The Radical Revolution, 1774-1776
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AMERICAN REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION Thethe Enlightenmentenlightenment Thethe Ageage Ofof Reasonreason
AMERICANAMERICAN REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION TheThe EnlightenmentEnlightenment TheThe AgeAge ofof ReasonReason ▶ 1650-1800 ▶ Laws of Nature applied to society ▶ Rationalism . “Dare to know! Have the courage to use your own reason!” – Immanuel Kant ▶ Liberalism ▶ Deism . “The Clockmaker” . Absent of human affairs TheThe EnlightenmentEnlightenment JohnJohn LockeLocke ▶ Second Treatise on Government . “The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges every one: and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind … that, being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions” . “Men being, as has been said, by nature, all free, equal, and independent, no one can be put out of this estate, and subjected to the political power of another, without his own consent.” . “Whensoever therefore the legislative shall transgress this fundamental rule of society; and either by ambition, fear, folly or corruption, endeavour to grasp themselves, or put into the hands of any other, an absolute power over the lives, liberties, and estates of the people; by this breach of trust they forfeit the power the people had put into their hands for quite contrary ends, and it devolves to the people, who have a right to resume their original liberty, and, by the establishment of a new legislative, (such as they shall think fit) provide for their own safety and security, which is the end for which they are in society.” TheThe EnlightenmentEnlightenment AdamAdam SmithSmith ▶ An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations ▶ Laissez-faire . Free trade ▶ “the invisible hand” ▶ Three Laws . More production from self- interest . -
The SAR Colorguardsman
The SAR Colorguardsman National Society, Sons of the American Revolution Vol. 5 No. 1 April 2016 Patriots Day Inside This Issue Commanders Message Reports from the Field - 11 Societies From the Vice-Commander Waxhaws and Machias Old Survivor of the Revolution Color Guard Commanders James Barham Jr Color Guard Events 2016 The SAR Colorguardsman Page 2 The purpose of this Commander’s Report Magazine is to o the National Color Guard members, my report for the half year starts provide in July 2015. My first act as Color Guard commander was at Point interesting TPleasant WVA. I had great time with the Color Guard from the near articles about the by states. My host for the 3 days was Steve Hart from WVA. Steve is from my Home town in Maryland. My second trip was to South Carolina to Kings Revolutionary War and Mountain. My host there was Mark Anthony we had members from North Car- information olina and South Carolina and from Georgia and Florida we had a great time at regarding the Kings Mountain. Went home for needed rest over 2000 miles on that trip. That activities of your chapter weekend was back in the car to VA and the Tomb of the Unknown. Went home to get with the MD Color Guard for a trip to Yorktown VA for Yorktown Day. and/or state color guards Went back home for events in MD for Nov. and Dec. Back to VA for the Battle of Great Bridge VA. In January I was back to SC for the Battle of Cowpens - again had a good time in SC. -
PATRICK HENRY May 29, 1736 – June 6, 1799
PATRICK HENRY May 29, 1736 – June 6, 1799 Patrick Henry was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He was a gifted speaker known for his rousing speeches and strong support for revolution against the British. He was born in the American colony of Virginia (Hanover County) on May 29, 1736. His father, John Henry, was a tobacco farmer and judge. Patrick had ten brothers and sisters. As a child, Patrick like to hunt and fish. He attended the local one-room school and was tutored by his father. When Patrick was just 16 years old he opened a local store with his brother William. The store was a failure, however, and the boys soon had to close it. A few years later Patrick married Sarah Shelton and started his own farm. Patrick wasn't much good as a farmer either. When his farmhouse burned down in a fire, Patrick and Sarah moved in with her parents at the Hanover Tavern. Living in town, Patrick realized that he liked to talk and argue politics and law. He studied law and through examination by prominent Virginia lawyers became a licensed attorney in 1760. Patrick was a very successful lawyer handling hundreds of cases. He had finally found his career. Although Patrick Henry is best known for his “give me liberty or give me death” speech delivered at Richmond’s St. John’s Church in 1775, his great oratory skills and patriotic fervor were first recognized when he argued damages for the defense in the famous Parson’s Cause. On December 1st, 1763, he was called to the Courthouse adjacent to Hanover Tavern to argue this famous challenge to royal authority that helped to spark the American Revolution. -
Print › Chapter 4: Revolutionary America | Quizlet
Chapter 4: Revolutionary America Study online at quizlet.com/_flcg7 1. Boston A confrontation between a group of citizens 9. Gaspée In June, 1772, the British customs ship ran Massacre and British troops on March 5, 1770, Incident around off the colonial coast. When the during which the troops opened fire on the British went ashore for help, colonials citizens, killing five of them. boarded the ship and burned it. They were sent to Britain for trial. Colonial outrage led 2. Committees of These started as groups of private citizens to the widespread formation of Committees of Correspondence in Massachusetts, Rhode Island and New Correspondence. York who, in 1763, began circulating information about opposition to British 10. George As Prime Minister, he passed the Sugar Act in trade measures. Other colonies created Grenville 1764 and the Stamp Act in 1765 to help their own committtees in order to exchange finance the cost of maintaining a standing information and organize protests to force of British troops in the colonies. He British trade regulations. The groups believed in reducing the financial burden on became particularly active following the the British by enacting new taxes in the Gaspee Incident. colonies 3. Common Sense Thomas Paine's influential pamphlet that 11. Internal Taxes which arose out of activities that forcefully argued for American Taxes occurred within the colonies. The Stamp Act independence, attacked the institution of was considered this tax, because it taxed the monarchy, and defended a democratic colonists on legal transactions they theory of representative government. undertook locally. Many colonists and Englishmen felt that Parliament did not have 4. -
The Original Meaning of the Habeas Corpus Suspension Clause, the Right of Natural Liberty, and Executive Discretion
William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal Volume 29 (2020-2021) Issue 3 The Presidency and Individual Rights Article 4 March 2021 The Original Meaning of the Habeas Corpus Suspension Clause, the Right of Natural Liberty, and Executive Discretion John Harrison Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmborj Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, Legal History Commons, President/Executive Department Commons, and the United States History Commons Repository Citation John Harrison, The Original Meaning of the Habeas Corpus Suspension Clause, the Right of Natural Liberty, and Executive Discretion, 29 Wm. & Mary Bill Rts. J. 649 (2021), https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmborj/vol29/iss3/4 Copyright c 2021 by the authors. This article is brought to you by the William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmborj THE ORIGINAL MEANING OF THE HABEAS CORPUS SUSPENSION CLAUSE, THE RIGHT OF NATURAL LIBERTY, AND EXECUTIVE DISCRETION John Harrison* The Habeas Corpus Suspension Clause of Article I, Section 9, is primarily a limit on Congress’s authority to authorize detention by the executive. It is not mainly con- cerned with the remedial writ of habeas corpus, but rather with the primary right of natural liberty. Suspensions of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus are statutes that vest very broad discretion in the executive to decide which individuals to hold in custody. Detention of combatants under the law of war need not rest on a valid suspen- sion, whether the combatant is an alien or a citizen of the United States. The Suspension Clause does not affirmatively require that the federal courts have any jurisdiction to issue the writ of habeas corpus, and so does not interfere with Congress’s general control over the jurisdiction of the federal courts. -
History of Virginia
14 Facts & Photos Profiles of Virginia History of Virginia For thousands of years before the arrival of the English, vari- other native peoples to form the powerful confederacy that con- ous societies of indigenous peoples inhabited the portion of the trolled the area that is now West Virginia until the Shawnee New World later designated by the English as “Virginia.” Ar- Wars (1811-1813). By only 1646, very few Powhatans re- chaeological and historical research by anthropologist Helen C. mained and were policed harshly by the English, no longer Rountree and others has established 3,000 years of settlement even allowed to choose their own leaders. They were organized in much of the Tidewater. Even so, a historical marker dedi- into the Pamunkey and Mattaponi tribes. They eventually cated in 2015 states that recent archaeological work at dissolved altogether and merged into Colonial society. Pocahontas Island has revealed prehistoric habitation dating to about 6500 BCE. The Piscataway were pushed north on the Potomac River early in their history, coming to be cut off from the rest of their peo- Native Americans ple. While some stayed, others chose to migrate west. Their movements are generally unrecorded in the historical record, As of the 16th Century, what is now the state of Virginia was but they reappear at Fort Detroit in modern-day Michigan by occupied by three main culture groups: the Iroquoian, the East- the end of the 18th century. These Piscataways are said to have ern Siouan and the Algonquian. The tip of the Delmarva Penin- moved to Canada and probably merged with the Mississaugas, sula south of the Indian River was controlled by the who had broken away from the Anishinaabeg and migrated Algonquian Nanticoke. -
The Possibility of Freedom for Slaves
LESSON THREE: THE POSSIBILITY OF FREEDOM FOR SLAVES INTRODUCTION In 1775, Lord Dunmore, the last royal governor of Virginia, issued a proclamation offering freedom to any slave or indentured servant willing to bear arms and fight for the British. In this activity, students will examine Dunmore’s Proclamation and use other primary sources to determine Virginians’ reaction to the proclamation. OBJECTIVES As a result of this lesson, students will be able to: 1. Analyze primary source documents to complete an issue analysis. 2. Explain how Dunmore’s Proclamation challenged the institution of slavery. 3. Identify the potential consequences of Dunmore’s Proclamation for all the parties involved—black and white, British and Virginian. MATERIALS NEEDED Teacher Reference—Background Information on Dunmore’s Proclamation Transcription of Dunmore’s Proclamation Letter to the Virginia Gazette Regarding Dunmore’s Proclamation LearningCheck™ Files: BACKGR, GUIDE, SOURCES, and ASSESS Class set of TI-83 Pluses or TI-83 Plus Silver Editions TI-Navigator™ Classroom Learning System LearningCheck™ Application for the TI-83 Plus and TI-83 Plus Silver Edition LearningCheck Creator™ Class set of TI-Keyboards TI-Navigator Instructions Tip Sheet (optional) PROCEDURE SETTING THE STAGE 1. Distribute copies of the Transcription of Dunmore’s Proclamation to students. 2. Give students the BACKGR LearningCheck™ file containing teacher-generated questions. Have students access the file. (Additional instructions for using the LearningCheck™ application are available on the LearningCheck™ Tip Sheet.): a. The first four questions are general comprehension multiple-choice questions about the document, with the first question being “What is the main idea of the document?” b. -
DECEMBER 8 and 9, 2018
SHORT HISTORY OF THE BATTLE OF GREAT BRIDGE REENACTMENT GROUPS INDIVIDUALS On a chilly morning, the 9th of December 1775, in southeastern Tidewater, Virginia, two opposing forces came together to face each other across a narrow causeway and bridge, 7th Virginia Regiment called “the Great Bridge”- the Patriots on the southern side, the 64th Regiment of Foote British on the northern side. “The Great Bridge,” actually a 76th Regiment of Foote series of causeways and bridges, spanned the southern branch of 14th Regiment of Foote the Elizabeth River and surrounding swamps twelve miles south Roger’s Rangers of Norfolk and served as a strategic link between Virginia and the Queen's Own Loyal Virginia Regiment southern colonies. HMS Otter Acting on misleading “intelligence” that the Rebel force Youth Virginia Regiment was small and low on ammunition, the Royal Governor of DECEMBER 8 and 9, 2018 Bill Blair portraying Colonel William Woodford Virginia, Lord Dunmore, ordered the British attack to break the Dave Pondolfino portraying Lord Dunmore stalemate before the Rebels could be reinforced. A head-on attack against the entrenched Rebel forces came as reveille was beating in the camp of the 900 2nd Virginia Regiment “regulars” CONTRIBUTING ORGANIZATIONS and Norfolk County militiamen. The ensuing Patriot volleys of rifle fire cut down the City of Chesapeake - Parks, Recreation and Tourism advancing Redcoats and drove the British forces of about 350 (14th Regiment of Foote, Loyalist militia, volunteers and Lord Great Bridge Battlefield & Waterways History Foundation Dunmore’s Loyal Ethiopians), with heavy casualties, back into Fort Murray – a wooden stockade fort at the northern end of “the Norfolk County Historical Society Great Bridge.” The British abandoned the fort that night and retreated to Norfolk. -
LORD DUNMORE's ETHIOPIAN REGIMENT by CHARLES W
LORD DUNMORE'S ETHIOPIAN REGIMENT by CHARLES W. CAREY, JR. Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTERS OF ARTS IN HISTORY Peter Schmitthenner March 1995 Blacksburg, Virginia u_,'+........._ LORD DUNMORE'S ETHIOPIAN REGIMENT by Charles w. Carey, Jr. Peter Wallenstein, Chairman Department of History (ABSTRACT) Most observers consider that Lord Dunmore was the driv ing force behind the creation of the Ethiopian Regiment. This paper demonstrates that the slaves themselves provided the necessary impetus for bringing about Dunmore's Procla mation of Emancipation, and that the governor simply re sponded to slaves• willingness to take up arms in pursuit of liberty. This paper also considers the role played by non slave actors in the exploits of the Regiment. These actors included the British Parliament; various British military and government officials; the Virginia Convention of 1775; the various Virginia military units, both regular and volunteer; and the white population of Virginia as a whole. However, primary emphasis is placed upon the efforts and actions of the Ethiopians themselves. The first chapter investigates the events which led up to Dunmore's Declaration of Emancipation, and clarifies the degree to which the servile uprisings in the preceding cen tury influenced Dunmore's decision to free and arm Virginia's slaves. The second chapter details the Ethiopians' involve ment in the military actions associated with the Battle of Great Bridge on December 9, 1775. The third chapter describes the Regiment's other engagements, including its defense of the Portsmouth enclave and the British sanctuary on Gwynn's Island, and the skirmishes at St. -
Britain's Conciliatory Proposal of 1776, a Study in Futility John Taylor Savage Jr
University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Master's Theses Student Research 6-1968 Britain's conciliatory proposal of 1776, A study in futility John Taylor Savage Jr. Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/masters-theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Savage, John Taylor Jr., "Britain's conciliatory proposal of 1776, A study in futility" (1968). Master's Theses. Paper 896. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Project Name: S °''V°'~C,._ ~JoV1.-.._ \ _ I " ' J Date: Patron: Specialist: Oc,~ o7, Co.-. .... or ZD•S ~Tr ""0. ""I Project Description: Hardware Specs: BRITAIN'S CONCILIATORY PROPOSAL OF 1778, A STUDY IN FUTILITY BY JOHN TAYLOR SAVAGE, JR. A THESIS SUBMITI'ED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF RICHMOND IN CANDIDACY FOR IBE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY JUNE, 1968 L:·--:..,:.·:·· -. • ~ ' > ... UNJVE:i1'.':~ i ., ·:.·. ',' ... - \ ;, '.. > TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • iv INTRODUCTION • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • v CHAPTER I. THE DECEMBER TO FEBRUARY PREPARATIONS LEADING TO THE NORTH CONCILIATORY PLAN OF 1778 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 II. CONCILIATORY PROPOSAL AND COMMISSIONERS: FEBRUARY TO APRIL 1778 • • • • • • • • • • 21 III. THE RESPONSE IN ENGLAND AND FRANCE, FROM MARCH TO MAY, TO BRITAIN'S CONCILIATORY EFFORTS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 52 IV. AMERICA PREPARES FOR THE RECEPTION OF THE CARLISLE Cu'1MISSION, MARCH TO JUNE 1778. • 70 V. THE JUNE NEGOTIATIONS • • • • • • • • • • • 92 VI. THE SUMMER NEGOTIATIONS: A DISAPPOINT· MENT •••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • 115 VII. -
A History of US Trade Policy
This PDF is a selection from a published volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Clashing over Commerce: A History of U.S. Trade Policy Volume Author/Editor: Douglas A. Irwin Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press Volume ISBNs: 978-0-226-39896-9 (cloth); 0-226-39896-X (cloth); 978-0-226-67844-3 (paper); 978-0-226-39901-0 (e-ISBN) Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/irwi-2 Conference Date: n/a Publication Date: November 2017 Chapter Title: The Struggle for Independence, 1763–1789 Chapter Author(s): Douglas A. Irwin Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c13851 Chapter pages in book: (p. 31 – 67) Chapter one The Struggle for Independence, 1763–1789 he regulation of America’s foreign trade played an important role in Tshaping events during the critical period around the country’s move toward independence and nationhood. While the confl ict between Britain and the thirteen North American colonies was ultimately about politi- cal power and sovereignty, many disputes concerned the restrictions and taxes that Britain imposed on colonial commerce. Lacking any political voice in Parliament to infl uence those policies, the colonists responded by employing the only weapons at their disposal, including economic pres- sure through the boycott of British goods. After having fought success- fully for independence, however, Americans discovered that engaging in trade outside the British Empire was difficult. These problems were com- pounded by a weak central government under the Articles of Confedera- tion, which prevented Congress from establishing a national trade policy or imposing import duties to raise revenue. -
Traditions and Belligerent Recognition: the Libyan Intervention in Historical and Theoretical Context Sam F
University of Missouri School of Law Scholarship Repository Faculty Publications 2012 Traditions and Belligerent Recognition: The Libyan Intervention in Historical and Theoretical Context Sam F. Halabi University of Missouri School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.missouri.edu/facpubs Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Sam Halabi, Traditions and Belligerent Recognition: The Libyan Intervention in Historical and Theoretical Context, 26 Fla. T. Int'l. L. 321 (2012). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by University of Missouri School of Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of University of Missouri School of Law Scholarship Repository. Harbison, Ashley 10/16/2017 For Educational Use Only TRADITIONS OF BELLIGERENT RECOGNITION: THE..., 27 Am. U. Int'l L.... 27 Am. U. Int'l L. Rev. 321 American University International Law Review 2012 Article Sam Foster Halabi a1 Copyright (c) 2012 American University International Law Review; Sam Foster Halabi TRADITIONS OF BELLIGERENT RECOGNITION: THE LIBYAN INTERVENTION IN HISTORICAL AND THEORETICAL CONTEXT I. INTRODUCTION 322 II. THE HISTORY AND PURPOSE OF BELLIGERENT RECOGNITION 330 A. The American Revolution 334 B. The Spanish Colonial Wars of Independence 337 C. The American Civil War 341 D. The Spanish Civil War 346 III. TRADITIONS OF BELLIGERENT RECOGNITION 350 A. The Commercial Tradition of Belligerent Recognition 354 B. The Constitutional Tradition of Belligerent Recognition 360 C. The Institutionalist Tradition of Belligerent Recognition 367 IV. LIBYA AND THE TRADITIONS OF BELLIGERENCY 371 A. The Factual Background 371 B.