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Breccia-Pipe and Geologic Map of the Southwestern Part of the Hualapai Indian Reservation and Vicinity, Arizona

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Breccia-Pipe and Geologic Map of the Southwestern Part of the Hualapai Indian Reservation and Vicinity, Arizona Breccia-Pipe and Geologic Map of the Southwestern Part of the Hualapai Indian Reservation and Vicinity, Arizona By G.H. Billingsley, K.J. Wenrich, P.W. Huntoon, and A.A. Young Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Hualapai Tribe Pamphlet to accompany MISCELLANEOUS INVESTIGATIONS SERIES MAP 1-2554 1999 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey CONTENTS Introduction 1 Geologic Setting 2 Structural Geology 4 Laramide Monoclines 4 Late Cenozoic Faulting 7 Cenozoic Uplift, Erosion, and Deposition 7 Mulberry Springs Uranium Mineralization 8 Breccia Pipes 8 Introduction 8 Cambrian and Devonian Collapse Features 12 Mineralized Breccia Pipes 12 Structural Control of Breccia Pipes 13 Discussion 16 Description of Map Units 16 Surficial and Volcanic Deposits 16 Sedimentary Rocks 17 Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks 18 Acknowledgments 18 References Cited 19 Appendix-Nomenclature and ages of Late Cretaceous(?)-Tertiary strata in the Hualapai Plateau region, northwest Arizona by Richard A Young 21 FIGURES 1. Index maps of the study area showing 7X-minute quadrangles mapped in the southwestern part of the Hualapai Indian Reservation, Arizona. 2 2. Geographic map of the southwestern part of the Hualapai Indian Reservation, Arizona. 3 3a. Geologic map showing Western Nuclear, Inc., drill-hole locations for sec. 27, T. 26 N., R. 11 W., in the Peach Springs 7X' quadrangle. 5 3b. Geologic map showing Western Nuclear, Inc., drill-hole locations for sec. 26, T. 26 N., R. 11 W., in the Peach Springs 7X' quadrangle. 6 4a. Cross section showing drill holes and intervals of anomalous gamma radiation. 9 4b. Cross section showing drill holes and intervals of anomalous gamma radiation. 10 4c. Two cross sections, 60° and 120° to each other, showing drill holes and intervals of anomalous gamma radiation. 11 Sa. Breccia-pipe alignments in the northeastern corner of the southwestern part of the Hualapai Indian Reservation. 13 5b. Many of the collapse features appear to be at equally spaced intervals from each other 14 5c. Schematic diagram illustrating that two nearly orthogonal joint sets (N. 55° W. and N. 57° E.) can create the appearance of more than two breccia-pipe alignment trends. 15 INTRODUCTION overlain by unbrecciated, infolded strata-these are referred to here as collapse features. It is rarely possible to determine from surface expression, except along canyon 2 The map area encompasses approximately 420 mi of walls, whether a collapse is due to an underlying, deeply the southwestern part of the Hualapai Indian Reservation rooted breccia pipe or local more recent karst. The breccia (fig. 1) and minor tracts of U.S. Bureau of Land Manage­ pipes are genetically and temporally distinct from more ment, State, and private land that border the southwestern modern karst features also found in the Grand Canyon Reservation boundary. The map area is within that part of region which include: ( 1) Collapses into space created by the southwestern Colorado Plateau physiographic province dissolution of gypsum within the Permian Kaibab and Tor­ that is dissected by the Colorado River and its tributaries to oweap formations, and (2) Collapses resulting from a mod­ form the western Grand Canyon and its system of plateaus ern system of caves in any of the Paleozoic carbonate and tributary canyons. All of the map area is within sections. Mohave County, Arizona, and most of the map area is on A significant number of the pipes contain ura­ the Hualapai Plateau (fig. 2). nium-mineralized rock as well as anomalous concentrations The Grand Canyon of the Colorado River separates of Ag, Co, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn. A detailed discussion the Hualapai Plateau from the Sanup and Shivwits Pla­ of how breccia pipes formed with a description of the min­ teaus (north of the river). The Hualapai Plateau, bounded eralization is provided by Wenrich (1985) and Wenrich and on the south and west by the Music Mountains, and by Sutphin (1989). On the Hualapai Reservation, 886 con­ Peach Springs Canyon on the east, is an irregular-shaped firmed and suspected breccia pipes have been mapped. Of plateau of low relief that is dissected by several deep tribu­ these, about 8 percent show exposed mineralized rock, tary canyons to the Colorado River, most notably Spencer, either as recognizable copper-bearing minerals, most nota­ Meriwhitica, Milkweed, Peach Springs, and Quartermas­ bly malachite, azurite, or brochantite, or gamma radiation ter Canyons (fig. 2). The Music Mountains are bounded on in excess of 2.5 times background. In the southwest part of the west by the Grand Wash Cliffs (visible on the western the reservation (this study) only 67 confirmed and sus­ edge of the map), which mark the break between the Colo­ pected breccia pipes and 2 sinkholes have been mapped. rado Plateau and the Basin and Range physiographic prov­ Only 7 of these 67 emitted gamma radiation in excess of mces. 2.5 times background and no copper-bearing minerals were Elevations in the map area range from about 1,400 ft at observed. Because breccia pipes bottom in the Redwall the mouth of Travertine Canyon (northeast corner of map) Limestone, the sparsity of pipes on this part of the Reserva­ to 6,697 ft in the Music Mountains (northwest edge of tion can be attributed to the depth of erosion, which is map), a maximum relief of about 5,300 ft. The average ele­ below the base of the Redwall Limestone on most of the vation of the Hualapai Plateau is about 5,000 ft. Hualapai Plateau. The Hualapai Plateau is underlain by nearly horizontal Numerous karst features have formed in many Paleo­ bedded Paleozoic rocks that have a regional dip of about 2° zoic units of northwestern Arizona because these units con­ to the northeast. The Paleozoic rocks have been eroded to tain abundant water-soluble carbonate and gypsiferous below the base of the Mississippian Redwall Limestone rock. For the purpose of breccia pipe studies in Arizona, we throughout most of the map area, although Mississippian have defined "breccia pipe" as those solution features which and Lower Pennsylvanian rocks are preserved from the (1) formed pipe-shaped breccia bodies, (2) bottom in the north-central part of the area to the eastern corner of the Mississippian Redwall Limestone, and (3) stoped upward area. through the overlying Paleozoic strata. Dissolution features Thousands of solution-collapse breccia pipes are found whose origin or breccia content is unknown are referred to on the Hualapai Indian Reservation and adjacent areas in merely as "solution collapses," "solution" or "collapse northwestern Arizona (Wenrich, 1985; Billingsley and oth­ structures," or "solution features." Those that form open ers, in press; Billingsley and Huntoon, 1983; Huntoon and holes in the present ground surface, but contain no breccia others, 1981, 1982; Wenrich and others, 1996, 1997). The and probably do not penetrate any deeper, are termed sink­ breccia pipes originated from initial dissolution cavities in holes. the Redwall Limestone, products of a regionally extensive Despite periods of depressed uranium prices, the brec­ paleokarst that developed to various depths during late Mis­ cia pipes commanded considerable exploration activity in sissippian time when the Redwall Limestone was exposed the 1980's because of their high-grade uranium ore depos­ as a surface of low relief. The pipes stoped upward from the its. Mining activity in breccia pipes of the Grand Canyon Redwall through upper Paleozoic rocks as additional space region of northern Arizona began during the nineteenth was created through dissolution of limestone and carbonate century, although at that time production was primarily for cement of wall rocks and downdropped clasts. A typical Cu with minor production of Ag, Pb, and Zn. It was not breccia pipe in the Grand Canyon is approximately 300 ft until 1951 that U was first recognized in the breccia pipes. in diameter and extends upward from the Redwall Lime­ During the period 1956-69, the Orphan Mine, about 50 mi stone as much as 2,000 ft into upper Paleozoic rocks. The east of the map area, yielded 4.26 million lb of U30 8 with stoping process brecciated the rock, resulting in a breccia an average grade of 0.42% U30 8 (Chenoweth, 1986). In core between pipe walls that generally abuts against hori­ addition to uranium, 6.68 million lb of Cu, 107,000 oz of zontally bedded, slightly disturbed strata (Wenrich, 1985; Ag, and 3,400 lb of V20 5 were recovered from the ore Van Gosen and Wenrich, 1989). Some breccia cores are (Chenoweth, 1986). Between 1980 and 1988 four breccia ·, ~e:, ·. ~,c.. ~Q ~~ '\ ~\:) ~e:, ~~~ e:,q ~ .P~·· ... ~~~ +'*\o~ ~~~0 v~ ~4;.ro" " ...~~+~ 'i-~ ro" q~~ c..'~" ,OJ ,OJ ·~~.p~ \:OJro c.. ~ ro" c.. ·)r.·· ,OJ ., -&·"· ., \. ~Q~ " . ..«; ~ ~ ..~~Q~ (.,~ ~ " .~v~ ~~ 0~ ro" ~ Cj o+ '(,OJ q~~ ~~ro" " ~-;: ~~,ot'\ e:,q ,OJ c..'~-~ ,OJ .,~~· ,.,.., ~... ~ ·~·~~ . ·~· '\ ./ 35°30' , '--··--··--.. .. --·· --·· .. __/. RESERVATION -- BOUNDARY __ MAP AREA Figure 1. Index maps of northern Arizona showing the locations of quadrangles mapped in this report. pipes (Pigeon, Hack 1, Hack 2, Hack 3) were mined for pipes and collapse features was done on 1976 uranium in northern Arizona with grades averaging 0.65% 1 :24,000-scale color aerial photographs. Each feature U30 8 and total production of 13 million lbs of U30 8 per mapped was visited and surveyed using a helicopter or pipe (I.W. Mathisen, oral commun., 1988). four-wheel-drive vehicle for access. Radiometric traverses All breccia pipes bottom in the Redwall Limestone and were completed on more than 90% of the mapped struc­ extend into the overlying strata with the exception of a few tures. Only where breccia was observed has the feature pipes in the Devonian Temple Butte Formation or Cambrian been referred to as a "breccia pipe;" all others are referred Muav Limestone in the area of Meriwhitica Canyon (see to as collapse features because shallow-rooted dissolution map A).
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