromous 38. Bearded Seal 14. Capelin Cetaceans 15. Pacific Herring 39. Bowhead Whale 16. Saffron Cod 40. Beluga Whale Anadromous 41. Gray Whale 17. Pink Salmon 18. Chum Salmon PEOPLE 42. Energy Development and Protected BIRDS Areas Audubon Alaska WatchList 43. Human Impact 19. Yellow-billed Loon 44. Predicted Climate Change 20. Red-throated Loon 21. Spectacled Eider REFERENCES Audubon Alaska 3 September 2011 176°0'0"E 180°0'0" 176°0'0"W 172°0'0"W 168°0'0"W 164°0'0"W 1A60°0r'0"cW tic Ma15r6°i0'n0"We Synt1h52°e0'0s"Wis: 148°0'0"W 144°0'0"W 140°0'0"W 136°0'0"W 132°0'0"W 128°0'0"W September 2011 Atlas of the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas C a n a d a 72°0'0"N B a s i n ) . S . A R C T I C O C E A N U y ) b e d n i e Wrangel & L m e i t Herald Islands a a l C D l y a r n a o Hanna d i t n a Shoal u n o C h u k c h i r B B e a u f o r t e Liverpool t e n Barrow I n Bay i 70°0'0"N S e a ( S e a r Eastern Beaufort Canyon a Long Strait Chukchi M Shelf & Lead System Barrow ( Lead Herald Peard System Shoal Western Beaufort Bay Dease Inlet Smith & Shelf & Lead System Kugmallit Wainwright Ryrkaypiy & Elson Lagoon Harrison Bays Tuktoyaktuk Prudhoe Bay Atqasuk Kaktovik Teshekpuk L. Bay Stefansson Camden MacKenzie Sound Bay Demarcation River Delta Bay Kasegaluk Nuiqsut Mackenzie Point Beaufort Lagoons & Barrier Islands C Lagoon U Bay Lay A . N R C N a Ledyard a I m n 68°0'0"N e T A Am gu Bay n Inuvik i n E D M R, g a le R il D c Vankarem Northern lv . A Co k Point Y UK O N e N OR T HW E S T Chukotka n Hope z S i e Peninsula S Cape Thompson & T R E T ER R ITO R Y . T ER R ITO R I E S Cape Lisburne A Kolyuchin T Arctic T Bay A Anaktuvuk Village T N E A oata Pass RC S k R Old Crow TI . S C Kivalina C A IR I CLE D S LE Enurmino E IRC S C T Hope Noatak IC I S T A T E O F ARCT U Basin N R 66°0'0"N U A L A S K A un R. C HU K OT S K IY ch o Inchoun Kotzebue Noorvik In Kobu AUT O N OM O U S k R.
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