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CONSIDÉRATIONS SUR LA FRANCE DE JOSEPH DE MAISTRE REVISÃO (Historiográfica) E TRADUÇÃO

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CONSIDÉRATIONS SUR LA FRANCE DE JOSEPH DE MAISTRE REVISÃO (Historiográfica) E TRADUÇÃO UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA SOCIAL CONSIDÉRATIONS SUR LA FRANCE DE JOSEPH DE MAISTRE REVISÃO (historiográfica) E TRADUÇÃO José Miguel Nanni Soares Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Programa de História Social do Departamento de História da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção do título de Mestre em História. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Modesto Florenzano São Paulo 2009 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA SOCIAL CONSIDÉRATIONS SUR LA FRANCE DE JOSEPH DE MAISTRE REVISÃO (historiográfica) E TRADUÇÃO José Miguel Nanni Soares Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Programa de História Social do Departamento de História da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção do título de Mestre em História. São Paulo 2009 2 Alla venerata memoria di Michele Nanni (1909-1996) 3 AGRADECIMENTOS À maestrina Genoária Nanni, minha mãe, pelo inexaurível zelo educador e apoio nos momentos difíceis. Ao meu orientador, professor Modesto Florenzano, pela lhaneza, confiança, paciência e imprescindível ajuda na pesquisa e redação desta dissertação. Muito do que aqui se encontra, exceto os possíveis erros, deve-se às suas observações eruditas e sensatas. Com seu exemplo, reinventei-me como pessoa. Ao professor Richard Allen Lebrun que, à distância e com uma generosidade ímpar, disponibilizou materiais para a pesquisa, orientou e corrigiu nossas idéias e permitiu nossa participação em um importante colóquio internacional sobre Joseph de Maistre. Auxílio inestimável, vindo da maior autoridade no assunto. Aos professores Carlos Alberto de Moura Ribeiro Zeron, José Leonardo do Nascimento e Elcio Verçosa Filho, pelas críticas e sugestões durante e após a qualificação do projeto desta tese. Ao Departamento de História da USP, professores e funcionários, pelo auxílio e presteza ao longo do trabalho. Ao CNPQ pela ajuda financeira, por intermédio de uma bolsa de mestrado. Aos amigos, tios, primos e avós, pela compreensão e paciência nos momentos de ausência. 4 RESUMO Esta dissertação visa realizar uma revisão historiográfica da obra Considerações sobre a França (1797), de Joseph de Maistre, que representa um dos primeiros ensaios de interpretação histórica do fenômeno revolucionário em língua francesa e do ponto de vista da contra-revolução. Neste ínterim, pretendemos oferecer uma visão de conjunto do uso que a historiografia da Revolução Francesa fez das Considerações de Maistre. Simultaneamente, empreendemos uma síntese biográfica-intelectual do saboiano, com o objetivo de sublinhar a complexa natureza de sua reação à Revolução e ao Iluminismo – reação esta caracterizada por uma excêntrica interação entre ‘jesuitismo’, iluminismo e filosofia das Luzes. Por fim, apresentamos ao público uma tradução dessa obra, ainda inédita em língua portuguesa. ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to present a historical revision of Joseph de Maistre’s Considérations sur la France (1797), which represents a pioneering attempt of historical interpretation of the revolutionary phaenomenon in French language and from the point of view of the counter-revolution. In doing so, we intend to offer a panoramic view of the use made of Joseph de Maistre’s most famous pamphlet in the historiography of the French Revolution. It also provides a brief intellectual biography of the savoyard which tries to underline the complexity of the Maistrean reaction to the Enlightenment and the Revolution - marked by an eccentric interaction with certain currents of “jesuitism”, iluminism and the Enlightenment. Last but not least, we present a translation of the pamphlet, heretofore neglected in Portuguese. PALAVRAS-CHAVE / KEY WORDS Revolução Francesa – Historiografia- Conservadorismo – Contra-Ilustração - Maistre French Revolution – Historiography – Conservatism – Counter-Enlightenment- Maistre 5 SUMÁRIO Resumo..............................................................................................05 Abstract.............................................................................................05 Índice.................................................................................................07 Introdução.........................................................................................08 Parte I................................................................................................15 Capítulo I ..........................................................................................16 Capítulo II..........................................................................................99 Capítulo III.......................................................................................125 Conclusão..........................................................................................142 Bibliografia ......................................................................................156 Parte II .............................................................................................168 6 ÍNDICE Introdução .................................................................................................08 Parte um VIDA E OBRA DE JOSEPH DE MAISTRE (1753-1821): UM LIVRE-PENSADOR CONTRA-REVOLUCIONÁRIO Capítulo 1 - Nem francês nem italiano: saboiano...................................16 Sob o signo da dualidade .......................................................................16 “Tempestade, Ímpeto e Sombras”...........................................................28 Primavera de um contra-revolucionário.................................................39 Considerando “uma grande época”........................................................47 Refúgios Temporários..............................................................................61 Mil e uma “Soirées” de São Petersburgo................................................71 Último ato de um ultramontano................................................................87 Capítulo 2 – A arquitetura das Considerações sobre a França................ 99 Capítulo 3- As Considerações sobre a França na historiografia da Revolução Francesa......................................................................................125 Conclusão...................................................................................................... 142 Referências Bibliográficas ...........................................................................156 Parte dois CONSIDERAÇÕES SOBRE A FRANÇA Tradução ..................................................................................................170 7 INTRODUÇÃO A fortuna póstuma da obra e do pensamento de Joseph de Maistre oferece um paradoxo surpreendente. De um lado, pouco depois de sua morte (fevereiro de 1821), começa-se a descrevê-lo como o “homem das doutrinas antigas, o profeta do passado”, defensor brutal de um mundo que desaparecia e “que se queria ressuscitar em vão”1. No final do século XIX, tudo indicava que o retrato de Maistre seria esculpido no mármore negro que lhe dedicara Émile Faguet (1899): “Um ferrenho absolutista, um furioso teocrata, um intransigente legitimista, apóstolo de uma trindade monstruosa constituída pelo papa, pelo rei e pelo carrasco, sempre e em todas as partes o campeão do dogmatismo mais feroz, estreito e inflexível, uma figura sombria saída da Idade Média, parte doutor erudito, parte inquisidor e carrasco”2. Apesar de nuançado pelo avanço das pesquisas3, este juízo a respeito do saboiano tem sua razão de ser. Sua reação à filosofia das Luzes e à Revolução trouxe à luz uma “filosofia da autoridade” que só pode revoltar nossas suscetibilidades modernas. Afinal, o que dizer de alguém que viu a Declaração dos direitos do homem de 26 de agosto de 1789 apenas como a ante-sala das potencialidades de um imperialismo que trazia consigo os germes do Terror? Como justificar um autor que classificava a democracia (ou, em seus próprios termos, “soberania do povo”) como um sistema condenado a produzir inexoravelmente a opressão da maioria por uma elite política oligárquica, cuja virtude pode ser medida em “miligramas de frumento”? Não fosse o bastante, como aludir a alguém que 1 P.-S. Ballanche, Essai de palingénésie sociale, in: Œuvres, Paris-Genève, 1830, vol. III, p. 259. 2 Émile Faguet. Politiques et Moralistes du dix-neuvième siècle. 1a série, Paris, 1899, p. 1. 3 Cf: Owen Bradley. A Modern Maistre: the Social and Political Thought of J. de Maistre. London, University of Nebraska Press, 1999; Jean-Yves Pranchère. L’autorité contre les Lumières: la philosophie de Joseph de Maistre.Genève, DROZ, 2004; Cara. The More Moderate side of Joseph de Maistre: views on Political Liberty and Political Economy. Montreal, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2005; Philippe Barthelet (org.). Joseph de Maistre. Lausanne, L’Age d’Homme, 2005; Carolina Armenteros. “From Human Nature to Normal Humanity: Joseph de Maistre, Rousseau, and the Origins of Moral Statistics”, Journal of the History of Ideas, LXVIII, 1 (2007): 107-30, e “Parabolas and the Fate of Nations: Early Conservative Historicism in Joseph de Maistre’s De la souveraineté du peuple’, History of Political Thought, XXVIII, 2 (2007): 230-252. 8 sugeria a Inquisição espanhola no lugar da tolerância religiosa, que, a seu ver conduzia à descrença e precipitava a sociedade na dissolução?
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