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Qusayr 'Amra Site Management Plan QUSAYR ‘AMRA SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN Amman, January 2014 Chapter 1 - The site Amman, January 2014 The Qusayr 'Amra Management Plan was developed by a joint Department of Antiquities - World Monuments Fund team, and printed with support from World Monuments Fund, thanks to the contributions of the Robert W. Wilson Challenge to Conserve Our Heritage and the Selz Foundation. The Qusayr ‘Amra Conservation Project is a collaboration between the Department of Antiquities of Jordan, World Monuments Fund and the Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione ed il Restauro. 1 SECTION I – SITE DESCRIPTION AND DOCUMENTATION All photos by Gaetano Palumbo, except otherwise indicated. 2 Chapter 1 - The site FOREWORD The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is endowed with an exceptional variety of archaeological sites, spanning the entire history of human presence in the region. Many of these sites have an Outstanding Universal Value, as recognized by the inscription of four of them in the UNESCO World Heritage List. One of these is Qusayr ‘Amra, the first in fact –together with Petra- to be inscribed in the World Heritage List as early as 1985. Many years have passed since that inscription, and the site has received from the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities and the Department of Antiquities the attention and protection it deserves. Although regulations for such protection are in place, as well as facilities and personnel to ensure their implementation, a comprehensive Site Management Plan for further enhancement of these regulations did not exist. This document fills a gap in the Ministry’s and Department of Antiquities commitment to fulfill the requirements of the World Heritage Convention. Site boundaries were defined in 2013 and with the presentation of this Site Management Plan, the Jordanian Government complies with the World Heritage Committee’s invitation to provide these essential documents. This Site Management Plan is now an operational tool in the hands of the Ministry and of the Department of Antiquities. Its implementation and follow-up will ensure the preservation to future generations of the Outstanding Universal Values of this unique site. HE Nidal Katamine Minister of Tourism and Antiquities 3 SECTION I – SITE DESCRIPTION AND DOCUMENTATION 4 Chapter 1 - The site INTRODUCTION It is with great pleasure that I am introducing the first comprehensive Site Management Plan for Qusayr ‘Amra World Heritage Site. For many years the site lacked the tools required to make its inscription in the World Heritage List more effective. With the official adoption of this Site Management Plan, the Department of Antiquities is now able to improve on its protection and conservation approach, and to schedule conservation and monitoring actions more efficiently. Qusayr ‘Amra is a unique site that requires particular attention if we want to protect its Outstanding Universal Values. Many visitors from all over the world come to the site, and they deserve to be welcomed and provided with an indelible educational experience. The work of our team addressed all these issues and we intend to implement measures to correct the present situation over the course of the next years. An important component of the site management planning process was the consultation with and involvement of the local community, in order to explore with them opportunities for economic and cultural development. The entire process, from data collection to assessments, and from the definition of policies to the identification of specific implementing actions, was an experience that the Department of Antiquities intends to replicate at other important sites requiring the support of a comprehensive Site Management Plan. As every operational tool, this document is not the final word on the management of the site. We will monitor the implementation of the actions recommended by the Plan and we will provide corrective measures if issues arise in the course of action. A complete revision of the Site Management Plan will follow after one year of trial implementation, in order to respond to upcoming challenges, or to reinforce those actions that prove positive for the conservation and presentation of the site. Only by a continuous site management implementation, monitoring and response we can be sure that our duty and responsibility to preserve the Outstanding Universal Values of the site will be fulfilled. HE Munther Jamhawi Director General Department of Antiquities of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan 5 SECTION I – SITE DESCRIPTION AND DOCUMENTATION 6 Chapter 1 - The site TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS ..............................................................................................................................................11 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................................................................13 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..................................................................................................................................15 SECTION I – SITE DESCRIPTION AND DOCUMENTATION.....................................................23 CHAPTER 1 – THE SITE..................................................................................................................................25 1.1. Location and boundaries.........................................................................................................................25 1.2. Archaeological and historical contexts...............................................................................................27 1.3. History of interventions..........................................................................................................................28 1.3.1. Discoveries and early campaigns.......................................................................................................28 1.3.2. Conservation projects.........................................................................................................................29 1.4. Qusayr ‘Amra: a World Heritage Site..................................................................................................30 CHAPTER 2 – DOCUMENTATION.............................................................................................................31 2.1. Architecture and construction materials............................................................................................31 2.2. The mural paintings.................................................................................................................................32 2.3. The archaeological setting.....................................................................................................................36 2.4. Site plans and surveys..............................................................................................................................37 2.5. Photographic documentation................................................................................................................38 SECTION II – SITE ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS...........................................................................39 CHAPTER 3 – Physical conditions...................................................................................................................41 3.1. Condition assessment.....................................................................................................................................41 3.1.1 Infrastructures......................................................................................................................................41 3.1.2. Facilities and services..........................................................................................................................43 3.1.3. Regional and local development contexts.......................................................................................46 3.1.4. Physical conditions of the main building and architectural structures.......................................49 3.1.5. Physical conditions of paintings in main building.........................................................................53 3.2. Risk assessment........................................................................................................................................59 3.2.1. Natural threats.....................................................................................................................................59 3.2.2. Man-made threats................................................................................................................................60 CHAPTER 4 – THE MANAGEMENT CONTEXT..............................................................................................63 4.1. Legal status and protection....................................................................................................................63 4.1.1. National protection.............................................................................................................................63 4.1.2. International designation....................................................................................................................67 4.2. Competent authorities..............................................................................................................................69 4.2.1. The Department of Antiquities........................................................................................................69 4.2.2. The Ministry of Tourism and
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