DOCSLIB.ORG

Point-Of-Care Diagnostics to Improve Maternal and Neonatal Health in Low-Resource Settings

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Point-Of-Care Diagnostics to Improve Maternal and Neonatal Health in Low-Resource Settings Featuring a Review from the Rice Optical Spectroscopy and As featured in: Imaging Laboratory, Dr. Rebecca Richards-Kortum, Rice University, Texas, USA. Point-of-care diagnostics to improve maternal and neonatal health in low-resource settings We review technologies to diagnose the leading causes of maternal and neonatal mortality, with a focus on identifying key gaps in development where new technology could improve health outcomes at the point of care. Image reproduced by permission of Brandon Martin. See Rebecca Richards-Kortum et al., Lab Chip, 2017, 17, 3351. rsc.li/loc Registered charity number: 207890 Lab on a Chip View Article Online CRITICAL REVIEW View Journal | View Issue Published on 10 August 2017. Downloaded by Rice University 12/06/2018 17:39:38. View Article Online Critical review Lab on a Chip of these facilities lack sophisticated laboratory infrastructure ase chain reaction, a standard method for diagnosing HIV in and do not have the resources to transport clinical specimens neonates, requires the use of expensive thermocycling equip- to central laboratories. Where available, point-of-care (POC) ment and highly trained technicians. Additionally, reagents diagnostics can provide a solution to this challenge. However, used in many diagnostic tests have special storage or trans- as shown in Tables 1 and 2, only a limited number of POC di- portation requirements, such as cold transportation of anti- agnostic tools are available for use at health centers and bodies used in ELISA testing to detect biomarkers of many health posts to detect the conditions that account for the ma- diseases. Consumables, such as test strips or specialized car- jority of maternal and neonatal deaths.6,7 For many of these tridges, can be difficult to supply and lead to higher per-test conditions, early detection and rapid initiation of treatment costs. Instrumentation cost and associated maintenance is key to reducing morbidity and mortality and achieving costs also prevent some diagnostic technologies from being SDG three.8,9 implemented in low-resource settings. The time-to-result as- Currently available diagnostic tools often face barriers to sociated with some tests limits their utility in both low- and implementation at the POC. Many diagnostic techniques can high-resource settings. For example, bacterial culture is the only be performed in laboratory facilities with access to con- gold standard to diagnosis sepsis, but the technique requires stant power, water, and trained staff. For example, polymer- 24 to 48 hours to complete,10 preventing diagnosis-directed treatment during the effective treatment window.11 Finally, insufficient human resources can limit the efficacy of diag- nostics for some conditions that require continuous monitor- Mary Natoli received her bache- ing, such as neonatal hypothermia. While low-cost thermom- lor's degree in Bioengineering eters exist to measure a neonate's temperature, the human from the University of Maryland, resources required for constant monitoring present a barrier. College Park. She is currently a All of these barriers must be considered when developing a third year graduate student at useful POC test for low-resource settings that can be appro- Rice University, pursuing a Ph.D. priately implemented. in Bioengineering. Her current To address the shortcomings of existing diagnostics for research focuses on low-cost low-resource settings, the WHO introduced a list of criteria methods of detecting HIV drug for the ideal point-of-care test, known as ASSURED (afford- resistance. able, sensitive, specific, user-friendly, robust & rapid, equip- ment-free, and deliverable).12 Diagnostic tests targeted for use at the POC in low-resource settings should be designed Mary Natoli with these criteria in mind to minimize barriers for success- ful implementation. However, there has been some criticism of the ASSURED criteria as being subjective and not Published on 10 August 2017. Downloaded by Rice University 12/06/2018 17:39:38. Kathryn Kundrod received her B. Dr. Rebecca Richards-Kortum is S. in Bioengineering from Lehigh the Malcom Gillis University University in 2015. She is cur- Professor, Professor of Bioengi- rently working toward her Ph.D. neering and ECE at Rice Univer- in Bioengineering with Dr. sity, director of Rice360°: Insti- Rebecca Richards-Kortum at Rice tute for Global Health University. Her research focuses Technologies, and founder of the on developing point-of-care diag- Rice Beyond Traditional Borders nostic tools for early infant HIV initiative. Her research focuses and high-risk HPV detection. An on developing low-cost, high- area of emphasis within her re- performance technologies for search is the development of low-resource settings. Currently, Kathryn Kundrod sample preparation techniques Rebecca Richards-Kortum she is leading a multi- for nucleic acid amplification institutional team to develop a testing. package of 17 life-saving neonatal technologies designed for low- resource settings. She received a B.S. in Physics and Mathematics from the University of Nebraska, a M.S. in Physics from the Mas- sachusetts Institute of Technology, and a Ph.D. in Medical Physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 3352 | Lab Chip,2017,17, 3351–3387 This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017 View Article Online Lab on a Chip Critical review Table 1 Causes of maternal mortality globally with commercially available diagnostic tools. Global mortality column represents annual mortality rates. Level of health system indicates the level at which commercially available diagnostics can be deployed, taking into account the need for electrical power, refrigeration, consumable reagents, device and consumable costs, and necessary human resources for use.375 * Available at health posts but limited by a lack of affordable consumables. ** Technology exists for measuring blood loss but not for predicting those at risk. *** Available at health posts but limited by a lack of human resources. **** Available at health posts but limited by a lack of sensitivity. Table 2 Causes of neonatal mortality globally with commercially available diagnostic tools. Global mortality column represents annual mortality rates. Level of health system indicates the level at which commercially available diagnostics can be deployed, taking into account the need for electrical power, refrigeration, consumable reagents, device and consumable costs, and necessary human resources for use.375 Published on 10 August 2017. Downloaded by Rice University 12/06/2018 17:39:38. * Available at health posts but limited by a lack of affordable consumables. ** Available at health posts but limited by a lack of human resources. sufficiently comprehensive for new technologies. Addition- shortcomings, the ASSURED criteria are frequently used in ally, meeting all of the ASSURED criteria does not necessarily discussing the ability of a newly developed technology to be mean that a technology is appropriate for use at the POC. As deployed at the POC. Pai et al. stated in 2012, “… the technology as such does not When coupled with effective treatment strategies, low-cost define a POC test nor determine its use at the POC. Rather, it POC diagnostics that can be administered in low-resource is the successful use at the POC that defines a diagnostic pro- settings have the potential to reduce both neonatal and ma- cess as POC testing,”13 underscoring the importance of test- ternal mortality. Tables 3 and 4 summarize representative di- ing technologies at the POC and performing rigorous usabil- agnostic technologies that are commercially available to meet ity studies in the field. It is important to consider the final maternal and neonatal health needs, respectively, highlight- context in which a technology will be used during the design ing a need to develop further commercialized technologies process and to determine how this context will affect the defi- that reduce per-test cost, improve accuracy, and move away nitions used for and the relative importance of each of the from reliance on power and benchtop analyzers. ASSURED criteria. For example, the use of smartphones in Here, we review key innovations in POC diagnostic tools POC diagnostics, which has previously been reviewed,14 has to detect the leading causes of maternal and neonatal death allowed for implementation of detection methods that previ- in low-resource settings. We review both commercially avail- ously required inaccessible equipment, changing our under- able technologies and technologies that are currently in de- standing of the criterion “equipment-free”. Despite these velopment. We begin by reviewing diagnostic formats, This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017 Lab Chip,2017,17, 3351–3387 | 3353 View Article Online 3354 Critical review Table 3 Representative commercially available technologies available to diagnose the leading causes of maternal mortality. Notably, many of the listed technologies are lacking robust usability, scal- ability, and field performance studies | Lab Chip Health Representative Core Input Diagnostic system a ,2017, Condition technology Analyte measured technology sample performance Cost Power use level Advantages Limitations Image HIV Alere Determine HIV-1/2 antibodies Lateral flow Whole Sensitivity: $18.22 None Heatlh Results in 20 Unsuitable for 17 diagnosis HIV-1/2 Ag/Ab and free HIV-1 p24 blood 99.9% post minutes; approved acute infection 376,377 , 3351 Combo antigen Specificity: for fingerstick use; and treatment 98.3–99.9%b376
Load more

Recommended publications
  • BLOOD INFECTIONS INTRODUCTION TYPES Of
    BLOOD INFECTIONS Please supplement and learn theory on the basis of the lecture, Mim’s book and supplementary materials before class!!! INTRODUCTION PRINCIPLE: UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS BLOOD IS STERILE IMPORTANT TERMS: Nosocomial infection ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Bacteremia ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Viremia …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Fungemia ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Sepsis …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. SIRS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. MODS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ARDS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… DIC ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. CRBI …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. BSI ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. TYPES of BACTEREMIA .------------------------------------ ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- •Examples: •Examples: •Examples: •-------------------------------------- •------------------------------------- •------------------------------------ -------------------------------------- •-------------------------------------- •-------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- --------------------------------------
    [Show full text]
  • Practice Advisory for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Infectious Complications Associated with Neuraxial Techniques
    PRACTICE PARAMETER Practice Advisory for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Infectious Complications Associated with Neuraxial Techniques (ANESTHESIOLOGY 2017; XXX:00-00) An Updated Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Infectious Complications Associated with Neuraxial Techniques and the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine* RACTICE advisories are systematically developed Methodology reports that are intended to assist decision-making P Definition of Infectious Complications Associated with in areas of patient care. Advisories provide a synthesis of Neuraxial Techniques scientific literature and analysis of expert opinion, clini- For this Advisory, infectious complications are defined cal feasibility data, open forum commentary, and consen- as serious infections associated with the use of neuraxial sus surveys. Practice advisories developed by the American techniques. Neuraxial techniques include, but are not Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) are not intended as standards, guidelines, or absolute requirements, and their limited to, epidural, spinal, or combined spinal-epidural use cannot guarantee any specific outcome. They may be administration of anesthetics, analgesics, or steroids; lum- adopted, modified, or rejected according to clinical needs bar puncture/spinal tap; epidural blood patch; epidural and constraints, and they are not intended to replace local lysis of adhesions; intrathecal chemotherapy; epidural or institutional policies. spinal injection of contrast agents
    [Show full text]
  • Cytokine Serum Levels During Post-Transplant Adverse Events in 61 Pediatric Patients After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantati
    Döring et al. BMC Cancer (2015) 15:607 DOI 10.1186/s12885-015-1616-z RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Cytokine serum levels during post-transplant adverse events in 61 pediatric patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation Michaela Döring1*, Karin Melanie Cabanillas Stanchi1, Markus Mezger1, Annika Erbacher1, Judith Feucht1, Matthias Pfeiffer1, Peter Lang1, Rupert Handgretinger1 and Ingo Müller2 Abstract Background: Veno-occlusive disease, Graft-versus-Host disease, invasive or localized bacterial, viral and fungal infections are known as adverse events after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation representing the major cause for morbidity and mortality. Detection and differentiation of these adverse events are based on clinical symptoms and routine measurements of laboratory parameters. Methods: To identify the role of cytokines as a possible complication-marker for adverse events, 61 consecutive pediatric patients with a median age of 7.0 years who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were enrolled in this single-center retrospective study. Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor-α serum (TNF-α) levels were regularly assessed after transplantation and during transplantation related adverse events. Results: Veno-occlusive disease was accompanied by a significant increase in levels of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α.Graft- versus-Host disease was associated with a significant increase of IL-10, sIL-2R, IL-6 and TNF-α, depending on the respective stage or grade. Cytokine IL-6 enabled a significant differentiation between sepsis and fungemia, sepsis and viremia, and sepsis and bacteremia. Moreover, cytokine IL-8 enabled a significant differentiation between sepsis and viremia, sepsis and bacteremia, and bacteremia and viremia whereas IL-10 made a distinction between sepsis and viremia possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Dengue–COVID-19 Coinfection: the First Reported Case in the Philippines
    Case Report/Case Series Dengue–COVID-19 coinfection: the first reported case in the Philippines Angyap Saipen,a Bernard Demot,a Lowella De Leona Correspondence to Angyap Lyn Saipen (email: [email protected]) The rainy season in the Philippines is from June to October; this is when the number of dengue cases typically increases. In 2020 during this time, the world was facing the threat of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV-2) infection. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and dengue viral infections have similar presentations and laboratory findings, including fever and thrombocytopenia, and there have been reports of coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and arthropod-borne virus. Here, we report a case of SARS-CoV-2–dengue virus coinfection in the Philippines in a female aged 62 years, whose early symptom was fever and who was positive for SARS-CoV-2 and positive for dengue. Early recognition of such coinfection is important so that proper measures can be taken in the management of the patient. engue fever is a mosquito-borne viral infection fever (highest recorded at 39.5 °C), with associated found mostly in tropical climates, including headache (frontoparietal in location, rated 5/10 and Dthe Philippines. The clinical manifestations of bandlike in character) and retro-orbital pain, general- dengue may include high-grade fever, headache, retro- ized body ache, myalgia and arthralgia. There was no orbital pain, muscle and joint pains, and rashes. In associated nausea, vomiting or blurring of vision. The 2019, the Philippines had one of the highest numbers patient had pain over the ankle joints, with no associ- of reported dengue cases among countries in Asia ated warmth or limitation of movement, and no rashes, and South-East Asia.1 According to the World Health cough or dyspnoea.
    [Show full text]
  • VDL Annual Report
    2010 Annual Report Table of Contents ISU VDL Mission Statement .......................................................................................................................... 3 VDPAM Organizational Chart ....................................................................................................................... 4 VDPAM External Advisory Board .................................................................................................................. 5 VDL Faculty List ............................................................................................................................................ 6 VDL Staff List ................................................................................................................................................ 7 New Tests Introduced ................................................................................................................................... 9 2010 Statistical Data ................................................................................................................................... 10 Accessions .............................................................................................................................................. 10 Tests ....................................................................................................................................................... 11 Submission Trends ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 69292/2020/Estt-Ne Hr 5
    5 69292/2020/ESTT-NE_HR Index Sr. No. Particulars Page No. 1 General Billing Rules 2--11 2 Packages Detail 12--23 3 Room Rent 24--25 4 Consultation Charges. 26--32 5 CTVS PACKAGE ROCEDURES 33--35 6 CTVS PEDIATRIC 36--37 7 CATH ADULT PROCEDURES 38--39 8 EP STUDY PACKAGE PROCEDURES 40--41 9 PEDIATRIC CATH PROCEDURES 42--43 10 UROLOGY PROCEDURES 44--46 11 NEPHROLOGY PROCEDURES 47-52 12 VASCULAR SURGERY 53--54 13 GENERAL SURGERY PROCEDURE 55--62 14 NUEROLOGY PROCEDURES 63--67 15 UROLOGY 68--71 16 DENTAL PROCEDURES 72--78 17 DERMATALOGY PROCEDURES 79--82 18 ENT PROCEDURES 83--87 19 NEPHROLOGY 88--89 20 GYNECOLOGY PROCEDURES 90--93 21 LABORATORY TEST CHARGES 94-120 22 ONCOLOGY PROCEDURES 121-126 23 OPTHALMOLOGY PROCEDURES 127-130 24 PULMONOLOGY PROCEDURES 131-134 25 PAIN CLINIC CHARGES 135-136 26 PLASTIC SURGERY 137-141 27 PHYSIOTHERAPY CHARGES 142-144 28 MISC. & OTHER SERVICES 145-148 29 CARDIAC DIAGNOSTIC CHARGES 149-151 30 CT PROCEDURES 152-155 31 MRI PROCEDURES 156-162 32 X RAY PROCEDURES 163-166 33 ULTRASOUND PROCEDURES 167-169 34 DIAGNOSTIC NEUROLOGY 170-172 35 DIANG-HIS 173-174 36 BLOOD BANK 175-176 37 GASTROENTEROLOGY PACKAGES 177-178 38 GASTROENTEROLOGY 179-184 39 TRANSPLANT CHARGES 185-186 0 6 69292/2020/ESTT-NE_HR 40 ORTHOPAEDIC PACKAGES 187-189 41 ORTHOPAEDICS PROCEDURES 190-199 42 MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 200-206 43 ONCO SURGERY 207-209 44 INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY & CARDIOLOGY 210-211 45 ANESTHESIA PROCEDURES 212-214 46 PSYCHOLOGY 215-216 1 7 69292/2020/ESTT-NE_HR GENERAL BILLING RULES & GUIDELINES 2 8 69292/2020/ESTT-NE_HR Registration and Admission Charges a) Onetime Registration charges of INR.100/- shall be charged to all new patients coming to Hospital for the first time.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Meeting
    Volume 97 | Number 5 Volume VOLUME 97 NOVEMBER 2017 NUMBER 5 SUPPLEMENT SIXTY-SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING November 5–9, 2017 The Baltimore Convention Center | Baltimore, Maryland USA The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene The American Journal of Tropical astmh.org ajtmh.org #TropMed17 Supplement to The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene ASTMH FP Cover 17.indd 1-3 10/11/17 1:48 PM Welcome to TropMed17, our yearly assembly for stimulating research, clinical advances, special lectures, guests and bonus events. Our keynote speaker this year is Dr. Paul Farmer, Co-founder and Chief Strategist of Partners In Health (PIH). In addition, Dr. Anthony Fauci, Director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, will deliver a plenary session Thursday, November 9. Other highlighted speakers include Dr. Scott O’Neill, who will deliver the Fred L. Soper Lecture; Dr. Claudio F. Lanata, the Vincenzo Marcolongo Memorial Lecture; and Dr. Jane Cardosa, the Commemorative Fund Lecture. We are pleased to announce that this year’s offerings extend beyond communicating top-rated science to direct service to the global community and a number of novel events: • Get a Shot. Give a Shot.® Through Walgreens’ Get a Shot. Give a Shot.® campaign, you can not only receive your free flu shot, but also provide a lifesaving vaccine to a child in need via the UN Foundation’s Shot@Life campaign. • Under the Net. Walk in the shoes of a young girl living in a refugee camp through the virtual reality experience presented by UN Foundation’s Nothing But Nets campaign.
    [Show full text]
  • Maternal Mortality and HIV: an Overview
    Maternal Mortality and HIV: An Overview Contextual factors such as local policies and cultural norms, as well as socioeconomic factors, play a role in women’s ability to access care and receive appropriate treatment during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum.1 This is true for all women, and particularly so for the 17 million women living with HIV globally, the vast majority of whom live in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and are of reproductive age.2 In 2013, HIV was responsible for 1.5% of all maternal Adult HIV prevalence rates, 2012 data from Global Report: UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2013. deaths in SSA and 0.4% worldwide.3 Pregnant women living with HIV have between a two to 10 times increased risk of death than uninfected pregnant women.4,5,6,7,8 While maternal deaths have decreased overall in the past decade, countries with high HIV burdens have had slower declines compared to countries less affected by the HIV pandemic. For example, South Africa—an upper middle-income country with an HIV infection rate among pregnant women aged 15-49 years of 29.5%9—experienced a decrease of only 0.4% in its maternal mortality ratio (MMR) between 1990 and Data on maternal mortality ratio (per 100,000 live births) from World 2013, despite a global MMR decrease of 45% in the Health Organization 2012. same timeframe10. CAUSES OF MATERNAL MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY AMONG WOMEN LIVING WITH HIV The World Health Organization (WHO) defines maternal death as “the death of a woman during pregnancy or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy irrespective
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to the Maternal and Newborn Quality of Care Surveys
    INTRODUCTION TO THE MATERNAL AND NEWBORN QUALITY OF CARE SURVEYS Introduction To The Quality of Care Surveys i The Maternal and Child Health Integrated Program (MCHIP) is the United States Agency for International Development’s Bureau for Global Health flagship maternal, neonatal and child health program. MCHIP supports programming in maternal, newborn and child health, immunization, family planning, malaria and HIV/AIDS, and strongly encourages opportunities for integration. Cross-cutting technical areas include water, sanitation, hygiene, urban health and health systems strengthening. This study was made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), under the terms of the Leader with Associates Cooperative Agreement GHS-A-00-08-00002-00. The contents are the responsibility of the Maternal and Child Health Integrated Program (MCHIP) and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. Published by: Jhpiego Brown’s Wharf 1615 Thames Street Baltimore, Maryland 21231-3492, USA January 2013 Introduction To The Quality of Care Surveys ii 1. BACKGROUND Improving the quality of obstetric care in facilities has recently been identified as a neglected and essential approach to reducing maternal deaths and enabling developing countries to achieve Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 4 and 5.1 Postpartum hemorrhage is the most frequent cause of maternal deaths globally and in developing countries, accounting for 25% of maternal deaths. Next are hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (PE/E) at 15%, sepsis (8%) and obstructed labor (7%).2 Effective interventions exist for screening, preventing and treating obstetric and newborn complications, and they can be readily provided by skilled providers in facilities.
    [Show full text]
  • Next-Generation Lab-On-A-Chip Devices
    Next-generation lab-on-a-chip devices Samuel Sia, Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Biomedical Engineering Columbia University APHL, Little Rock June 4, 2014 Clinical ELISA testing... ELISA ideal method low cost? - capital -per test compact? rapid? simple to operate? sensitive (pM)? distinguishes quantitative differences? amenable to parallel analysis? operable without ground electricity? works in field conditions (sunlight)? • coat surface with antigen (overnight) • block with 1% BSA or 0.05% Tween-20 (1 hr) uses accessible • add sample containing antibody to be tested (1 hr) reagents? • add enzyme-conjugated antibody (1 hr) • add substrate (10 min.) “Plug-in cartridge” (bubble-based reagent delivery) 17 pM 170 pM 1.7 nM 17 nM 170 nM 1.7 M Fluorescent antibody Sample Wash Wash Fluorescent Air spacers antibody 200 m Vacuum Antibody in sample Antigen 1200 1000 800 500-m 600 width 250-m 400 50-m width width total time = 2 min. 200 500-m (hands-free) width 0 Normalized fluorescence (a.u.) fluorescence Normalized 0.1 10 1000 Concentration of anti-rabbit IgG (nM) Linder, Sia, and Whitesides, Anal. Chem., 77:64 (2005) Silver reduction enables the use of microfluidics Angew Chemie, 43:498 (2004) ELISA mChip signal generation enzyme/substrate silver precipitation reaction (photography) light source lasers, lenses, filters LEDs (ambient lighting) detector photomultiplier tubes photodetector (photocopier) manufacturing plastic 96-well plates injection-molded plastic (consumer toys) Point-of-care ELISA Founded in 2004 (with Vincent Linder and David Steinmiller), based in Boston area raised ~$12M in VC funding First product: prostate cancer monitoring ISO-certified manufacturing facility and clean room approved in Europe (CE Mark) acquired by Opko Health in 2011 (~$50M) awaiting FDA approval and launch of PSA test and eventually 4K panel (total PSA, free PSA, intact PSA, HK2) Clinical scenario Pregnant woman in high burden-of-disease area (health clinic in U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Malarial Pathocoenosis: Beneficial and Deleterious Interactions Between Malaria and Other Human Diseases Eric Faure
    Malarial pathocoenosis: beneficial and deleterious interactions between malaria and other human diseases Eric Faure To cite this version: Eric Faure. Malarial pathocoenosis: beneficial and deleterious interactions between malaria and other human diseases. Frontiers in Physiology, Frontiers, 2014, 5 (441 ), 10.3389/fphys.2014.00441. hal- 01242005 HAL Id: hal-01242005 https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01242005 Submitted on 11 Dec 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. REVIEW ARTICLE published: 21 November 2014 doi: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00441 Malarial pathocoenosis: beneficial and deleterious interactions between malaria and other human diseases Eric Faure* Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centrale Marseille, I2M, UMR 7373, Marseille, France Edited by: In nature, organisms are commonly infected by an assemblage of different parasite Anaïs Baudot, Centre National de la species or by genetically distinct parasite strains that interact in complex ways. Linked Recherche Scientifique, France to co-infections, pathocoenosis, a term proposed by M. Grmek in 1969, refers to a Reviewed by: pathological state arising from the interactions of diseases within a population and to Satyaprakash Nayak, Pfizer Inc., USA the temporal and spatial dynamics of all of the diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • Prevention and Control of Malaria in Pregnancy in the African Region
    P R E V E N T I O N A N D C O N T R O L O F M A L A R I A I N PREGNANC Y I N THE A FRIC AN R EGION A Program Implementation Guide P R E V E N T I O N A N D C O N T R O L O F M A L A R I A I N PREGNANC Y I N THE A FRIC AN R EGION A Program Implementation Guide For information: Jhpiego 1615 Thames Street Baltimore, MD 21231-3492, USA Tel: 410.537.1800 www.jhpiego.org Editor: Ann Blouse Graphic Design: Trudy Conley The ACCESS Program is the U.S. Agency for International Developments global program to improve maternal and newborn health. The ACCESS Program works to expand coverage, access and use of key maternal and newborn health services across a continuum of care from the household to the hospitalwith the aim of making quality health services accessible as close to the home as possible. Jhpiego implements the program in partnership with Save the Children, the Futures Group, the Academy for Educational Development, the American College of Nurse- Midwives and IMA World Health. www.accesstohealth.org Jhpiego is an international, non-profit health organization affiliated with The Johns Hopkins University. For nearly 40 years, Jhpiego has empowered front-line health workers by designing and implementing effective, low-cost, hands-on solutions to strengthen the delivery of health care services for women and their families. By putting evidence-based health innovations into everyday practice, Jhpiego works to break down barriers to high-quality health care for the worlds most vulnerable populations.
    [Show full text]