The Bread of the Eucharist

P R E F A C E

I H A V E tri ed i n the followi n g Tract to mak e u s e of all th e m a er a e an ear o n th e e d e t i l xt t that b s subj ct , though , oubtl ss ,

m e h as e a e m n so sc p d y otice . I h ave man y ack n owle dgmen ts to m a ke to those wh o h ave readily given me i n formation dur i n g th e preparatio n

th e r of wo k . I n p articular my gra te ful th an ks are d ue to th e Bishop

r an d who m n er e m of Mo ay Ross, has ost ki dly ov look d y “ t ra n slatio n s of the E a st Syria n O rder f or renewi n g t he “ Holy Leaven a n d t he We st Sy r i an Fo rm f or prepari ng ” th e ar rea a n d m a n t he er an c or Euch istic b d , ki g v y m y re n ere n e e ar A m an e ctio s which w c ss y . lso y th ks ar d ue

r n b h o m M . Co e re rd w . a e n er to F . C y of Oxfo , ost g ously

e m a ra n n er a n as et plac d at y dispos l his t slatio s of c t i , y

A r n n e e n en . u publish d , m ia docum ts “ Th e Syri ac text from which the W est Syrian Form f o r p re p ar i n g the Euch ar istic b read is tran slated was

r re for m a he e Dr . ram e t A r n p ocu d by Wig , H d of ssy ia

M n issio . “ Th e East Syrian Order of th e p reparation of th e

rm n M r Oblatio n is re pri n ted h ere by p e issio of r . B ight m r r an a nd the D elegate s of t h e Oxfor d Un ive sity P e ss . Most of t he photographs of Easte rn b reads were p ro PRE FA C E

Th f m b r ma n . e u an a n re e k c ure d or e y Mr . B ight R ssi d G

r read ra the a er O thodox b s , photog phs of which , with P ssov

n N h me Mr . e m a e ere ma e f or . . ort a c k , w d by C F Ol y of p

e he Re v H P n e t o n ere n r r t . . . , w ki dly p ocu d by J y s n n Cli to . I would like to ad d th a t it is e xtre mely d iﬂi cult to get a ccur at e an d t r ustwo rthy i n fo rmatio n as to de tails i n the u se s

the ff ere n a ern r e I thi n k e er and of di t E st Chu ch s . , how v ,

e a I a e n ot een u an m re re e n a n . hop , th t h v b g ilty of y is p s t tio s C O N T E N T S

P AG E I T E S S O F T HE H . H U E C HUR C H B E FORE T E S C H I S M O F EA S T A N D W E S T

T H E V I I . C O N TRO ER S Y B ETW E EN EA S T A N D WE S T

I I A N I . E N G L D

I V S N S A . T H E EA TE R C H URC H E (W I T H C E RT I N DOC U M ENTs ) . LI ST OF I LLUSTRATI ON S

' j EWI SH PAS SOV ER- CAK E Fr on ti spzece

F AC I N G P AG E GREE K ORTH OD OX : EUCHARI STIC B REA D A ND EULOGIA (JERU S ALEM)

RUSS IAN : EUCHARI STIC B REA D A N D LOAF OFFERE D FOR SP ECI AL P URPOS E S

COPTIC EUCHARI STI C LOAF

THE MAUN D Y THURS DA Y EULOGI A (COPTI C)

A B Y S S INI AN EUCHARI STI C B REA D

W E ST S Y RI AN (JACOB ITE) LOAF

ARMENIA N W AFER

EA S T S Y RI AN (NE S TORIAN) LOAVE S T HE B R E A D O F T H E

E U C HA R I S T

THE USES OF THE CHURCH BEFORE THE SCHISM OF E A ST A ND WEST

TH E matte r requisite f o r t he d ue cele b rat io n of t he Euch ar ist a a n n e is b re d d Wi . rea a a e ma e e e n a n a r B d i s c k d of Wh at ﬂou r d w t e . It h as ee n mar f o r a e ad d to t the e rm e n b custo y , g s , to his f t

o r of l eave n to c ause the l a f to ise .

A m n th e e ea e ne re a was i n r n ar o g J ws , though l v d b d o di y use f or er a n re u e r n e i n re ad w as , c t i ligio s Obs va c s which b t he rea e was n ea e n e I n e as e us ed b d so us d u l v d . som c s i n w hich it was used t h e omissio n of l e ave n h ad some r n n he a r i n er S e a a S e a . at t e p ci l histo ic l ig iﬁca c , g P ssov ; oth e u as the r n n e th e e re d a n d th e use cas s , s ch o di a c of Sh wb a , rea i n a r e n e e n e read was e r a of b d s c iﬁc , u l av d b us d p ob bly f r h e n e n e n e as ee n e e r o t e . sak of co v i c , k pi g b tt I n th e Ch risti a n Ch urch th e re h ave lo ng bee n two di ff ere n t customs i n t he use of b read f o r th e pu rpose s o f t h e r Th e r e n al ur e a e e rd n r Eucha ist . O i t Ch ch s h v us d o i a y e a e n ed rea use e m a n a n t he u n a n e d l v b d , which , th y i t i , is ch g m e m r h r r e n i m o i al custom of t e Chu ch f om th b egi n i ng . The e er n r o n the e r a n has n ed W st Chu ch , oth h d , lo g us I 2 TH E BR EA D O F T H E E U C H A R I S T

n eav en e re a n an d h as e h er ra e o n the u l d b d o ly, bas d p ctic all ege d us e by o ur Lo rd Himself a t the I n stitutio n of he ed a ra me n t Bl ess S c t . Th e ue n w u d ee u n m r an i n e q stio , which o l s m i po t t its lf i f t ea e n e a n d n ea e n e a re e ua read a me d bo h l v d u l v d q lly b , ssu an i mpo rt a n c e Wh e n the tw o us e s w e re m ad e a mat t er of co n t ro v er sy to such a n exte n t th a t th e i r d iv ersity of us e b ecam e o n e of t he p re t exts of th e schism b e tw ee n E a st an e d W st . Th A n n r h a s m r m n e t h e e glica Chu ch co p o is e d . Si c

e t he e n ra e r 1 2 e r e ar n tim of S co d P y Book of 5 5 , whil g di g “ u n ea e n e read a s th e n r ma u se s h e e r m if l v d b o l , p its , t e re a n art u ar re a n f o r i t the u se rd nar h is y p ic l so , of o i y ea e n ed read n as the e a n d ure t a l v b , so lo g it is of b st p st h t c n b r ur a e p oc ed . Wh en th e co n t roversy ﬁ rst aros e b etwe en Ea st a n d

We the Eas te rn s n ed t he m em r a use st , poi t to i m o i l of the r i n u n ea e n e read a n d d e n u n ed t he Chu ch si g l v d b , o c r us u n a n a n Weste n e of le ve ed s a ovelty . T he R man u r ee n u rt f o r i t s ra e o Ch ch , s ki g s ppo p ctic , a d u ed t he r u m a n e t he n n n n o ut d c ci c st c s of I stitutio , poi ti g t a n e t t a e a t a er- m e a o ur L o rd h t, si c his ook pl c Passov l ,

m e n e t h e a ram en t i n n ea e n ed rea Hi s lf i stitut d S c u l v b d . Th e G re e ks r e torte d by d e n yi n g th at o ur Lo rd had n u e th e e e a ram e n at a a a m ea a n d i stit t d Bl ss d S c t P sch l l , by d eclar i n g th at the acco un ts of the I n stit u tio n pr ove ' “ the u se th e rd ci r o f o r re a a rd this by of wo p s b d , wo ” e a n n mean u n ea en e d read b ut which by its lf c ot l v b , rd n a r a e a v n d re a n s a e e d . o i y , th t is to y, l , b o ly [ h e que stio n as to wh e th er th e E uch ar ist w as i n sti tute d t a We a e a Pa ssover meal or n ot is still u n se ttl ed . h v to a e t he a n th e a n d S t n f c f ct fra kly th at Syn optists . Joh n ra n e Th e n t ut t he me at co t d ict o e a n oth r . Sy op ists p al which t he S acramen t é w as i n stit ut ed on t h e - ﬁ rst day of TH E US E S B E FOR E T H E SC H I S M OF EA S T AN D W E S T 3 u n e e n ed read an d e en re ar t h e me a a s a l av b , vid tly g d l

a s a u e r . . n o n the er an as d e n e P ch l S pp St Joh , oth h d , ﬁ it ly m e a th e er a r e r i pli s th t supp took pl ce be fo e th e P assov . The m eal its elf see ms to h a ve be e n i n t e n d ed by o ur

L r a s a a a u e r e e r w as o n the r er o d P sch l S pp , wh th it p op d ay o r n ot . It is a q ue stio n i n to which w e can n ot e n ter e re Th e a are a s h . f cts follows

er wa s a a a u er a s the n o n a te Eith it P sch l S pp Sy ptists i dic , a nd th e re a e i n case was e r a n n ea e n e b d us d that c t i ly u l v d , o r the s upp er took plac e the n ight befo re th e p rop er d ay f or th e a a mmem ra n b u t eem er a P sch l co o tio it would s , p h ps , r a e a e e n the rea u a e ee n u n ea e n ed p ob bl th t v so b d wo ld h v b l v , f or d u ri n g th e f ew da ys b e fo r e the P assover a n d u p till m idd ay o n the 1 4th of Nisan th e ho us es w ere be i n g rid ea n of l ve .

ere we m u t ea e The ue t n u n e ed . Th s l v it . q s io is still s ttl The p robabili ti es see m t o be m uch i n f a vou r of t he vi e w a wa s the r er a a e r a nd eref re t a t th t this p op P sch l Supp , th o h o ur L r i n t h e n n t he e e rame n o d , I stitutio of Bl ss d Sac t , m e u n a e n read Hi s lf sed u l e v e d b .

Th e n e xt q ue stio n to be co n sider ed is wh e th er t he wo rd ’ ' af r o u e th e n a n d S t . a u p g , which is s d by Sy optists by P l i n a un o f t he n t u t n ca n r er d e n e his cco t I sti io , p op ly ot n a n r a In th e n r er t h e e e e n u le ve ed b e d . co t ov sy of l v th c e n tu ry this was d e n i ed by th e Gre e ks . ” Th e co n te n tio n of t he G ree ks s eems t o be t r ue . Ap r o g “ " r er e a e n e d read an d n o t ed e is p op ly l v b , is us by its lf “ " n e d a a of u l ea ve n e d b read . If it is so us it is lw ys ' — ‘ ua e d me e r r ci r os d v og . I n q liﬁ by so oth wo d thus , p l p

‘ " a A r a n e i s n e e r ed the LXX t his is the c se . p og lo v us of I he a e the e read f or n ta n e u n e a e n ed . n t l v c s of Sh wb , i s c , ’ ﬂ I t was un ea e ned i t ualiﬁed d r os n odeo ewg . which l v , is q p p L n is t ru e th at at th e Cou n cil of Nymph ae um th e ati s 4 TH E BR EA D O F T H E EU C H A R I S T

ff ' a d u e Lev V I I . 1 2 as a r n a n e a m e ed d c d . o di g x pl of oip r og us ” ’ In a a e ' of un l eave n ed . this p ss g oi p r ov s efc a ep c Aewq

ur i n the a a n the e re y s but t h e occ s LXX g i st H b w ma ; fist , re e ra n a r d id n ot rea mm e re f o r he ra n a e the G k t sl to d h , t sl t s ' rd ur a a n i n t he e r e e re wo which occ s g i v s by oi l vp a . Th

re u n r e n n fo this q ot atio p ov s othi g . I n th e am e wa a ni s w t h e e u a en s y , p , hich is q iv l t of ' oi r o d e n o t e r e re e n u n ea e n e re a p g , o s by its lf p s t l v d b d . n d ee the use n ea en e rea ee m a e ee n I d , of u l v d b d s s to h v b a m un eard o f i n th e e i n ear d a f o r th e rd l ost h W st ly ys , wo s to d en e a z ma a n d a ni s i n er mema t us are a e rd ot it , y (p ) f both l t wo s , " a n a an e a n ea e n ed as s d T citus c sp k of u l v i ud a icu p an is . B ut h ow a re w e e a n the use the , if this is so , to xpl i of h r n a n d . a a s w e a e e te t e a Sy optists St P ul if, h v sugg s d , p ob ? bili tie s are th a t o ur Lord use d u n leave n e d bread It may be e n e th e e r a i f t h e n rea e xplai d by th o y th t , Sy optists lis d that e e r ea n a a a mea a n d rea e d all a th y w e sp ki g of P sch l l , lis th t m e u as t h e use n e a e n ed e n the n e this i pli d , s ch of u l v , th co t xt o d b e ufﬁ e n t o t h e ua fi a n to w ul s ci t supply q li c tio ci p r oq . no t e r a a e r e e a n a n Th e This is , p h ps , v y lik ly xpl tio . r e e a n a n ro a a t he a n e t r n t u xpl tio is p b bly th t Ev g lis s , w iti g m a n ear a e r t h e e e n w e re rd a n d w e n y y s ft v ts hich th y co , h th ey w e re fami liar with t he use of l eave n e d b read o n ly i n th e u ar t u e oif r o i n t he rd n ar n at n E ch is , s d p g o i y sig iﬁc io , quite overlo oki n g t h e fact th a t a t a Pa ssover m eal i t wo uld b e u n le ave n ed b re ad th a t wa s us ed . n e A th e A e t h e e pre n rea n I t th cts of postl s x ssio b ki g read e r a n n ud e i n me a e a t ea the of b c t i ly i cl s, so c s s l st, d u n ea e n ed rea be e a re ared ? E uch ar ist . Woul l v b d sp ci lly p p It was t r ue th a t the Euch arist was the n e w Pa ssove r ; b ut w as t he new n o t t he o ld an d ere n o s n t he i t , , th is ig of oth er J ewish P a ssover observan c e s be i ng appli ed to e ve ry of a r ce le bration the Euch ist .

i st H . v . 4. T H E U s Es B E FO R E T H E SC H I S M o r EA S T AN D WE S T 5

“ A a n . au a re o n th e o ne a he g i , St P l l ys st ss lo f of t 1 u ar a u n o n u v e ar um e n c a n b d u e d E ch ist , ltho gh co cl si g t e e d c r o m e e r n f th s wo ds . Th e it is h a rd ly p roba ble th at this u v e r th e u s e un e e co ld co of l av n e d b rea d . With a larg e n umb e r of comm un ican ts i t would h ave b een n e ce ssa ry to ha e a er ar e u n ea e n e v v y l g l v e d ca k . It is t ru e th a t a mo n g the A rme n i a n s o n ly o n e waf er is u e but mm n n e re e n n n o n be s d , co u io is th giv by i ti cti , it re me m e A u v re . n ea e n e d rea w as u e St . b d lso , if l b d s d by au u be d ue hi s r e ar n the u ar a s th e P l , it wo ld to g di g E ch ist

r a n a er an d i n t he a er n o t o n e Ch isti P ssov , old P ssov

n ea e n e a e e era ere u e d . u l v d c k , but s v l w s

en a a n th e ue n the e n e n er me Th , g i , q stio of G til co v ts co s i n e n the e ar i use u n e a e n e r . Ev if J wish p ty d d l v d b ead i n — t he E uch arist a u s e of which th e re is n o sh adow of a sig n e e m be ear r m the d e o n o f th e un it would s to cl , f o cisi Co cil er a e m i n rd n an e f or th e e n e a w as of J us l its o i c s G til s , th t this ere u n o t the p ra ctice of the G e n tile ch urch e s . Th wo ld almost ce rtai n ly h ave bee n som e m e n tio n of this if it w as to

r ar e be th e u se of th e Ch u ch a t l g . If the use of u n l eave n ed b read e ver e xist e d i n the early Ch u r ch ( a s it d i d a mo n g the Ebio n ite s i n t he d ays of

E i ha n i us we m a u e a was n amo n th e p p ) , y s sp ct th t it o ly g d a n e w r m e a er ma a n d d m n n Ju isi g s cts , hich fo d v y s ll i i ishi g par t o f t h e Ch urch Catholic . Wh e n w e p ass o n fr om th e N ew Te st amen t to Patris tic

r t n w e ﬁ n d n o e n e a eme n t o n th e u e . w i i gs , still d ﬁ it st t s s bj ct N early all t he e vid e n c e is by d ed uctio n from the i n cid e n t al re mar ks . ' The u se of the wo rd ci p r os itself i s n ot absol ute ly

n u e at an ra e n o t fﬁ e n t e e the co cl siv ; y t , it is su ci ly so to s ttl e n e qu stio by its lf .

Fo r w e e n ma n a re o n e re a a n d o n e o : f or w e a re a l l , b i g y , b d b dy

r . p a rta ke rs of th at on e b re a d ( I Co x . 6 T H E BREA D O F T H E EU C HARI S T

W e a e e en a a u ea n n ea e n e h v s th t T cit s , by sp ki g of u l v d “ " rea a s i ud aicus a n a s a th e e a t b d p is , shows th t , to y l s , s uch un l ea ve n e d b re ad w as n o t i n o rd i n ary use amo n g th e

a n R om s . N or is th e re an y g ro un d f o r t hi n ki n g th a t it w as i n

rd nar o r mm n us e am n t e r e n e e o i y co o o g o h G til p opl e s .

e n we v e r e ree u n d e a th e u e Wh , ho , d c s of Co cils l with s bj ct

the u ar read we e t m m re e n e ev i of E ch istic b , g uch o d ﬁ it — d e n ce e vid e n ce all the mo re val ua bl e a s showi ng i n d i re ctly

a led th e n r u n n e s the cau se s th t to i t od ctio of w u se . Th e abse n ce of all re fe re n c e i n th e e arli e r Co u n cils te n ds to S how

a e re w a s n o n e u se i n ear e r me a n d t a e n e ra th t th o ly li ti s, h t g l to the whole Chu rch .

r e ma n f o r e n n e r the e d e n e I t i s us , th , to co sid vi c which c an be culled from P a t ristic writi n gs an d co n cili ar d e c re es un til th e time wh en the di ff e re n ce of u ses beca m e a matt e r of bitte re st co n t rove rsy be twe e n t he tw o g rea t divisio n s of the Chur ch Catholic . Th e earli e st w o rk a mo ng P a tristic w ri ti n gs is the D i da c/ze a r i n re e n rm n ot a e r , wo k which , its p s t fo , is l t

D 1 0 . th a n A . . 3 “ Here the brea d of the E uch arist is spok e n of a s the ’ \ r - e b rok en [b ead] (72> Khd o yu a ) . By its lf this tells us n n but th e r the n e ra n f r i n othi g , wo ds of co s c tio o m which ” - the e xp re ssio n occurs are e n lighte n i ng : ( l o m p 77V 70870 ' ' - 6 1} e ' v v a é v Khoi o pta Oreo Kop m o wevov £17d 7 Op wv Ka i. O xﬁ ’ ’ ’ e evem é v . . y , (c ix) ' a re ere n e the o n e a at n e H ere St . P ul s f c to lo f is o c re a ed th e m n an d e re u d eem be v e r e c ll to i d , th wo l s to y littl d o ub t th at the w rit e r is thi n ki ng o f th e co mmu n ica n ts all n r m o n a If the read u e was r e e e . c ivi g f o lo f this is so , b s d '

r a as we a e ee n e n d u n . au r p ob bly , h v s wh i sc ssi g St P l s wo ds, a a en e a l e v d lo f. P assi ng o n to a littl e b eyo n d t he midd l e of th e seco nd TH E U S E S B E FOR E T H E SC H I S M OF EA S T A N D W E S T 7

‘ ” M ar - e n ur we ﬁ n d . u n r e a n n : En c t y, St J sti ty xpl i i g a m ' ' ‘ - ‘ wp oa c/Jep er a t 7g? woo ed r ai n 7631) oi SEAqSIB V oi p r og Ka i wor ﬁp I ov i ol 5 8a m ; Ka i K oi a r og z . . e re a a n ere p p ( p I H , g i , th ' ” m be a r e f e re n e n e a ee o . oi r o a af s s to c to lo f I t is p g, lo , ” n o t 6 o s re ad . d , b A a n t he are u a e me n u n ib 6 6 . a g i , c f l st t t of J sti ( ) th t , a e r n e ra n the read n o n er Kori/ O d m e rh a s ft co s c tio , b is lo g s p g p p he e n h as me ear n o n t u . . re n ae u f . r o so b i g q stio St I s , St Cy il S t re r a use h e e ru a e m a n d . t a me e re n J s l , G go y of Nyss s xp ssio

i n the a m e n n e n a n d . r a u e th e e u a e n s co ctio , St Cy il lso s s q iv l t ' ' ' e re n ci r o M76 lu hb ci r o . xp ssio s, p s 9 , g g p s

P - Am r S e e V A a i n S . e d e . I . i v n r I . g i b os ( . 4 ) w e ﬁ n d s uch

r as t e e Tu r e d i ci s me u a n e s t us i a s wo ds h s fo t s p is t tu .

th e n the r o f a ma n w ho au ed e n To poi t , too , is sto y wo l gh wh re r the rea was a u a d m St . G go y G t bo t to i n ist er to he r th e the L rd a n d a e r ard e a n ed a S h e h ad Body of o , ft w s xpl i th t a e e au e o u a ed the rea n e h a d l ugh d b c s y c ll b d , which I k w I h f ” 1 m ad e m own a nd t e d o r . with y h s, Bo y Ch ist S urely the se e xpression s seem to imply th at the b re ad d a th e u ar w as r n a r a ea n u e t e e . s E ch ist o di y th t is, l v d I t is m ost i mproba bl e th a t n o n e of the writer s quot ed abov e S hould h av e comm e n te d o n t h e fact if th e bread w as

u n ea e n ed e n u n u rd . n d e ed t he rea l v wh si g s ch wo s I , if b d

- Am r e was u n ea e n ed wa s r co n t e mpla ted by P s . b os l v it ce t ai n ly n o t usi tat us . r f re r a n d the rre e ren ma n r n The sto y o St . G go y i v t wo b i gs up the whole qu e stio n of the obl atio n s of b re ad a n d Wi n e by The er a t a f o r e n t r e was the t h e p eopl e . v y f ct h t c u i s it custo m fo r t he p e opl e to off e r th e b read a n d wi n e to be u se d i n t h e ce le bra tio n of the myst e r i es see m s to me to argue i e e e ead t s r na r . a e n d r . r n i n a ur o f h e u e . st o gly f vo of o di y , l v b Bo n a e ve n go e s so f ar a s to s ay th at th e p ra ctice p roves th e u e a en ed a n d n ere n t o n e a i n t h e s of l e v ; it is i t sti g ot th t ,

1 h De a on x Li e o Gr e or o n t e . . f f g y , by J h c , ii 4 8 TH E BREA D o r TH E EU C H A R I S T

ree R e i n a n th e e e urv es th it s which this obl tio by p opl s iv , the n s e ra n a t h e n e ra n a K n Co c tio of Bishop , Co s c tio of i g , a n d t h e R e a n n a n the a e e n ff e re a re it of C o is tio , lo v s th o d of l v re l e a e n ed b ad . ’ I n t he A etr o 5171 0771 4 5 a r a u the a e 2 00 f , wo k of bo t d t , w e re ad A nd the Apostl e bad e his d eaco n to p re pa re the " 2 ’ re r ere h d n é a [b ad of] f actio n . H t e wor is - A i h e ame N M n a o n e . a n i Mai a a n t r . 5 d o p g i s wo k (p 3 ) yg , ’ th e A e n er h er n ur e r n f o r th e of postl s co v ts, bids s b i g “ E uch arist mixe d wi n e a n d wa ter i n a c up a n d o n e whole

a e re the r f o r a t h e rd n ar r lo f. H wo d lo f is o i y wo d W Evid e n tly it is an ordi n ary loaf of leave n ed bre ad which is

h z ‘ r a T e r r . n e e m e n . G t wo d m ( H . Dnh dp rog) is v u e d f ar as n a ua i n r un s , so I k ow , without q lify g wo d of e n e re a n A u he ea e ! l is . t l v d b d , which is sig iﬁ d by E v bo t a m e m e r a a e ear e r th e n Pt ole s ti , but p ob bly littl li , G ostic m aeus i n e er ra S e the erv an e a nd , his l tt to Flo , p aks of obs c s usage s of th e old law which w ere me rely symbolical as h avi n g

n o e n n e a A m n e e r th e w b e do way with . o g th s e obs van ce s of

o ld d e n a n he men n un ea e n e re a He a isp s tio tio s l v d b d . s ys ’ ’ ' Ta e v w o a t o a f Ae m Ka i. we tr o Ka ci fi o z Ka i. p p p s y p y fi i. c p s ’ 7 0 To r fir o o e‘ ' ai / d Ta r a ei x dve Ka i 29 o w vop fl mfiew a w l Ta. y p ii g ' ' ‘ ' o fi oha OVr a T s oi h fiet a ve wfiefa 6 76 76197 . p fi , fi n g a p ns , ” 7(iii

I n the er n th e ear e C/z ure/z Ord er Coptic v sio of li st , which

r a be a e me ere e ee n 2 0—00 i n th e is p ob bly to d t d so wh b tw 5 3 , a ccou n t of th e Euch ar ist which follows o n th e Rites of a m i n e a n the n e ra n th e re a the B ptis , sp ki g of co s c tio of b d , “ ” r a re : Th e a e a n v r a a wo ds [ Bishop] sh ll giv th ks o e lo f. It is d ifﬁ c ult to beli eve th at s u ch an exp re ssio n could cov er a use un e a e n d ea Th r u e t he r nar r of l v e b r d . e wo d s d is o di y wo d ” ' f o r rea a n d e e An a a n i n a n er a n ci r o . d b d , quiv l t to p s g i , oth r ac r Th e j ets o t he S on o Zeé edee e n n Sy i wo k , f f , b lo gi g

' ' Bo n a R er um Lz tur z ca r um x x m , g , I . . III . ’ f r t A ocr /za l A cts W igh , p yp , p . “ a . T H E U S E S B E FOR E T H E SC H I S M O F EA S T A N D WE S T 9 to the thi rd or pe rh aps f o ur th c e n t ury ( a n d n o t to be co n fuse d

t the e ar e r re e ﬁ at ; t he A e e n a u wi h li G k postl , wh bo t

e e ra e th e uc ar a f o r u re e rea e to c l b t E h ist , sks p whit b d to b r i h e re h m . e re t a e b ought to H b d is sp ciﬁ ed . It is ' ” e r T read z . ea n a h e . e e . e rd u ed th e whit b , Wh t b d wo s is

r n ar r ﬁ s c l . o di y wo d , a

. r a n e n o t e us a n e n e n r ma n St Cyp i do s giv y d ﬁ it i fo tio , but re fer s aga i n to th e old ﬁgu re o f th e m a n y g rai n s be i n g

a t ere n n I n e er o n the m e a g h d i to o e loaf. his l tt ix d ch lice E h e a Ne c r u D m n e e . 1 e ( p lxiii . 3 ) s ys : Co p s o i i pot st ss ar n a a au t a ua a n utrum ue ad un atum uer e f i sol q sol , isi q f it t o li a u co pulatum e t p an is u n i us compage s d t m . Q uo e t ipso a ra m e n u u n e r os te n d i t ur a d u natus ut ue m a s c to pop l s ost , q d mod um g ra n a m ult a i n u n u m coll e ct a e t c o mmoli ta e t m m a an e m u n u m f aci u n t i n r u i e s t an co ixt p , sic Ch isto q p is c aele s ti s un um s c i am us e e r us c ui co n i un ct us s i t , ss co p , , n r n m r n at oste u e us e t ad u us . Th is p assage h as so me tim e s b e e n q u ote d as e vid e n c e o f the use o f u n l e ave n e d b re ad i n t he E uch arist by t he A frica n ’ B t h e a sa e d e n t r Ch u rch o f Cypr i a n s d ay . u t p s g o s o e ally

L a n n o t a n n red en but a f erme n t u th e n t . e e to ch poi v is i g i t, , f ’ an d its use i n m a ki n g b read w o uld n o t a ﬁ e ct Cyp ri an s

r l a rg ume n t h e e a t al . O r ige n has be e n q uo te d i n e vid e n ce of t h e us e of

n ea v e n e read i n t he u ar t B ut t h e a a e i n u l d b E ch is . p ss g 8 a i n M a i l . P . G . . h s n n ue n . . at q stio ( xii , xiii col 9 9) othi g d e t He mme n n n all to o with th E u ch aris . is co ti g o o ur ’ " L rd r a e e e d the ea v e n the ar ee o s wo ds, T k h of l of Ph is s .

r en mm e n u : Y o u m u n a ere v e r O ig co ts th s st k ow th t , wh ‘ ’ ea e n m e n n e u e d a e r a f o r e a n l v is tio d , it is s ll go ic lly t chi g , wh e th e r i n the law o r i n t h e oth er sc r ipt ur e s which com e

A n d ea e n n e e r ff e re d at he a a e r th e law . t a r ft so l v is v o lt , f o r ra e r m u n o t be e earn t e n u m p y s st lik l l sso s , but j st si ply ” h n f u r o t e aski n g of thi gs good or s f om G d . 1 0 TH E BREA D O F T H E E U C H AR I S T

“ The wo rds l eav e n is n e v e r o ff e re d a t th e altar ' ' ( 0 1370) SEmi n or s {15p mo f) wp o cr rfiep er a t £77270 5 fiv o La O' Ta ov) a e n n d o the u a r s t o r th e r a n a ar h v othi g to with E ch i Ch isti lt , bu t re e r th e d re n as a r e i n th e l aw u a s f to i ctio s to s c ific , s ch “ i u th a t c o n ta i n ed n Le vitic s ii . I I No m e a t o ff e ri ng which ye sh all b ri n g u n to the Lo rd sh a ll be mad e with l e a ve n : f or e a urn n o ea e n n o r a n n e i n a n ff e r n y sh ll b l v , y ho y , y o i g ” a e fi re of the Lord m d by . The a t ti t ud e of t he Fa th e rs ge ne rally to the usag e s of th e e a n d t h e n t e m u u a n ua e i n e J ws, co pt o s l g g which th y re er the u se o f u n e av e n e d re ad a m n t he e m a e f to l b o g J ws , k s it diffi c u lt to b e li e ve th a t t he u se o f u n l eav e ne d b read i n the u ar w a s n n th e r e rs i n ue n E ch ist k ow to w it q stio . Th us Augu sti n e c a n say : Illi [5 a Jud ae i] e rgo i ta a m a n m c sun t t an qu C i cu sig no . Sa ri ficia ve ro quae ibi

ﬁ eban t ablata u n e t u d e i s re m a n sit a d n u m a n s t , q o sig C i e e e n A i am erf e c tum st t n sci u t . n u m o ccid un t az m a p g , y ’ n a a n ra i mm ol u e d c o mm ed u t . at s s t r u u P sch ost Ch ist s , q i ’ d e az mis ? Ita u e i n uit d e m f e stum celeb re mu s n o n y q , q , i , i n fe rme n to v e te ri n eq ue i n fe r me nt o mali tim e t malig ’ i ti s O s te n d i t u d S i t e u e rm e n um e u ar na n ta . q i v t s f t , v t s f i i ’ I e st e t a u : sed i n a z m s s i n ce ri ta ti s e t v e ri tati s . n , c it y

l r n n o ss u n t l am m ra re manse run t em o im e r re o . u b , sol g f p n o s i n e s um uS t en e mus r u r te n e mus luc , Co p s Ch isti , ” B n P i 5 . sa n gu i n e m Ch r isti ( M W . The W estern mi n d of l at e r days fo u n d i n a more literal a a e A u u n e u e u n d erst a n di ng of th e p ss g wh ich St . g sti q ot s

au a us tifi cati o n o f t he use u n ea e n e rea from St . P l j of l v d b d i n th e E u ch ar ist . r m u e a n ua e the ame eff e de St . Ch ysosto s s l g g to s ct (

- ' S C I a c mi a wo ref v . i. o a f c t . AOKOG L o v o p r adi . ii O ( ) x

’ ’ ’ ' ‘ i d ﬂ é f ewe cgr) y va mn oi v a w x ﬁvr cp 7a d l vua Wp OB oiAo O I V o p ' ’ ' 513 i L TOmi a em r ehef w T t f o c Ta it Ka Ofa tg . 77 9 , e rre U. O , cr s p q ; p , x ’ ' ‘ a ?e (3 va O Ka r é ' Ka Wr' a I 6 oi v r a t r d Iii t a I ov 3 g O , yp n , y TH E U S E S B EFOR E TH E S C H I S M o r EA S T AN D WE S T I I

' ' ’ - oi y t wv mi c 779 ﬁvm a q 6 3809 Ae Av Ta I Opgi g ' ' m3 ; ci KoiHa p ‘ra r d ci l up a ; 77639 wa p afvop o g 7) é op ‘m ; mi}; ’ ' ’ a I 8a u

r m a he us e f v So St . Ch ysosto cl sses t o u n l ea e ne d b re a d with oth e r c e re mo ni e s of th e o ld law which h ave n ow b e e n e v d o n e away with . Su r ly h e could n ot h a e s ai d th a t 7a ' ' ci é vpta w er e oi x ci ﬁa pr a if h e k n e w of u n l eave n e d b re ad b e i ng

ed i n the u ar . e ra r m r us E ch ist This xt ct f o St . Ch ysostom is also i n teresti n g as showi ng th a t h e beli ev e d the Ble ss e d

a ram e n a e ee n n ed d r n a a r S c t to h v b i stitut u i g P ssove m e al . This w as stre n uo usly d e n i e d by t h e G re e ks i n th e i r co n tro v e rs y with the Lati n s at a l ate r d a te . We fi n d t h e sa m e a ttitu d e as regard s u n l eave n ed br ead i n au n u o a a e e rn H e u e a P li s of N l , W st (3 5 3 th s sp ks of th e J ewish r ite s

n e u ae me m re e am n un az ma s umu n t I d f g o s, ti c y Jud x i solo re ti n e n tes n om i n e gen t e m

' I n f e rme n ta tis p ulsi q ui a p an ibu s oli m n ypto f e ce re f uga m ; parib u s mod o S ig n i s Pe r a r sed i am e r n am a a a a r u p t ios , p i i s bb t , it s

r im r s A n tiqui recol a n t v e stigi a g ata t o i . N a m fru stra v e t e r e m vac ua sub im agi n e l egem er en er um n u a a a re le v i t Ex c t , v obis q i P sch p U n us p ro c un ct i s Patr i d atus hosti a Ch ristus

u tm e r ra ﬁ ura Et qui a corp s ad e st v i p it u mb g . Ca r m 2 6 en . , 4 5

E i ha n i us e a n the n e a a e p p , sp ki g of Ebio it s , s ys th t , Whil e e e ra te the u ar i n m a n o f th e ur th y c l b E ch ist i it tio Ch ch , e t e us e un ea v e n ed read f o r th e read a n d a er a n e y th y l b b , w t lo

h e u e v d e n a e u ar a n d ra n i n t c p . This is i tly p c li ity his d wi g atte n tio n to th e i r u se of u n l eavene d bread as a pe c uliari t y I 2 TH E B R EA D o r T H E E U C H AR I S T

n h u s hows th at h e k n e w of n o s uch p ractic e i t e Ch rch . ’ His wo rd s are : Mv o mp t a SE 8696 1) Teho fj o w ! omit p fwyO' w ’ ’ ’ ’ ‘ KA ‘ i r ‘ TOV dy fwv e v Tﬁ eK no fq. 6 t em a v r oi) s ; e m a v rOV Owl ' ' ’ d UL wlf Ka i TO oi Aho e oc 70 8 v o r f ov OI 5 8a m dvov C/ , p p ; p np ; p

a (H er . xxx . ' l The 1 6 a n o n r o n e u e 0 C no : f B a l i di rectly b ea th s bj ct . C an o n 98 r un s t h u s Th e dea co n s w ho p re p are a n d bri n g i n th e ff er n a e am n e t he r e n re ad w et er o i gs sh ll x i b ok b , h h an e i t r e ma n e r r m th e re u d a o r by ch c i s ov f o p vio s y, is

urn h F r or as a n e m a e mm n o s i n . o b t, y bl ish , th t th y co it th e se myste ri e s re p re se n t th e l a mb which w a s sl ai n i n the m e t he e re w n re ard t a m ti of H b s i Egypt . With g to his l b it is e njoi ne d th a t n o n e b e take n i n which is a n y bl e m ish o r H o w c n d e e . e n a b e t he rea f ct , th , it so with b d which 9 ” th ey p rep are f o r the p urpose of t h e mysteri e s Th e Ca n o n goe s o n to d raw comp ar iso n s be twe e n th e a e r a m a n d th e re ad n the r tua P ssov l b b , showi g spi i l sig

ific n ce th e a e r r u e as a e t h e u ar n a of P ssov l s ppli d to E ch ist . Th e baki ng sig n ifi e s t h e S pi r itual fi re of B a ptism by which a ll a e ee n ur e a r a e th e u ar Th h v b p ifi d who p t k of E ch ist . e s eve n d ays of u n l e a ve n e d b re ad b e fo r e t he e a ti ng of t he l a mb are m ean t to sig n ify the p re paratio n of hi m who w as

a r a e o f t h M er to p t k e Holy yst i e s . I t is sign iﬁca n t t h a t t h e p a ra lle l is d rawn b e twee n the

re a th u ar t n t he a mb t he a er The b d of e E ch is a d l of P ssov .

n ea e n e rea o f the er u er a a me n u l v d b d Passov S pp is . ctu lly ti o n ed b ut h as e v e n t n o re e re n e to th e rea the , id ly f c b d of E uch a rist i n the mi n d o f a w riter wh o co uld n o t fail to se iz e upo n th e p aralle l i f u n l eave n ed bread h ad b ee n the s e i n t h u r t h ar u e E ch a ist wi h which e w as famili . So this a n n e a n n n d re e t m a e a m C o , whil s yi g othi g i ctly , y k s it l ost

1 T s oll e t on o f C a n on s ro a l E t a n a te s ro m a out th e hi c c i , p b b y gyp i , d f b e n n n o f th e ﬁ t e n tur T e a re to b e o un i n R e e l Ki rch n b gi i g f h c y . h y f d i d ,

’ ' rech ts uell m d es P a trz a r e/za ts l x a n ze g A e d r n .

1 4 TH E B R EA D OF T H E EU C H A R I S T a po rtio n of th e Co n se c rate d B read was distribute d fro m ’ h u I n the Pop e s M a ss a mo n g t e n eighbo u ri n g ch rch e s . th e eigh t h c e n t ury i n the P ap al M a ss its elf th e po rtio n

t h e u e d f or th e m m ur e a ed the an a of Host s co ixt , c ll S ct , w a s a po r tio n o f th e S ac ra me n t re s e rve d from a p revious h r th e ce le b ra t io n to m ai n t a i n th e u n ity of t e E u ch a ist . If

e m e n o t e e ra e th e r n t h e Pop hi s lf did c l b t , po tio of Host u se d a t the com mixt ure w as r e se rve d from a c el e b ratio n at the e h ad fﬁ a e a n d was i n t a e al e which Pop o ci t d , his c s c l d " 1 t he r m n m fe e tu . W e see h ere the sam e id ea as th a t which u n d e rli e s t h e ra t e o f th e a r an a n d the e r a n wh o p c ic E st Sy i s W st Sy i s , both save a po r tio n of th e d o ugh a t th e ma ki n g of t he ar re a b e m ed th e n e m a n Euch istic b d to ix with xt ki g , so as ma n a n a un the a e a m to i t i ity of lo f. I t is possibl th t so e thi ng o f the so r t may h ave b ee n th e origi n al c u stom of t he m a n ur a n d a e e e n ra e Ro Ch ch , th t it d v lop d i to this p ctic of re servi n g a por t io n of the Co n sec ra te d B re ad f o r use at ’ A t n r h e a r t he mm re . a a e t e u ea e n ed co ixtu y t , Pop s E ch ist l v , as er e th e u ar i n th e er ur e an d the ea it w , E ch ist oth ch ch s, id

u n a n o n e ar r e B t as e d w as re e . u w of ity Euch ist so p s v d , s e e t ra e h as n o - ea r n a e er o n th e ue n , his p ctic b i g wh t v q stio

as e t er. e e n e o r n a n e r s ed to wh h l a v d u le ve d b ead wa us . e r a m a be ad ed as we a re ea n t P h ps it y d , d li g wi h this m h e R m an r m A u n a e t a . a custo of o Chu ch , th t St Tho s q i as st t s

re r th e re a a i t wa s h e u m the th a t St . G go y G at s ys th t t c sto of Roman Chu rch of his d ay to c el eb ra te with u n leaven ed b rea d Dici t en im B eat u s G rego ri u s i n R egi stro R oman a Eccl e si a off e rt az ymo s pan e s p rop te re a quod D omi n us S i n e ’ " mm t n e u s us i m a ce t carn e . . . co is io ll p (P III , Q. lxxiv A rt b u n i n . u a n n o t e er e This q ot tio is , how v , to fo d n f h n r m a a o t e e a r n r e a n d . y xt t w iti gs of St . G go y , St Tho s h as a ar m n him pp en tly ad e a m ista ke i n assig i n g i t to .

1 0rd o Roma n us 2 2 . I , THE U S E S B E FORE TH E SC H I S M O F EA S T A N D WE S T 1 5

' I n t h e va ua e Homi li es o Na rmz a r an a e r l bl f , Sy i F th whose de scr iptio n s of the lit urgy of his d ay ar e of th e rea e n e re a nd m r a n e w e ﬁ n d n n a a s g t st i t st i po t c , othi g s id I m t h e se e e n e d o r n ea e n ed r ea n . u . to of l av u l v b d Ho ily xvii , a n e n the M er e h e a He n ow xpositio of yst i s , s ys e n rea th e d e b e t at ma be e a b gi s to b k Bo y littl y littl , h it y sy ” 1 The n m to d ist ribute to all th e rece ivers . co te xt a kes it a r ear a n o n e a u e a n d w e ma a r f i ly cl th t o ly lo f is s d , y f i ly n e a un ea e n ed rea had ee n ed m e co clud th t , if l v b d b us , so explan atio n would have b ee n give n i n a wor k of this sor t . — Th e Ve n e rable B ede ( 6 73 73 1 ) t ells us th a t i n the time “ " f n n 6 an n M e o e. 0 of llitus (Bishop Lo do , 3 ) p is itidus e r e e e a a er the wa s u se d a t th Eucha ist . B d t lls us th t ft eat Saberc t K n e ree ea en n ame d h of , i g of Ess x, his th h th so s c a n d d eman d e d of M ellitus t h a t h e sho uld give t h em th at “ whit e b read p a n em n itid um which h e used to give to 2 r th e i r fa th e .

a n n u n ot e e r a e r- rea but e P is itid s is , how v , w f b d , whit o r W h eate n b read i n co n tradis t i n ctio n to cake s mad e of oth er 3 mea l . M re e r n t a i t m a b e ue n e e e r o ov , I thi k h t y q stio d wh th t he u n l eave n ed b re ad wa s a t ﬁ r st White lik e th at of to - d ay ; m re r a was e the e w a e r- a e m e o p ob bly it lik J ish P ssov c k s , so a n n r wh t b row a d sco ch ed . B e d e himself commen ts on the J ewish P assove r a n d rit e s “ i e V e e d e a s follows ( n L u . Qui a id lic t e t Pasch a i s i n az ymi s pa n i bus e s t cele brari p rece ptus e t n os q uasi pasch a p er pe tuum f ac i en tes semp er e x hoc mu n do tra n si re prae ci

imur U n i n m a v s eram e m p . a quippe d e ag o im ola to d e p se pt ex r n e z u a r u e u o di e d i e s s q uu n t ur a ymo rum . Q i Ch ist s J s s

1 ' me mi i z . Ca m r e Ho l s o N a s a R H. o n n ll M e r Dom . C o f , y . A . ( b idg , P 2 3 11 Be e [ if st E 6 6 1. v d , II , , 3 A n th imus a on te m ora r of C a rle ma n e s e a s of a n e m n t um , c p y h g , p k p i id , ‘ ' e n e f erme n d um tatum e n on az i um e Obse a l Czbor . b t m ( r v . ) ‘ 1 6 TH E BR EAD O F TH E EUC HAR I S T

e m e ro n i n e n ud n e e m ru m u es t arn e s l p obis pl it i t po pass s c , p e r om n e n obis hui us s aec uli t e mpus q uod septe m d i ebus ag i tur I n az ymi s S i n ce rI tatI s e t v e ri tati s p rze c1p 1t e sse i v n m v e d u .

e re re e d e m u a e m en ne d the use H , su ly , B st h v tio of u n l eav e n e d br ead i n th e E uch a rist i f s u ch w as th e u se i n d B ut d i a . n t ea e ere a n n e r e a a e his y it is o ic bl h , oth lik p ss g s r m t er a er a e e the un e e ne f o o h F th s which I h v quot d , that l av d rea i n th e a e r r e re e n a was me b d P ssov p s ts th t which to co , a n d wh e n th e law w as f ulﬁlle d i n the n ew d isp en sa tio n the S ad w the um ra t h e law a n d all er a n e a n d h o , b , its obs v c s e re m n e had u e r ur e a n d had a ed a a e . c o i s , f lﬁll d th i p pos p ss w y

a m n n e a e a i n e e a a es a ll e a n It is l ost i co c iv bl th t th s p ss g , d li g t t he a me e t e re w n o t a e ee n at ea i n wi h s subj c , th ould h v b l st some of th e m some re fe re n ce to t h e u se of u n l eave n e d b re ad i n the Ch risti an Passover if a n y such use h ad b ee n k n ow n th e au r to tho s . e m n n W co e ow to d e ﬁ it e e vid e n c e .

' In the X V /t/z Counezl of Toled o (6 93) th e q ue stio n of th e b re ad use d i n the E uch a rist a n d th e i r re ve re n t c arel e ss

i n VI Ad co n ve n tus n e ss of the cl ergy is d ealt with n C a o n . e te ni m n r a n i ti o n e m d elat um e st e o d n uibus d a m ost i g , quo i q Hi s a n ia rum ar u a m sac erd o tum ar m n esce n ti a p p tibus, q id , p ti m art m e m erar a u r a n o n an e m n i pliciti , p i t io su p ovoc ti , p s u dos e t studio p rae pa ratos sup ra m e n sa m Domi n i i n s ac riﬁci o o ff e r un t sed a m u m u n um ue m ue aut n e e a , p ssi q o odo q q c ssit s im ul erit a ut n a coe eri t d e a n ibus usi bus p volu t s g , p suis rae arati s c r us tul am i n ro t un d i ta te m aufe run t eam ue p p , q " s uper altare cum vi n o e t aq ua p ro sac ro libami n e o ff e ru n t . Th e Ca n o n go e s o n to add uc e th e e xa mpl e of our Lo rd a a n rre ere n ra e and n e g i st such i v t p ctic s , co clud s U n d e t emeri tati s h ui us aut n esci e n ti az cupi e n tes po n ere te rmi n um id u n an imita ti s n os trae d ele i t c o n ve n tus ut n o n , g alite r pa n is i n altar i D omi n i sac erdotali b en ed i cti o n e san cti TH E U S E S B E FO R E T H E SC H I S M O F EA S T A N D W ES T 1 7

ﬁca n d us rae aratus n n e e r e t n u u i e x u p p , isi i t g itid s q st dio f ue r it pree paratus n eq ue g ra n d e aliquid s ed mod ica ta n tum

' obl ata sec un d um q uod e cclesi astica co n su e tudo re te n ta t : u u re uiae aut ad c on s er v a n d um m d u o a ue c i s liq o ico loc l , bsq ali u i i n i u ri a f acili us c o n se rv e n t ur a u t ad c o n s um e n d um q , si " u m n o n e n re m illi u s i s um i uer n e e ar u se r t e tc . f it c ss i , v t q p ,

the n Counci l o li o/ I n Can o n X . of E glish f C sea ( 78 7) the r s am e matt er is d ealt with sho tly . Oblatio n e s q uoq u e fid eli um tal e s fi an t ut p a n is sit n o n ” a c rust . w n are n ere n a nd n Th e se t o Co u cils i t sti g de fi ite . Th e y

ea the rr e ere n e a n d a ua n u th e e r d l with i v c c s l co d ct of cl gy . re e n n e a n re a h as e e n e a F qu tly , i st d of usi g b d which b sp ci lly a n d re e re n re are d f or t l us e t he e r a v e v tly p p his ho y , cl gy h

u a e n re ad r m e r o wn ar er a n e e a a j st t k b f o th i l d s , y pi c of lo f

e n ff i e n a n d u n n a r un d a e a e u ed b i g su ci t, , c tti g it i to o c k , h v s

s e n it i n the ce l eb ratio n . I t i e vid t th at this is n o t u n l e ave n ed u e e r me me i n h r ea . t e a e b d It is doubtf l wh th so ti s, c s s t all e e rea a i . a e n . re erre w as . f d to , it b d , Wh t The Ca n o n of Toledo st r ictly e njoi n s th at t he loaf used . at the Euch arist sh all b e whole a n d Wh eate n i n t eger e t n itid us while th a t of Ch e lsea fo rbid s it to b e t a ke n fr om ’ n h e r e ar e r the stal e od d s an d e ds of t p i st s l d .

Mr arre n i n Li tur a nd R i t ua l o the C . elti c W , his gy f 1 C/znr elz ar e a th e u m i n re an was us e un , gu s th t c sto I l d to H e u e D Olli n er e e e n e d rea . a er at l av b d q ot s g , who g th d th th e e r ff e re r m the re r en m C ltic Chu ch di d f o st of Ch ist do , from a n old I rish Ca n o n which say s Gild a s a i t B riton e s toto m un do co n trarii moribus Roman is i n i mici n on solum i n Missa s ed e ti am i n to n sura cum Jud aei s

u r m serv i e n e s fﬁ see u mbrae f ut ro u t . I t is di cult to h ow this quotatio n touch e s the q uestio n of the u s e o r

1 88 1 . F Wa r e Li tur a n R itua l o th e Celti c Cla i re/z Ox f . 1 E . r n d . , gy f ( , pp 1 3 1 2 1 8 TH E B R EA D O F T H E E U C H A R I S T

“ n —use a m e a t all a n d ma a e be e n o of zy s , it y s f ly dismiss d a s i rrel eva n t . e er m Walaf rid M r . arre n e o n u e r W , how v , go s to q ot f o Stra bo i n s u ppo rt o f his co n ten tio n D um d e h ui us mod i u u m re u habe re n t u e r colloq i b s , s p v e n i e n s Jo a n n e s di aco n us s ecu n dum co n s ue t ud i n em obtuli t ” 1 az mo s e t la un cu lam n e i p a n e s y g vi i . B ut if h e h ad co n ti n ue d t h e quot atio n a littl e furth er he wo uld h ave mad e it cl e ar th a t th e se azyme s h ad at all t h e u ar The e ra i n n othi n g to do with E ch ist . xt ct full run s D u m d e h u i u s mod i m re h abe re n t u e r colloquiu bus , s p v e n i e n s Joa n n es d i aco n u s secu n d u m co n s uet ud i n em o btuli t e i a n e a z m o s e t la un c u la m n e e t buti rum e t p s y g vi i , ol um a Vi D e m m e r m el i n v asculi s c um pi scibus ssis . r i cu c u v n i e co n ov i sse t ra a a D eo a u le n us d i scubuerun t u e g g ti s git g dio p , q t re s c o nv i v ae ﬁd i ssi mi e t c um grati arum acti o ne do n a D omi n i

p erce pe run t . The qu ota tio n i n full place s it be yo n d doubt th at th e ” p a ne s az ymos h av e n othi n g w h ateve r to do with t he b ut e re ar th e re u ar the a n u ar . E ch ist , w p t of g l food of s i t ma e r a be n e n e n ere d ra a e n n I t y, p h ps, co v i t h to w tt tio “ ” the ea th e o n e a e en as a e as the me to id of lo f, v l t ti of

~ m i n a O n th ea . e t he Gregori a n S cra enta i y . e F st of St F lix

t a a rame n ar i n the ra e r ad c om le n d u m a u n h t S c t y, p y p , ll sio

a e t he o n e a n n i n th e r is m d to lo f of Commu io wo ds , S i ri tum u m n D m n e t um r a n n e ut p tu obis o i cha it tis i fu d , ”

un o ane caalesti sati asti e tc . quos p , Th e ﬁ r st p robable me n tio n of the us e of u nl e aven e d b read i n th e E u ch arist is made by the g rea t E n glish S ch ol ar ’ a F a n d unenses i n H e a E i st . o r tres L z i l en . s ys ( p lxix . g )

“ ’ A ud i v i m us q uoque aliq uo s i n illis partibus ad ﬁrm are

e e i n s acri ﬁci um r r r i t n um sal m e ss Co po is Ch isti m t e d .

’ 1 a l/i l a f ri us S tra o i ta S . G . 1 . Wa d b , V , i 7 TH E U S E S B E FORE TH E SC H I S M O F EA S T A N D WE S T 1 9

Quam co n sue tud i n e m n ec u n ive rs alis o bserv a t Eccle si a n ec Rom a na c us tod i t a uctor itas S i c e t pan is qui i n Cor pus Ch risti c On se cratu r a bsqu e ferm e n to ulli uS alterius

i e i i nf ectio n s d e be t e ss m und ssim us . Ev e n h ere it is n o t c e rtai n th at Alc ui n mean s th at th e r ad s be u n e e n e he ear a b e hould l av d . But cl ly shows th t ea e n e rea w as r m n i n s ' i n d l v d b d ve y co mo ly u e his ays .

' n a er the me of A n Pa scha si us R a doertns Soo ft ti lcui , ( 844) w rote i n support of the n ew doctri n e of transub s tan ti ati on a r d o Co ore et S a n ui ne D omini er wo k m g . P haps h e was a ar the use n e en e rea f mili with of u l av d b d , though n ot all e r a n it is at c t i . “ se c e s n am ue er t He says (xx . H t q v a e n ova co n s pe rsro S i n ce ri tati s e t v eritati s ut simus az ymi si n e m li i e t i ti Nam i n a e n fe rme n to a t ae n eq u ae . c lic ihil ali ud bibimus am r an n e m e t n o s er a u am qu Ch isti s gui , ubi p q ad mi s ti co un i ti sumus : i n p a n e v ero n ihil p rae t e r co rpus ubi n o s p er Ch r isti co n spersi o n em i a m m emb ra s um us Hmc r con s er s i o d e m ran a n u m r u igitu p ultis g is f cit u Co p s, corpu s i nq uam si nceri tati s e t v eri tatis S i t ame n sumus az mi e s t ue er m e n m ali ti a t u i ae y id a bsq f to e e n eq i t . n re a f n b t a a e a o . r a u n o t His l gu g c lls th t St Cyp i , it is u n like ly th at Pa schas i us has i n mi n d th e use of u n l eaven e d r a i n th r b e d e Eucha ist . The rea a er ar Pas chas i us Rhaba n us au ru g t dv s y of , M s ,

e er u e e n e i n re d e Insti tuti one is , how v , q it d ﬁ it his ply ,

Cleri cor um.

Nec i a u off erri l . e n m n saCrame n i s e I . xxxi i t li d ic t n isi quod D omi n us ipse co n s ti tui t et s uo e x e mplo fac ere n os d oc ui t ;

He e n r — nd OCS on ee e 1 Cor . . 2 a th p oc ds to quot xi 3 5 , g

1 Th e me n ti o n o f bre a d wi th s a lt i n i t i s p ro b ably o f ordi nary l e ave n e d bre a d . Alc ui n s e e ms to me a n th at a l re a dy th e ge n era l Roma n c us tom w a s to us e th e un l e a vene re a d b d . 2 0 TH E BREA D OF T H E EUC H A R I S T

E rgo p an em i n f erme n tatum e t vi n um aqua mi s tum i n s acrame n t um Co rp o r is e t Sang ui nis Ch risti sa n cti ﬁcari o orte t u a i sas re s d e s e D m n u m te stifi cari D o mi n i c um p , q i p o i e v a n geli u m n a rrat A n d agai n : Q u od aut e m p a n e m s acriﬁc n si n e f er me n to e sse o po rteat t estatur liber Le viticus ubi c o mme m o

ra tu r m n u m e r M o sen ﬁliis rae ita rmce i sse Do i p y Is l p p , ‘ ’ ‘ o m n i s i n ui t a uae o ff ertur m n a ue f e r , q , obl tio q Do i o bsq

m e n ﬁ at n e c uid uam ermen ac m e ad ol ebitur i n to , q q f ti llis ’ i n e I acr ﬁ ci o D m L v . s o i i ( . ii u e n the m d e the n n e n r Th s, th , by id l of i th c tu y it is cl e ar th a t u n leave ne d b re ad h ad com e i n to use i n the m b n r m th n u e . a e er e r e e n e Rhaban s W st It y i f d , f o i sist c of M au ru o n t h e r r e u n n ea en e a ea e n e s p op i ty of si g u l v d , th t l v d s h m e b read was also i n u e at t e sa e tim .

I n th e ear 86 th e a r ar n an n e u y 7 P t i ch of Co st ti opl , Photi s ,

d e n ou n c e d th e Lati n Ch urch . H e ﬂi n gs at the La ti n s th e i r obs erv a n ce of the S a turday fast a n d th e i r p rohibitio n m arr a e r e as u n r d but m a e n o m en n of i g to p i sts o tho ox , k s tio th e u se un ea e n e d rea i n th e a n r of of l v b d L ti Ch u ch , e m e a u a en r a e r a m e r which was to b co , bo t c tu y l t , att of er n r er e e e n a ern such bitt co t ov sy b tw E st a n d We ste rn . Comme n ti n g o n t his fact of hi s maki ng n o m en tio n n ea e n ed rea n a en S i n o n of u l v b d , Bo says Ex quo sil tio , e en a em r c o n secuti o n e d ed uci tur az mi vid ti s lt p obabili , y p an is u sum ci rcum a n n um Ch risti 8 6 0 n o n d um i n Eccl e sia ”

R r . L r . X X . l at i n a v igui s se ( e i tu g I . I I I ma er a be n e n e n at n e re w e It y p h ps co v i t this poi t, b fo a on the rea n r er e ween a a n d e p ss to g t co t ov sy b t E st W st, to co n sid er th e causes which led to the i n trodu ctio n of u n ea en e rea n e n era use i n he e l v d b d i to g l t W st . The real re a so n se e ms to h ave b een co n side ratio n s of

co n ven i e n ce . We must re membcr th a t th e re was a grea t diff erence

2 2 TH E BREA D O F T H E EU C H A RI ST

a r e f o r us : e re re let u s ee th e e n o t is s c iﬁc d th fo k p f ast , t th e ea e n n or th e e e n a e an d wi h old l v , with l av of m lic wicked n e ss but w ith the u n leaven ed bread of si n cerity a n d t ruth . u e n w e ma n u e a t he n r n Th s, th , y co cl d th t i t oductio of this u se i n the W e st was based o n utility ; a spi ritu a l 1 m e n n as n n f o r i t a i g w soo fou d .

1 M a n y of th e ce re mon i a l us age s o f the Ch urch we re b a s e d o n utilita ri a n groun ds i t w a s on ly i n l a te r da ys th at s pi ritua l s ign i ﬁ c a ti on s w ere fo un d f o r u a s h n f e s us e e t e us e of l ts a nd th e m o the a l . ch g , . g . igh ixi g ch ic I I

THE CONTROVERSY BETWEEN EAST AND WEST

WE e ee n a w r th e e n d the n n e n ur hav s th t , to a ds of i th c t y, t h e us e of u n leave n ed brea d had beco me more o r le ss r r t h I n e gen e al th oughout e We st . th e le ve n th ce n tu ry it be ca me a m atter of bitte r co n t rove rsy b e twee n East a nd Th e re a n the re West . l tio s of two g at divisio n s of the Chu rch re pre se n t e d by Rome a n d Co n sta n ti n ople h ad bee n er ra n e f o r me me a a nd th e ea u e v y st i d so ti p st, j lo si s which led the n r re i n t he e ae Caerulari us to ﬁ al uptu tim of Mich l , — Pa tri arch of Co n stan ti n opl e ( 1 043 5 9) u n happily fou n d to o r an e e f o r easily p et exts d xcus s schism . i n 86 e e er a n r e i n t he Photius had , 7, obj ct d to c t i p actic s M ae n e o n e Roman Chu rch . ich l i sist d th se obj ectio n s o n c e more a n d add ed to t he list the W e st e r n use of u nl eave ne d rea m r an e n e t u had n ot b d , which it is of i po t c to ot that Pho i s me n tio n ed . 1 The co n t roversy bega n i n a l e tte r from Mich ae l a n d Leo the u ar an A r A chrid a n B lg i , chbishop of , to Joh , Bishop

ra n i n A u a a r er the n an of T i , p li , dist ict ov which Co st ti

n o olitan a r ar had a n d a me r d n . p p t i chs had , still cl i d , ju is ictio I n this l e tter Joh n of Tra n i is warn ed aga i n st the e rro r s of th e a n e e a a a n the u se n ea e n e read a n d L ti s , sp ci lly g i st of u l v d b the er an e the a a w ere n e mn ed obs v c of S bb th , both of hich w co d a n s Jud aisi g .

1 r on Thi s l e tte r i s e xtant on ly i n a Lati n t an s l ati . 2 3 2 4 TH E BREA D OF TH E EU C H AR I S T

’ Th re e u e M a e a n the I n e G ks q ot St . tth w s ccou t of “ s ti tuti on a n d n h o w o ur rd a d M , poi t out Lo s i , This is y ” o d th e New e ame n H e S a bl o of T st t , by which hows th t t he thi ngs b elo n gi ng to th e old disp en sa tio n (v eteri : e t re re e n e a test a m n i ) a th e by do n e away with . Th th y p ss ' n the n an e a n e r Vo s em o to sig iﬁc c d d ivatio n of oipr og . quid ’ ” ‘ a m di d i c i mu e - em i n te r re tat ur n e nos r ov s . A x0 p , p p 9 aut p ’ 1 e e a e t r m ortatus a ermen e t a e calo re m e t l v tus su su p , f to s l ” “ ma: e i e m n s. n e r e A z lev at o n h ab e U l ave n e d b ead is lif le ss . y e m i an a a ma e en o n au n l e ne a n . t dist t l pid si i Th y th go ,

r r i n r u e the e a a n e Co . . e do btl ss , with g t L ti t xt , I v 7, th i m n d a d e r a n t h e r a n a e r i , to pply this iv tio to Ch isti P ssov “ Nos tr um P asch a gaudiu m e t l aetiti a totum est e t e x tolli t n o s ex humo p r opter gau d ium ad caelum si eut e t fe rm en tum r er r r m calo rem a n e m an m n suav i tate p opt p op iu p , qui p is o i " l n s e n a th s n e e e re s e u st . e u e a n a wa p Fi lly, of u l v d b d n u e n e r t he M a law a n d e n o t m em ra e i stit t d u d os ic , do s com o t t he e the L r d a n d n e r the n e w s e n a n d ath of o , u d di p s tio is a a n d n e a a p st do w y with . This j oi n t l e tt e r was a n swere d at great l ength by Pope

Le o IX , T h e e e n s e n r t he r . Pop b gi by s tti g fo th g ea t m r a n e o f re e rv n t he u n t he r i po t c p s i g ity of Chu ch , which i s i mp erille d by s uch an attitude a s th a t ta ke n up by M a n Le h ri H e d o c d a . e en e o n l icha l of A th go s , fu l of i n dig n atio n at the p resumptio n S hown by Mich ael an d his a i n ar n r e the R ma n ur a r me lly d i g to c iticis o Ch ch Tu , c issi n e t a d h uc d i ce n d e i n r ra er e Leo A r obis Ch isto F t , tuqu c i

an e d i ci mi n i a os toli cam et a n a Ec cle sia m n a d , p L ti m ov

res um ti o n e a e n re a i a n ec a ud i ta m n e c p p tqu i c dibili udac , co n v i cta m am n e ro eo m me d e az mi s , d ass , p axi q uod y

e r n D on s us B r S a 1 1 1 r s the Thi s d iva ti o i s d oubtful . i y i a libi (t 7 ) d a w " s a me dis ti n ctio n betwe e n th e S y ria c words m a x a n d re

’ ' ' E x i n r r i e l si l o t r ce 2 6 Co t . C r r z L us S s t . O n a i u o z . t m ﬁ g , p ( p c ip h i , Pa r s i , TH E CO N T ROV E RS Y B ET W E E N EA S T AN D WE S T 2 5

mm r io n e co e mo at e m d omi n ic a: pass i o n is c ele b rare . Ecc i am post m ille ac fe rm e xx a p assio n e S alv ato ri s n o s t r i a n n o s i n cipit pe r vos d i scere Roma n a Eccl esi a q uali ter mem r a a s si o n i s e i usd em s i t re ol a o i p c e n d . B ut th e Weste rn poi n t of vi e w w as t a ke n up by o n e wh o was a much a ble r m a n to d e al w i th th e que st io n th a n

Leo ee m a e e e n was a rd n a u m er s s to h v b . This C i l H b t , ’ a an d a m e r re n e r ae Bishop of Silv C di . H u b t s joi d to Mich l a n d Le o of A chrid a t ake s the form of a discussio n b e tw een

a man an d a n an n an an d m m era e Ro Co st ti opolit , is ost od t a n d rea n a e i n n so bl its to e .

e n a s a a n t h e re e t n a His chi f poi t is , g i st G k posi io , th t

a ni s m a mean an r rea H e e i n r p y y so t of b d . quot s suppo t h P S 2 m n . 2 d r ea e . an a e e of t is lxxviii 4 , 5 g v th m food f o h v ’ man eat a n e 1 6 th e so did g ls food Exod . xvi . , This is — b read which t h e Lo rd h ath give n you t o e at both of

n n m Ge n . a . A n d a a n th e an e ame A ra a Ma g i , g ls who c to b h ( ' 6 are a e ea n s b i n eri ci os n e oi r ov xviii . ) s id to hav te u c pa s ( p g ' - {ta or e o v u th e a er e re s n n o t e i n th e q g , tho gh l tt xp s io is us d a a e i n ue n X X A n he ar e t he i n the L . a p ss g q stio ) g i , gu s , ’ a H e e xp re ssion oi p r ov r a n ew ai a ewg is e q uiva l e n t to a z y m . d e n ot e e m to a e n e d t a i n ea a e a t he es o s s h v otic h t ch c s th cit ,

J ‘ro e n o t an a n e a e me e r p g do s st d lo , but is qu liﬁ d by so oth

wo rd .

M re er h e n ou t i n the New e e n o ov , poi ts that, T stam t ,

ea en a a e i n a b e n e l v is lw ys us d ad s s . Th e n h e goe s o n to give wh at was p r oba bly o n e of th e chi ef reason s why u n leave n ed b read b ecame ge n eral i n the e e er h e was n or n o t an d the W st , wh th co scious of it , that is rea n e n e n e th e use u n ea e n e a n d the a e n e g t co v i c of of l v d , bs c r m : D ei n d e r i t um e ru m d i scere n o n of c u bs xxiv . v st m c uram us quia mi n i mam ca ute lam e t max i mam n eglige n ti a

1 s oon a f te r B i n i us Con i li a n i t 2 1 0 . Le o e n e c Ge era l a . . , , iii . p , p 97 d d t s a n at to h i m hi by h e ma ti s i n g Mich a e l a n d a ll who h e ld . TH E B R EA D oF T H E E uc HA R l sT e i i ne sse co n o s ci m us d u m a n m an em f ran e n tes g , s ctu p g — e t su me n te s hi n c n d e d ecid e n tes m a n o n ra u , i ic s cu tis q od e ti a m sol e t co n ti ngere d um p ati n a s san ctas f oliis palmarum e t r r m s e ti S f ri ca ti s i n hon s te e n h e e o n po co u e . Th go s to ch arge th e G re e k clergy with i rr e vere n c e : M u lti quoque v estru m tam i rrev e ren te r Co rpus Ch r isti re p on un t ut pyxid e s n t i n d e cu mule n t e t n e d e cid at aut s u pe rﬂuat m an u i n culca . R eliqui a s quoqu e o bla ti o ni s v el ut commu n e s pan e s n o n n n am u ue a d m s u n u qu sq d fasti iu m u t . This acco u n t which Humb e r t give s of th e i rrevere n c e of the ree er m a be er ra n bu t we m a r a G k cl gy y ov d w , y p ob bly r m our n e e th e e n e ra are e n e th e hold , f o k owl dg of g l c l ss ss of er all m e a o n t h e e n ot f ar r the cl gy of ti s , th t it is whol f om t ruth . Apart from th e fa ct that Hu mber t give s the prob able re a n wh un e en e rea e ame en era i n the e h e so y l av d b d b c g l W st , s eems to hi n t th a t th e u se of a bread which wa s u n fa miliar i n d aily d ome stic u se is mo re likely to k e ep i n t he mi n d of p ri e st a n d people th e sa n ctity of t he Ble ssed Sac rame n t a n d o a e e n re ar a t obvi t its b i g g d ed s comm un is p a n is . The co n t rove rsy wa s m ai n tai n e d o n the G re e k sid e by e P ectoratus a n ud u m re n Nic tas , mo k of St i , who joi s with m th e a e ar ume n as had e en re v e a uch s m g ts b p iously us d , th t

the u s e n e a e n e a a n u m t a an of u l v d is Jud isi g c sto , h t p is ” e n ot e e r m ean az m um an d a as the a n do s v y , th t, to L ti a r me n r m the n n a a the r un n a gu t f o I stitutio , th t f lls to g o d i s mu as the e e ra me n was n ot n e as a ch Bl ss d Sac t ! i stitut d

r- a all m r n n e c on a e e t . ar n a u e i P ssov m al C di l H b t, his xt

t ri buti o n the n r er a an d on m era e n e a nd to co t ov sy , b s his od t to

d e scen d s to viol e n t an d coar se abuse of the Gree ks .

1 He a l s o u te r tl o n ts out t at th e 1 1 th C a n on of th e Trulla n , q i igh y, p i h Coun cil (which forbids a n y cle rgyma n or l a yma n to e a t a ny J e wis h Pa s s ove r n o d e e r i n e o n s a n on h a d e e n ca kes) h a s n othi g t o wi th th matt q u sti . Thi C b

q uote d aga i n s t th e Lati n s . TH E CO N T RO V E R S Y B ET W EEN EA S T A N D WE S T 2 7

m n u a r ar ra a r e o n th e s ub Do i ic s , P t i ch of G do, lso w it s r a r ar f A n ect e e o t . n e m e ra e j to P t , P t i ch ioch His to is od t an d his chi e f d esi re is to p re se rve t he u n ity of th e Ca tholic He ea a ea Ch urch . pl ds th t ch p ar t of the Ch urch should a n use a ar e re t i n its o w . E ch p ty giv s a S p eci a l sig n iﬁcance to

i ts o wn u se th e ree ee n i n the er me n e t a r a G ks s i g , f ti f i ” commis ti o the n rn V e r an a e on , I ca ati bi subst ti ; whil ,

t h e er n the n se e n fi e i n e r n e en ed oth ha d , Lati s sig i d th i u l av b read t he pu rity of the h um a n n ature of o ur Lo rd

am lacui t D iv i nitati n re ra co n r rsi am qu p Sibi u i cit t ov e . D omi n icus a lso claim s imm e mori al custom f o r th e We ste rn h n o um am use . use e a n a a se d e This , s ys , sol postolic ti ” i s m e n ra i i n e r ti n em s a t m t d t o e u . ea n p Do i i This m s , of r e a the e ern use i n n rm cou s , th t W st is co fo ity with that of our r a the n u n The ea n the a n Lo d t I stit tio . w k poi t of L ti positio n i n t h e co n t roversy w as that th ey could n ot claim a n

n r en use a the n n i n d e u b ok , but had to go b ck to I stitutio e n e o f ra e f c this p ctic . Y et the positio n of Domi n icus is most mode rate a n d

r a n b e e so a l . e er A n a a n e r m e ra e e n u H e P t of tioch lso sw s od t ly o gh . begi n s by havi n g a th r u st a t D omi n icus f o r calli n g hi mse lf r He n n ﬁ e a r ar i n he Patri arch of G ado . o ly k ows v p t i chs t h e n m n th e m e i n e n r e . r Chu ch , says Th , co i g to att qu stio , h e says that th e u se of u n l e aven ed is at varian c e with the ra n a u se the a r a n d e on the t ditio l of C tholic Chu ch , go s to ' n ow stock argume n t th a t oi p r og is t he word use d i n the ' Th us n the n n . e e oi v a a e accou t of I stitutio of Cp , which h v o n ly to do Wi th t he commemora tion of th e J ewish d eliveran ce A n erm n r m m ere n . e e rea f o Egypt , is Judaisi g lso, u f t d b d i s n e ot p erf ct bread . H e a m e a n n I a t h e n t n lso ak s oi t ofJoh xiii . , th t I s itutio p — a e no t at t h e a a mea e re th e a er . took pl c , P sch l l , but b fo P ssov Th e Eastern s seem to have be en committed to th ei r positio n 2 8 THE BR EA D O F T H E EU C H A R I ST

i n r m th e e n e e r ( spite of St . Ch ysosto ) by e xig ci s of th i n r e r co t ov sy . th e n r er r ema n as a re e f o r So co t ov sy i ed . I t w p t xt u n the m m re a n a Th e m n j stifyi g schis o th n yth i n g els e . Ro a

ra e m a a e ee n a n n n a n bu t the R man p ctic y h v b i ov tio , o

n was m er e a n d rea n a e a n d th e e e rn positio od at so bl , W st Chu rch n ever o n ce d e man d e d th a t th e Eas ter n s should co n

rm th i n m r The E s ter n s o n the er e e e . a fo with W st this att , oth

an e e h ad the a n en r a n th e r o n h d , whil th y ci t t ditio of Chu ch t e r m n n e r The e e arr a n d . h i sid , show d a ost ow obsti at spi it La n t d e h as e en r u u a t n as the m a t e r ti atti u b th o gho t th , so lo g t ’ u e i n the a ramen read an otSw O ov e e r s d S c t is b , it is q p wh th th a t bre ad be l eave n ed or u n le aven e d t he Gree k th at the e en e en a the r m er a nd the l av is ss ti l to ight att , so to validity th e rame n of Sac t . i A n eff ort w as m a e at a n at m ae m i n d Cou cil Ny ph u ,

n i n 2 e h e n A t n ere e t e . Bithy ia , I 3 3 , to s ttl qu stio this cou cil w re re e n a e r m th e a n r a n d a n a n w as p s t tiv s f o L ti Chu ch , co sult tio a h eld to s ee if a n y accommodatio n could b e arr ived t . The Lati n s complai n e d o f t h e asp ersio n s cast by t he re e o n t he a n u ar ere a e a v e G ks L ti E ch ist , who w st t d to h go n e to th e len gth of w ashi n g altars which had be e n us ed by 1 e e rn r e e re e ere e f o r the ree r e W st p i sts b fo th y w us d G k it , an d eve n of compelli n g folk who cam e from the La ti n j ur isdictio n to the Gree k to abj u re t h e We st ern Sacramen ts e r n b fo e admissio to Greek Commu n io n . Th T e r men ere e co n feren ce cam e to n othi n g . h old a gu ts w

u e as ar ue er h e n n a e s d . It w g d out wh eth t I stitutio took pl c a t a a - m e or n ot t he a n ma n a n n a d id Pasch l al , L ti s i t i i g th t it , the ree n the n ere n e was e e G ks that it did o t . But co f c us l ss

1 n e n the a n at e ma of Leo Wors e thi ngs th a n thi s s e em to h ave b ee n d o . I h a a n s t M a e l C aerula ri us i s t e re o ne t th e Ea s tern Pa tr a r a n d g i ich , h j i d wi h i ch “ o th e rs i n th e i r con de mn atio n Et s ac e llari us ip s e Mich ae lis C on s ta nti n us ” ui lati n urn s acriﬁ ci m rof ani s conculcari t e b us q u p p di .

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I N E n gl a n d u nl eave n ed brea d came i n to u se d oubtle ss at the am e m e as i n th e re th W s ti st of e W e st . e m ay ta k e i t f or ran e a A u n u e n ea en e the a e us e g t d th t , if lc i s d u l v d, s m w as a rea n n a n d ra i n n e an . en e r l dy k ow p ctis d E gl d H c fo th , u th e me t he R e rma n the use en o n p to ti of fo tio , w t u n r e n b ok .

A f ew n a n e er a m a be ad u e re er en e i st c s , p h ps , y d c d of f c s m to the Euch a ristic b re ad a t this ti e . We ﬁ n d i n t he Consti tuti on: of Willi a m de B ley s a c p . i . Ci rca sp eci e s i taq ue q um a d id e m Sacram en t um ex i

n ur ra d ili e n ti o r a d hi be n d a es t ut e oblatae d e gu t , cu g , scilic t n n r e e ae i n r pu ro gran o frum e n ti ﬁ a t . Mi ist i ccl si d uti su p e ne s e n t uan a n pellic ei s i n loco ho sto ed a q do oblat s faci u t . I n st r umen t u m i n q uo oblat as c oq u e n d ae su n t cera t a n tu m n a ur no n e v el a sa i m e n to : oblatae h on e stum li i t , ol o lio g c an d ore m e t d e cen tem ro tun d i tatem h ab en tes s upra men sam ff altari s o e ra ntu r .

be n e a the r n d rm t h e oblatae I t is to otic d th t ou fo of , the u n e re n e re a n e which Co cil of Tol do cog is s , is still t i d

h e n e n ea i n t u l eav ed b r d . Th e sig n ifica n ce of this S h ap e is e xpl a i n ed by D uran d us “ P r m um e n ar f orma t ur t um u a R a t . e ( iv . od d ii q i Pan is vitae pro d e n arii s trad i t us e s t tum qui a idem d en arius 30 EN G LAN D 3 1

e D uran d us i n vi n ea lab oran ti bu s i n p ra mi um d an d us st . n r u f A n 1 is h e re foll owi ng Ho o i s o utu (ﬂ . Pr obably b e fo re u n le ave n e d b read c a m e i n to use it w as

ma r use re ad i n a r u n d rm a nd u n ea e ned c u sto y to b o fo , l v e the ra d n a a e Th e e a n a b re ad n a tu rally k pt to t itio l sh p . xpl tio n of D u ra n d us is d o ubtl e ss a n a tte mpt to explai n a use the origi n of which w as lost . I t is p e rh aps to be n oticed th a t th ere is n o m en tio n h e re a e of a n y i mp ri n t o n t h e w f rs . I n a Sy n od h eld at Ex e ter i n 1 2 8 7 u nd er P e ter Q ui v il it

r ered c a . is o d ( p . iv ) “ Prov id ea n t igi tur s ace rdote s quod obl at a s h abea n t co n f ectas d e si mila frume n ti e t aq u a d u mtax at ; i ta q uod n ihil i mmi sceat ur fe rm e n ti ; si n t e t obl a t a i n teg ra ca n d id a e t r otu n d a : n ec pe r t a n tum t emp us c usto d ia n tur " a r v e as ect abo i n abile s habe a n t r q uod i n s po e l p u m u . A a n i n t h e Consti tut i ones S nod a les S od or ent et I 0 g i , y ( 3 5 )

r a . it i s or de e d (c p . ii ) a d e f r ume n u n a e t n e ra e t S n e Hosti to sit , rot d i t g i m a a u a a n u e x ti ti t ne m a u a e t 03 n o n co m cul , q i g s si c l fuit

n e r mi n utum ex e o . U d ve s u s “ a n a r e a e n u n o n m a n a r n a C did , t itic , t is, g , otu d ,

Ex e rs er me n n o n m a a r i p f ti , ist sit hosti Ch ist I n sc ribatur a ua n o n c o t se n c a d e a a . , q ig sit ss H er e w e ﬁ n d me n tio n mad e of a d evice p r i n t e d u po n t he w as en e ra n o t a a th e ru Host, which g lly , if lw ys, c ci

ﬁx i o n .

Th e s e th ree re fere n c es are suffi ci en t to illustra te the

n us e u th e R e rma n rea a re w as S n E glish p to fo tio . G t c how

t the a er u be e a n as e a s e a d . th w f s sho ld whol , whit possibl 1 A s the r e ara n o f the read a e u e a to p p tio b , M sk ll q ot s r ule d raw n up by Archbishop La n fra nc f o r t he O rd er o f e n ed A n d o n th e d a o n th e are St . B ict y which hosts to

1 - A n i t z lzi i c en L o tﬁ e Cla i r e o E n lan d . 6 n . gy f /z f g , pp 4 , 47 3 2 TH E BR EAD OF T H E EUC H A R I S T

be m ad e le t th e s ec re tari u s a nd t he re re n w h o s a , b th h ll

a hi m a e r an d an d a e e re e e n ssist w sh th i h s f c s b fo th y b gi , a n d v e e m e e i n a a n d e e r e ad i n am e st th s lv s lbs v il th i h s ic s , e xce pt th at o n e w ho is to m a nage the i ro n s a n d oth er wise

e Le t o n e e m r n e th e to s rv e th em . of th sp i kl ﬂo u r with

a e r o n a e r e e an a e a n d re rm w t p f ctly cl t bl , p ss it ﬁ ly with

a n a n d n ea a n d l e t the r er the his h ds k d it , b oth who holds i ro n s i n which [th e wafe r s] a re cook e d h av e his h an d s I n h m e a n m h e h ere e . t e e t e are cov d with glov s ti , w il hosts e n ma e a n d e d le t t h e am e re re n s a th e b i g d cook , s b th y

rd n ar a m the u r a n d th e an n a r an d o i y ps l s of ho s c o ic l hou s,

r m th e a e r i n rd e r as m u as m a be u ffi e n f o Ps lt o ch y s ci t, if

e re er th y p f it . Th is r ule i s i n tere sti n g as p re s en ti ng some thi ng of a p arallel to the r it e s accompa n yi ng th e p reparatio n of th e

u r the e r an e but r a re a a m n tc . e e E ch istic b ds o g N sto i s , , th

ee m a e e n n o u m e n era i n th e e s s to h v b e such c sto g l W st . I n the Cons ti tuti on: o Willi a m d e B le s u e a e t h e f y , q ot d bov , mi n iste rs who ma ke the bre ad a re o rd e red to w e ar r su plice s . No ch ange w as m ad e i n th e co mmu n io n b read u n til

’ th e r r r Ed ward V I w as ed i n I Fi st P aye Book of . issu 5 4 9. Th e Or der o Communi on e i n 1 8 e re f , publish d 5 4 , xp ssly

r e r a th r a b e as e ere re o d s th t e b e ad sh ll us d h tofo .

e a th e b read e a S halbe n e ra e shalbe Not , th t th t co s c t d as ere re a ene a u me an d euer th e such h tofo h th b cc sto d , y of sayd co n se cra ted br ea d es s h albe b roken i n twoo p e ce s a t the ea or re the s re n o f t h e m n re a n d l st , mo , by di c tio i ist , so r e r n e a t e n d the dist ibut d . ( Fi st ot of I n t e r ra er 1 a an e m a e h Fi st P y Book ( 5 4 9) ch g is d , b a e Th e rd though th e bread is still to e u n le v n ed . Thi Rub ric at the e n d of th e M ass give s t he followi n g dire ctio n s For ad uoyd i ng of all m att ers a nd occasyo n of E N G LA N D 3 3 d sce n c o n m e e a the bre ad e re a red f or the y y , it is t th t p p mmun n bee m ad e r u all re alm e a te r o n e Co io , , th o gh thys , f

r a n d a n a sa un leau e n ed a n d r n d e so t f shio , th t is to y, , ou , was a re but t u all ma n er r n e a n d as it fo , wi ho t of p i t , s ometh n m re ar er a n d er a n wa s a y g o l g thick th it , so th t it m aybe aptly d eu id e d i n to d i ue rs pi e ce s : a n d eue ry o n e S a be d euid e d i n e e a t t he ea e or m re h ll two pi c s l st , o , by ” th e d i screci o n the n e r a n d t r u ed . of mi ist , so dis ib t a Th e a er So th e ﬁ rst ch ange is m d e . w f is to b e plai n n e re an d l arger an d thicker th a b fo . Th e Seco n d P rayer Book of Ki n g Edward i n 1 5 5 2 make s a great ch ange A n d to t a k e away the sup e rsti c io n whiche a n y p e rso n

' hathe or m y h te h aue i n th e re a n d n e i t S a , g b ad wy , h ll s uff yse th a t the b read b ee s uch e as is us uall to bee eate n a t the a e w th er meat es th e e an d ure w hea te T bl y oth , but b st p st ” b read th a t con ue n i en tly m aye be gotte n (Fo urth R ub ric aft er t he Co mmu n io n ) . He re a n altern ative use is f o r t he ﬁ r st time p rovid e d

erm e d t he r e u se e a n d allow ed . I t is p itt to p i st to l eav n e d

re he e n e the a e r a b e re a b ad if choos i st ad of w f , so th t it b d

ea e n a n the ure r ur a sa w d a e . th t is to y , h t , p st p oc bl

Th e e n we er w as n o n er ue a n S co d Book , ho v , soo iss d th th e K n d e and the was r e e re am e n i g i d , book d opp d b fo it c i to an ythi ng lik e ge n eral use .

a e a er the M ar a n rea n ue a s e Eliz b th , ft i ctio , iss d , is w ll

n n a n m r e e n the e n ra e r k ow , i p ov d ditio of S co d P y Book h ad S r an e e n e which so ho t xist c . ’ In a e was ue i n 1 the Eliz b th s book , which iss d 5 5 9, r ub ric o n th e commu n io n b read stan ds wo rd f o r wo rd th e

a me a s i n th e e n d ra e r K n d wa r s S co P y Book of i g E d , th us l eavi n g the cl ergy fre e to use l eave n ed b read if th ey choose i n a e th e a e r pl c of w f . h e n th e m er e e r n o t t e d . This , how v , was of att 3 4 TH E B REA D O F T H E E U C H A R I S T

I n the I n uncti ons e th e e e n i n 1 j issu d by Qu 5 5 9, it is o rd ere d Wh ere also it was i n the time of Ki n g Edwa rd the S ixth u e d a e th e a rame n a r ea mm n fi n e re ad s to h v S c t l b d of co o b , it is o rd er ed f o r th e mo re re vere n c e to be given to th e se holy m er e e n the S a ram en th e an d o u r yst i s , b i g c t of body blood of a u r e u r a the a a ram en a rea be S vio J s s Ch ist , th t s id S c t l b d m a e a nd rme a n a n fi re e re n d fo d pl i , without y gu th upo , of t h e am e fi n e n e a n d a n r u n me a s ss f shio o d , though so wh t er i n m a a nd n e as th e u a read an d bigg co p ss thick ss , su l b a e r ere re n me n n a e er e f o r t h e w t , h tofo a d si gi g C k s , which s v d ” 1 e M u se of th e Pr ivat ass . “ em a th e mm un n re ad be er a nd It , th t co io b thick ” 2 r er n n ow mm u b oad tha is co on ly se d . H er e is th e ru br ic of th e Fi rst Pray er Book of Ki n g

ard r e ue i n a S ff e r n rm A Edw iss d lightly di e t fo . lso this i nj un ctio n give s us th e i n fo rmatio n th at l ea ven ed bread ’ 3 was i n use i n K n r e n e t h e e n i g Edwa d s tim . Si c S co d ra e r was n e er i n ene ra u s e m ea n a P y Book v g l , this s th t l eave n ed bread was i n u se i n plac e s at l e ast u n de r th e Fi r st

r e r a n d i n d a n e r r a P ay Book e ﬁ c of the ub ic of t h t book . A lso it wo uld s ee m t h at Elizabeth h ad n o t n oticed a t h e ru r th e e n was re ea e i n h er o wn th t b ic of S co d Book p t d , f he I n uncti on r e or t j s w e e issue d soo n a fter h er book app ared . This I nj u nctio n th a t th e A rchbishop a n d Bishops t ri ed e r e e n r e a e u r e the Zuri ch th i b st to fo c c us d m ch t oubl , as r e L etters S how . Geo g Withers wr ite s t o t he El ecto r

1 ' un i on s v en b e u en a t M I n ct i tli e s M es 1 . Lon on X . j g y Q j y , p . 3 d , DLI 2 Tn I n ter reta ti on s o e B i s/t o s 2 l u n l Tra t n n e M . C u Lo ma s p f p , p 3 . A c i b c . g , 1 08 9 . 3 B s o Horn r t n to He n r B ull n e r a n d es r n the or e r o f i h p , w i i g y i g , d c ibi g d a dmi n is tra ti on of C ommo n Pra yer a nd th e S a cra me n ts i n the time “ ’ f E a r VI s a s : Th e re a i s us e a t th e Lor s S u er i s o f o . dw d , y b d which d d pp ” th e us ua l n b ut th e ure s t t a t ma b e otte n Z ur i ch Letters z ud ki d , p h y g ( , a Hi r t on f h e or er s o w s t at h e i s s e r e s . . . s e s o t i , p p ii p d c ip i d h h ’ a n f E ar S e n B oo s p e ki g o dw d s co d k . ENG LA N D 3 5

r l t h u a a n e red e . a are n t us a e r t e a n P l ti , F ick III , pp y j ft p blic tio of the I nj u n ctio n

Ca rimo ni a e r ua r ma re form ati o n e Ed w ard i v o , q p i

ue mad m od um r u um e st reli cta i n e e a n t (q p i s dict ) ccl si su ,

e m n m n e res ti tuun tu r R e a r e sub od e o i . gi n p a t re a e t A rchi e piscopo s up eri n d uc e n d i q uas v eli n t ca rimo n i a s 1 e a a a e st a m ea e t a ne m c o mm un e m pot st s d t , qui st ti post p

' r u ad celebran d am coen a m co n sti t ut um a bol uerunt e t p i s , n ov i ori s ren ovati o ni s a u lace n tulam rotun d a m a d c sa p , ” 2 m m e a teb r i er r a u an tu n sti tu un t . fo a ius qua p pist , I n I 60 e er ar r a n e r the uer e a 5 , P t M ty sw s q i s of Thom s “ Sampso n o n the subj e ct : D e p an e i n f erme n tato q ui ad hibetur coen a a ra tu e h mne e a n ra s c , ips osti o s Eccl si s ost s ” 3 n o n are i mo ne m ut i the ame e ff e litig , om s passi . To s ct ’ Pe te r Mar tyr h ad a n swere d G ri n d al s do ubts wh en Bishop Elect of Lo n d o n i n A n atte mpt was m ad e ove r a p e riod of some y ea rs to ’ h e e r r a we fi n i n ar e r e n fo rce t e u s of w af b e d . Thus d P k s Vi si ta ti on Arti cl es of I 5 63 e e er e use m n e r the mmu n n It m , wh th th y do to i ist Co io ’ ’ i n w afer bread a cco rdi ng to t h e Q ue ne s mai e sti e s I n i un c n o r i n omm n rea tio s, c o b d This a r ticle is r e pea te d i n t he articl es to be i n qui re d o f i n t h e Dioc e se of No rwich at the M e tropolitan Visitatio n Ma ar er i n 1 6 of tth e w P k 5 7. ere was m u n e er a e But th ch oppositio . Mil s Cov d l ,

re n e m r a n d ma am n r n Law c Hu ph y, Tho s S pso , w iti g to

1 A nd a l s o t a t t ere s a ll a en a n on te m t or rre vere n e to b e , h if h h h pp y c p i c us e d i n th e C ere mo n i e s or R ite s of the Ch urch by th e mi s us i ng of th e ord e rs ’ a o n te i n t s oo the ue e n s M a e s t ma th e l e a v e o f th e pp i d hi b k , Q j y y , by ik d ic s a C omm s s o n ers or M e tro ol ta n or a n a n d u l s s u urt e r C e re id i i p i , d i p b i h ch f h ’ mon e s o r R te s a s ma b e m os t f or th e a van e m e n t of G o s l or th e i i y d c d g y , ’ e n of h i s C ur a nd th e d ue re vere n e of C r s t s ol m s te r es a n d difyi g h ch , c h i h y y i ” ° a ra me n f n z s uo i n c S ts Ac t o U orm t a n n 1 El . o . c ( if i y, i , / ) 1 3 Z uri e/i L tte 2 ol 2 d r e f . e rs n s e s . d . , i , p 95 . , p 4 ' ’ S tr e L e o Grz n a a l O r 1 822 6 o . yp , if f , p . 4 . xf d , 3 6 TH E BR EA D O F T H E EU C HARI S T

“ am arre sa i n R es n ra n o n i n Willi F ll , y ( ost me mmu at a s ed r r ! i n d eteri us ro la sa lius co t , , p oh dolo p p m a a e t ra n s c a n ut an n . Ha c e n t a t su t i ct su t , loco p is ” e z ma habea ur vulgaris plac n t ula a y t . Th e di ffi c ulti es which the Bishops h ad to en coun t er w e re S ee n i n the a ttitude of some pu ritan n o n co n f ormists who

e re r u e re r n a i n 1 6 a nd t w b o ght b fo Bishop G i d l 5 7, wi h

whom the Bishop argu ed some of th e poi n ts of di ff e re n c e . “ Li o Gr i nd a l Th e r e a e . St yp s ys ( ﬁ f , p Bishops n n th e re ere n e e h ad f o r t h e ur e n e a k owi g v c th y Ch ch of G v , e ed h o w e mm u n a e i n a e r—a e o n e th e sh w th y co ic t d w f c k s , of n e en i n t he a m n ra n the a rame n a nd thi gs us d th d i ist tio of S c t, e e re mu a a n O n e a e e ne a which th y w ch g i st . s id th y of G v d id n o m e re e The a Y e s i n t e . co p l so to c iv Bishop s id , ’ r a n r r ar a th e i parish chu rch e s . But othe of th ei p ty put th t o ff by sayi n g th at the E n glish co n gregatio n t h e re d id

m n r a - r A n n r as i iste with lo f b ead . d a oth e said th a t it w e t o w th e e e a m e a n d a e ere b st follo b st x pl , th t th y w to follow ” a u r en e a as e r th t Ch ch of G v that follow d Ch ist . A l e tter w r itte n by A rchbishop Park e r to S ir Willi a m —1 e i n a n ar 1 e us a re ear V e o f C cil , J u y 5 72, giv s p tty cl i w ’ t he a e n e i n r m a r e r st t of thi gs . I giv it full f o P k s ’ Corres ond ence p .

Wh ereupo n upo n the retu rn of My Lo rd of Lo n do n n an r th e ur we had mm n a n (Edwi S dys) f om co t , co u ic tio of th e mmu n n re an d h e ee m n n me Co io b ad , , s i g to sig ify to th a t yo ur Ho n ou r did n o t k n ow of a ny rul e passed by law i n t he Commu n io n book that it m ay be s uch b read as is ’ u u a ea en th e r m e e ea &c . s lly t at tabl with oth ts , , I thought ut i n re mem ran e a nd m e r i t good to p you b c , to ov you n era n i n t he am For a er m co sid tio s e . it is a m tt of uch

1 o s nd en ce P r e r S o et . rre o . 6 a C p , p 37 , k ci y

3 8 T H E B R EA D O F TH E EU C H A RI S T

ua rea o r u er n be e are i n th e a e r re ad ﬁ ne us l b d , s p stitio f d w f b ,

m a a e th e mm n n i n ﬁ n e ua r ea t h ey y h v Co u io us l b d , which is r a th er a tol e rat io n i n th e s e t w o n ece ssiti e s th a n is i n plai n

rd e r n as i n th e n n n . o i g , i j u ctio “ This I sa y to sh e w yo u the g ro und which h ath m oved m e an d oth e r s to h a ve it i n the wafer b re ad a ma t te r n o t ’ rea m a er a b ut n e n the u e e n n e g tly t i l , o ly ob yi g q s High ss , an d f or th at th e most p ar t of h er subj ects d i slike th th e a ra men A n d e re re as her common b read f o r th e s c t . th fo

n e a n d a e erm n e ca n n a er m rd er High ss you sh ll d t i , I soo lt y o , a u n ow u e r e e e i n m d e e a nd n ltho gh q i tly c iv d y ioc s , I thi k n r ear a wo uld b re ed some va ri a c e to alte it . I h lso th a t i n be me use the ua re ad Si r th e re a ur . th e co t you co to us l b , g t d isqui e t b abbli ng th a t th e r ealm is i n i n this m a tter ma ke th m e n a e a n d u be a n ow ur thus lo g to b bbl , wo ld loth th t yo sayi n g an d j udge men t should so be ta ken as ye saw a law tha t should prej udic e the i nj u n ctio n .

This i mpor tan t l e tte r give s us a g en eral id ea of th e s a er—rea i n 1 For te n p re valen ce of th e u e of w f b d 5 70 . y ears n ow t h e A r h ad ee n n n o n the n n n chbishop b i sisti g i j u ctio ,

rea u e Th e a f er- rea a n d app aren tly with g t s cc ss . w b d was ” n ow e re e ed i n m d e e a n d ar er a a qui tly c iv y ioc s , P k s ys th t t h e m ost p art of h er s ubj ects d i sliketh t h e common b read h e a rame n The re e r th e e re f or t s c t . g at st p oof of wid p val e n ce of the wafer- bread is show n by t h e fact that t wo

u e d i d n ot e e n n th e r r a n d ere a n e j dg s v k ow of ub ic , w sto ish d m wh e n Park e r told th e of it .

O n the e r an d the re n m n r r an oth h , st uous i o ity of Pu it s

n e o n t h e f r e the r r u ar er a a n i sist d o c of ub ic , tho gh P k s ys pl i ly a he re ar t h e n n n a s ur er r er a n d as th t g ds i j u ctio f th o d , n a r n er h e A c t U n r B ut h avi g utho ity u d t of ifo mity . th e l a tte r p ar t of t he le tte r shows th a t C e cil is now favou ri n g th e rd n r Pu rita n s i n this qu estion . O i a y b read is now i n use E N G LA N D 3 9

’ e e n i n the uee n a e a nd ar e r e d e n ear a v Q s ch p l , P k vi tly f s th t C ecil is t a ki ng th e li n e th a t the i nju n ctio n has n o fo rce as agai n st the rub ric . Wh eth er Pa rke r h ad be e n too optimistic i n his vi e ws a s e re e i n e er o r as m re e the xp ss d this l tt , , is o lik ly,

r i n er t he ur a n ar e n ura e a n d g owth pow of P it p ty, co g d u r e n f e n a e r n a t ur h ad n d n e t h e s ppo t d by i lu ti l p so s Co t , u o ’ A r r h e r e i n a er d ff e re n ra n chbishop s wo k , w it s v y i t st i to “ ar u r r o n u n e 1 1 : A n d P kh st , Bishop of No wich , J 4 , 5 74 as f or e r n e n n a e r read a n d a —rea the th i co t tio of w f b lo f b d , if

r er a e a en n o t ffi e e m e ma r u ne o d you h v t k will su c th , th y y fo t ere a er e h ad e e n m r e n f rma e a h ft to wish th y b o co o bl , lthough I tr ust th a t yo u me an n o t u n iver sally i n you r dioce se to — mman o r n a t the a read f o r ea e a n d e co d wi k lo f b , but p c qui t " 1 re n er e be n e n e ere n ess h e a d th to co t t d th with . Evid en tly i n the No rwich Dioc e se the u se of wafe r- b re a d ’ ff ra n r t h e e e n . ar er u a e e n o t a a n d t h e is xc ptio P k s s g s w loy l , A rchbishop evide n tly mo re th a n susp ects t he Bishop of u m i n h Norwich of be i ng l ke war t e c a use .

n e r ar w e ear b ut t e th e r H e c fo w d h lit l of subj ect . Oth e e n a m re m r a n n a ure u as n ee n at qu stio s of o i po t t t , s ch k li g t h e mm un n a n d th e e n era ern me n the ur Co io , g l gov t of Ch ch , e ud e a n r e r o n w a w a s a er a ll as ar e r xcl d co t ov sy h t , ft , P k says i n e er e a m a e r n ot re a ma er a his l tt to C cil , tt g tly t i l . Thus i n the later Visit a tio n Ar ticle s we do n o t ﬁn d this

n u r as a erre i q i y to w f b ad . Th e rub ric was re p ea te d i n the P ra ye r Book u n d er

h - am e I . t e u se a er rea h ad n o t a n m ean J s , but of w f b d by y s he r a e n e n n e . was n t e e n i ee n di d out It o ly G t R b llio , di g ﬁft ear ur a n rema a r th e use a n e n d y s of P it sup cy , th t b ought to n w n till it w as re vived i o ur o d ay . Th e Ca nons of I 6 0§ or d er simply wheat en brea d a ni s l i n 2 p s i igi neus) n Can o 0 .

1 ’ Pa r e r s Corres on d en ce 60 . k p , p . 4 40 TH E B R EA D O F T H E EU C H A R I S T

’ Ar cnoi slz op B a ncr oft s M etrop oli ta n Vi si t a ti on Arti cles of 1 6 0 5 S i mply i n qu i re wh e th e r th e ch ur chwa rde n s d oe p r ovide aga i n st e ve ry commu n io n with t h e advice of th e

Mi n ister a suffi ci en t qua n tity of ﬁ n e Wh i t B read . This

' is th e li n e ta ken by all th e Visita tio n A r ticle s which to u ch th e

r ar ere n o m e n n the a e r ma tte r h e n ce fo w d . Th is tio of w f re ad but n a n n e n e o f ﬁ n e read o r ﬁ n e b , o ly i sist c whit b ” “ e e n i n c o t r d i s e r ead . e or a n a whit b Whit is whit , wh t ,

v r m a i n e n e ra me u ti n ctio n to loa e s of oth e e l g l d o stic s e . B ut the u se of th e waf e r- b re a d w as still re ta i n e d by the High u r r as ere e n e v d e n e S w a nd Ch ch pa ty, th is pl ty of i c to ho , a a ppare n tly i n th e Chap e ls Roy l .

For ex am e at e m n e r A e ere e e m a e pl , W st i st bb y th s s to h v b e e n an u n broke n use of u n le ave ne d bread un til the Gre at R e bellion an d pe r se c u tion of t h e Chu rch at th at ti me m ad e t h e brea k i n th e co n ti n uity of chu rch life which saw the e nd h e r er u a a the e a n d t e e . t e o n of cop waf tog th Th s, l st two occa sio n s th ere was tr o ubl e i n t he Puritan Ho u s e of Commo n s

m n er se o n this We st i st u .

O n A r 1 1 6 1 w e earn a wa s re e a p il 4, 4 , l th t it solv d th t th e whol e House is to r e ce ive the Co mmun io n n o t at ” e m n er A e f or eare e a n d a e r a e W st i st bb y, f of cop s w f c k s, ’ 1 ar ar but at St . M g e t s “ A a n w e rea r e r e i n 1 6 2 1 e a the g i , d it co d d Not th t Sp e ak er of t h e Commo n s acquai n t e d the House that the D e an a n d Ch apter of We stmi n ster re fuse to pe rmit th e m to re e e m mun n ere e a e e ere n o t r a ed c iv Co io th b c us th y w ﬁ st sk , a n d e a e th e rea er was n ot o n e em e e but b c us p ch of th s lv s , th a t if th ey wo uld appoi n t a Ca n o n p reach er th ey m ight re ce ive th e Com mu n io n with o rd i nary b re ad ; a n d t h a t th e Ho use of Commo n s rej e cte d th e off e r an d chose t he Te mpl e r Chu ch .

1 A l e tte r rom C a m e rla n to Ca r e ton S ta te Pa e rs Do e l x i m s t v . f h b i l , p , ic, x i . 7 1 Feb 1 6 1 6 2 1 S ta te Pa e rs Domes t . , ( p , ic) . E N G LA N D 4 1

The use of the Ch ap els R o ya l i s p rob ably re pre se n te d by ’ th e arrange m en ts m ad e f o r t h e wo rship i n Pri n ce Ch arle s s r n n A n th e p riva te ch ap e l d u i g his visit to Spa i . mo g ’ n r u n e n th e r n e a a n re e i st ctio s giv to P i c s ch pl i s it is di ct d , “ a the mm n n be e e ra e i n d ue rm Th t Co u io c l b t d fo , with a n a n e er mm n a n a n d a m n a e r obl tio of v y co u ic t , d ixi g W t with the Wi n e : the Commu n ion to be as often used as it sh all pl e ase th e Pri n ce to se t dow n ; smooth Wafe rs to ” 1 be use d f or the B re ad . Y e t o n t he e r a n u d e e u r me n , oth h d , s ch cid d High Ch ch a s Joh n Cosi n s ee m to h ave b ee n q uite co n te n t with th e ’ r n n i n a nterbur i e s B oome rd n ar ea e n e d rea . e C o i y l v b d P y , , ’ e re h e d e r n n e re m n a a t e er e wh is sc ibi g Cosi s c o i l P t hous , m e n tio n s th e k n ife u se d f o r th e cutti ng of the bread f or

mm un n b ut d e n ot sa a n n a a n use Co io , o s y ythi g bout y 2 e It n e n o f n ea e n e r a . a e a by Cosi u l v d b d i s otic bl , too , th t

n m e f i n A r d a n a V a n th e a Cosi hi s l , his chi i co l isit tio of E st “ n r re i n n u re m D Ridi g of Yo kshi i q i s si ply, oth h e care fully se e to t h e preparatio n of the B re ad a n d n e e re e e r mm n n a t e b e re a n d Wi b fo v y Co u io , th t h y pu P whol eso me Pry n n e h as much to s ay o n th e c ere mo n i al of A rchbishop ’ ’ a r a e a e i n Ca nter ouri e s D oome e re L ud s p iv t ch p l his . Th , ’ “ am n th e t he A r rn am e n a ear a o g list of chbishop s o ts , pp s ” 4 n e i cke si c f o r a e r u silver a n d gil t ca d l s t [ ] w f s . Th s i t is e vid e n t th a t the al te r n ati v e ‘ us es o f l e a ve n e d a nd unleave n ed 5 re a e n o n e d e a nd a the use o f r n ar b d w t sid by si , th t o di y

1 He l i n C fir i a n us A n li cu s 1 00 Lo n o n M C XX y , yj g , p . . d , D L I , 1’ ' No r i s th e re a n y me n ti o n of w a fe r- b re a d i n P e te r S m a rt s c o mpl a i nts ’ a n a t r a m a g i n s t C os i n s d oi gs D u h . 3 ’ ’ l . . . 1 1 8 S ur e e s O 1 8 8 C o s n s Corr es o na en ee vo . t S C 6 . i fi , i p , 4 2 Page 1 3 . 5 A li s t of i n s ta n ce s o f th e us e o f un l e a ve n e d bre a d a t this time i s to — 1 2 d h e Ve r R e v . b n u a n li c n a a r . e . t e o u i n Hi er t i A a t . f d g g , p ii pp 9 43 , by y Ve rn on S ta l e Lon on : l e M or n It i s s u e r uous t e re ore y ( d A x . i g , p fl , h f , o v re t gi e i t h e . 4 2 TH E B R EA D O F TH E E U C H A R I S T b re ad w as by n o mea n s co n fi n ed to th e Low Ch urch ar p ty . A fte r th e G re a t R eb ellio n the q u estio n cam e up on c e mo re a t th e S avoy Co n fere n ce . Th e re a n a ttempt w as m a e bu t u n u e f u a e r t he r u r i n . u d , s cc ss lly, to lt b ic Th s , th e ra e r re e n e d the n f e ren e n P y Book p s t to Co c by Cosi , “ the r ub ric app ears i n the followi n g sh ap e It sh all suffi c e

a the re a a be a s u su all e t the e a n d th t b d sh ll such is , y b st u re ea rea a n en e n m a be e n p st wh t b d th t co v i tly y gott , though a e r r ead ure a n d a n ur e a n ot be w f b , p without y ﬁg , sh ll r e n e e a i n u r e e re a bi n fo bidd , sp ci lly s ch chu ch s wh it h th The n e a s h albe th e e a n accustom ed . wi lso of b st d pu re st b ” 1 th at m ay e h ad . B ut th e a e m an e th e r r was u n u e f u tt pt to ch g ub ic s cc ss l , a n d the rub ric w as i n se rte d i n a form almost id en tical with th a t of the Se co n d Book of Edw ar d VI “ A n d a e a a all a n d e n n a n d u er to t k w y occ sio of iss sio , s p s ti ti o n an e r n a or m a e n e rn n , which y p so h th ight h v , co c i g th e read a n d n e a ff i e a th e re a B Wi , it sh ll su c th t b d is such as is usual to b e eat e n ; b ut th e best a n d pu re st Wh ea t n e n e n ma b n B re ad th at co v i tly y e gotte . The break i n chu rch life i n the s eve n tee n th c en tury th e tee n ear 1 6 —6 0 r n t h e L r of ﬁf y s, 4 5 , du i g which itu gy t he r n a n d wa s n ot ear i n he r r e of Chu ch of E gl h d chu ch s, a a m n u e a m n ma b e r e ne did w y with a y old s s , o g which y cko d

m ur e r- r A ar en th e use i n so e ch ch s of w afe b ead . pp tly it was ll er e u e n ee a t a a e r th e Re ra n . v y littl s d , if i d d , ft sto tio Th e e r f s b e ee n e r a i n th e a b st p oo of thi is to s , p h ps , f ct a a er—read w a s n ot e the m ed a e o n e of th t w f b , lik ix ch lic , th e v e xed qu estio n s i n the usag e s co n t rove rsy a mo n g t h e n o n - j uro rs who re p re sen t e d t he High Chu rch p arty of Re storatio n time s . n e e n re en m e t h e ur n an h as Si c th , till c t ti s, Ch ch of E gl d

1 ’ C os n s Corr es on d ence vol . . . 6 2 . i p , ii p E N G LA N D 43

ee n n e n use r n ar a sa ea e ned ea b co t t to o di y , th t is to y l v , wh t b re ad . He r r u r as an re ard the u se a e r b ic still , it st ds , g s of w f rea a s the n rm a e n a e e rm n e b d o l , whil givi g wis p issio to thos

re er use ea e n ed rea a n i n a r an e who p f it to l v b d , cti g cco d c “ the a m the Paciﬁcato r i n n o n n eces s a rii s with xio of , ” er lib tas . I V

THE EA STERN CH U R CHES

T H E a ern ur e th e e e n the A rme n a n E st Ch ch s , with xc ptio of i s a n d the M ar n e a e a a u e e av e n ed re a a nd o it s , h v lw ys s d l b d ; th e re ca n be li t tl e d o ubt th a t t h e s a me u se obtai n e d amo n g t h e A r me n a n e re t he e en e n u r a n d a n the i s b fo s v th c t y , mo g M aro n it e s be fo re th e i r u n io n with R ome i n th e twelfth

r c en tu y . I n th e followi ng page s a n acco un t is given of th e u se of all th e Ea stern comm un i ti e s of t h e O rthod ox Ch urch e s

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n n as th e A rmen an ur an d the k ow i Ch ch ,

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t he e ne ra u m r u u the a er n u r e is g l c sto , th o gho t E st Ch ch s , to a d mi n ister both th e sp eci e s o f th e Holy Sacrame n t e e r n th e S e e re n the e e tog th , by dippi g p ci s of b ad i to sp ci s

n e a nd e n a n t he a rame n i n the m u of wi , th pl ci g S c t o th of h e mm un n me m e a n ed f or t he t co ic a t . So ti s spoo is us ur e as i n t he re e u a n e r a n p pos , G k , R ssi , W st Sy i , Coptic

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R US S I A N

EUC H A R I STIC B READ

LOAF OFFER ED FOR S PE CIAL PU R POS E S TH E EA S T ER N CH U RC HE S 45 a n n o t u ed a t all the r e n n e r spoo is s , p i st dippi g with his ﬁ g s

a r h e e e re a n t he e e n e po t io n of t sp ci s of b d i to sp ci s of wi . Th e e xc eptio n to the Ea ster n c ustom is fou n d a mo n g the

a r a n ere th e e e a re ad m n ere e a E st Sy i s, wh two sp ci s i ist d s p

rat el a s . y, with us I t will be re m emb ere d th a t the two S pe ci e s w ere ad mi n istere d s ep arate ly i n t he Lit u rgy of th e Ap ost oli c a m Cons tit uti ons an d i n the me . r e r e . , ti of St Cy il of J us l Th e y w e re so ad mi n ist e re d sep arat e ly a mo ng th e W e st

1 ' ‘ Syri an s i n t he tim e of Narsai ( l c .

T H E O R T H O D o x C H U R C H

The bread use d i n the G ree k Chu rch co n sists Of a m e 2 i n . a ro un d l eave n e d cak e 5 i n . by It is st p d with a square which is itself d ivid e d by a c ross i n to four sq uare s ’ ’ " i n are r n e d IO XC NI KA i . e. I a oit g X w r bg m ic which p i t , , , , n p a e e r Th e are erem n a (J s us Ch rist co n qu s) . squ is c o i lly “ d e a e d an d a e o n th e a en a n d a e The t ch pl c d p t , is c ll d ” Lam r e are u ed i n n n e n the ma n b . No it s s co ctio with ki g 2 o f the r b ead . I n th e R ussi an Ch urch t he b read is fo rme d o f two f r The u e r e e a of the w n a ur e o . pi c s , typic l t ofold t Ch ist pp ar t he af ma e r a n the er r a n d t h e p t of lo is s ll th low pa t, top is stamp ed with the imp ressio n of a cross a n d t he n r i sc iptio n IHC x c Nl KA. I n h I n t he Gree k Ch urch o n ly on e loaf i s u s ed . t e R u a n u o n e a n m a be e th e e ne ra ssi , tho gh lo f o ly y us d , it is g l

m u se ﬁv e i n re mem ra n e th e m ra u u custo to , b c of i c lo s

1 R H a sa i 6 0 a m U n v Pre ss H mi li es o N r . C . . C onn oll o . y , f , p ( b i . , 2 T e re a re o t e l oa ve s us e i n on n e t on t th e Eu a r s t b ut n ot h h r d c c i wi h ch i , r f or th e E u a r s t m us t n ot b e on us e t th e E u a r s t e a s . ch i , which c f d wi h ch i ic b d For e xa m le s ma ll l oave s s ta m e t a re re s e n ta t o n o f th e R s e n Lor p , , p d wi h p i i d , a re at erus a l l e e ur n th e L tur a n d a te r a r s s tr ute J e m b s s d d i g i gy , f w d di ib d a mon l r ms Lo a ve s of m u th e s ame n a re a l s o us e f or th e g pi g i . ch ki d d ” Artokl i a as . 6 4 TH E B R EA D O F TH E EU C H A R I S T

eed n the m u u e the ﬁ e Th e e ed f i g of ltit d with v loave s . Bl ss a ram e S c n t is ad mi n istered i n both sp e ci e s tog e th e r by m ean s ’ n Th e of a spoo . loaf u sed a s the p ri e st s b read is always

o n e am e d t t h e uare er a e m a be st p wi h sq s , oth lo v s , which y ff ere th e e e a n the u re a a n m re ed o d by p opl , h vi g ﬁg of s i t i p ss o n e m . Th e a i n t h e ra n o n e ff ere th lo f illust tio is so o d , “ a n d h as a e e n r e n r n i n i n k ff e re f or t he l g d w itt ou d it , O d N un na r Ni . F om such loave s off ere d by i n divid uals a ma s ll p article is t a k en a nd placed a mo n g the oth er

mm em ra e ar e are n o t e f o r mmu n co o tiv p ticl s , which us d co i a n b ut a re i n th e a e a n th e c ti g, put ch lic d co n sume d by e n at th e en d M a d aco of ss .

TH E CO P T S

The Euchar istic brea d amo n g th e Copts is a rou n d l eaven e d cake fo ur i n ch e s across by th ree- qu ar ter s of an i n ch am e r n n we e e thick . It is st p d with a c oss co sisti g of t lv littl u are an d r n d th e ed e r n th e n r n i n Gree sq s , ou g u s i sc iptio k c' A r w s 6 96 6 i o v o d i o d fid va r o G o d y 9 x p c y s s ( Holy , m o r a The n r n m m t mm . e e holy igh y , holy i t l) i sc iptio so ti s ar e e re are a m e me fi v e ma e v i s slightly . Th lso so ti s s ll hol s i n he r n h fi n o t a e re e en t e v e d ur r . c k , p s ti g wou s of Lo d Th e twelve squ are s are h eld to re p res en t the tw elve A postle s . A m n the a e an d e r an an d i n the o g J cobit s N sto i s ,

r u r a n d a are e i n th e ma n O thodox Ch ch , oil s lt us d ki g of the rea bu t n e er e the e e e n m b d , ith is us d by Copts, b tw who a n d the Syrian J acobite s th ere was a bitt er co n trover sy o n the ma tter i n the el even th ce n t ury Th e b read is mad e withi n the pre ci n cts of t h e chu rch by t he r ee er or a r n wh o e a n ed f o r doo k p , s c ista , is sp ci lly appoi t r e that pu pos . I n th e e e r n the r e n ra are l e th e c l b atio fou c t l squ s, ca l d COPTIC EU C HARI S TIC LOAF

TH E MAU NDY TH UR S DAY EULOG IA (COPTIC) TH E EA S TE R N CH U R C H E S 47

k n e ris t a r e n o ff at th e A sbad i o s . (I / ) is b ok r f ractio n a n d u sed f o r t he commixt u e . Th e m m n n e n i n t e e a t n e the Co u io is giv bo h sp ci s o c , Co n se c ra t e d B read b ei n g S lightly d ippe d i n the ch alic e a n d ’ a ed i n th e mm n an s m u m e t me m ea n pl c co u ic t o th , so i s by s of o l a r on a S poo n (h h i i ) . Th e b read i n the fo rm of a c ross is n o t str ic tly E uch aristic rea bu t th e a d r e the r er o n b d , is Eulogi ist ibut d to wo shipp s

M au n d y Thu rsd ay .

T H E A B Y S S I N I A N S

Th e re e m n the A n n a r n ﬂat b ad us d a o g byssi ia s is ou d , ,

e e n e a e r n e a r ree - ar e r a n l av d c k , fou i ch s c oss by th qu t s of m ed r n . a a n n e a re i ch thick It is st p with c oss of i squ s , with ur u are a e i n th e a n e the r fo sq s dd d gl s of c oss . 1 Lu ma e the a em e n h as e e n u dolf k s st t t , which b q ot ed

r m h im Le ru n a o n M a n r a f o by B , th t u dy Thu sd y t he A n a n u s e u n ea e n e d rea as i n t he u ar I t byssi i s l v b d , E ch ist .

n ea e we e r a e r m e L o n e t he is otic bl , ho v , th t J o obo , of

r u e e e m n ar e A n a u he e Po t gu s J suit issio i s to byssi i , tho gh go s

n t he e t he A n a n an d m e n n e r use i to us s of byssi i s, tio s th i of l e ave n e d b re ad i n commo n with th e re st of Easte rn

r en m ma e n o re e re n e a e e M n Ch ist do , k s f c to this ll g d au dy

Thu rsday use .

O n th e er an d e a u o r oth h , it is possibl th t L dolf, his

n r n ma a e a e a emen o n the r i fo ma t , y h v b s d this st t t fo m of t he words of I n stitutio n which occu rs i n the Ethiopic 2 E i n i ha us . s Litu rgy of St . p p It is a follows

I n a n the e e n n ur a the a n n th t ight , v i g of Th sd y to d w i g

r d a en He h ad sat n i n t he e La aru of F i y , wh dow hous of z s,

1 m t a d s ua m Hi s t n 2 8 Le run w o men . B ll l ll C . h o n o o s , p , 5 , . , wi i g y f w h i m e re e ls e e re e r e s hi m a s utte rl un tr us t ort h , wh d id y w hy. 9 E M r f l . l . . O o 1 h c o . 1 . , . 545 , 9 , 4 8 TH E B R EA D O F T HE EU C H A RI S T

r e n He rea e a n e rmen ed o f a His f i d , took b d of wh t, u f t , th t e h ad r u Hi m f or h e u er which th y b o ght to t s pp . ’ a n ur er e e n e an Lud olf s a er n we m a F ili g f th vid c th ss tio , y n aturally h e sita te to acc ept a ny such all eged use a s a n n e a u doubt d f ct .

TH E O R T HO D o x S YR I A N CH U RC H ( S Y R I A N JACO B I TE S )

The Sy ri an J acobit e Euch aristic b read co n sists of a l eaven ed c a ke t wo a n d thre e- qu arter i n ch es i n d ia me te r by

re - er S a e e th e quar t s of a n i n ch thick . It is h p d lik a wh ee l r d ame e r t h e a ern a e rad e n o ff with fou i t s, lt t ii b i g cut h alf w a r h e r um ere n a n e n r r y f om t ci c f ce by co c t ic ci cl e . Am n t he a e e e n ed bu t o g J cobit s Holy L av is us , this is n o t to b e co n fused with th e Holy Le ave n of th e

r a A t ea ma n d u f o r th e re ad a N e sto i n s . ch ki g of o gh b sm all pi e ce i s s et a side a n d mix ed with the n ext ma ki n g of ou a n d t he n t n t he u ar e m a e d gh , so co i uity of E ch ist is ph sis d r e e d by th e un ity of t he b e ad us ed . This pi c of ough s e t a sid e f o r mixi n g Wi t h the n ext m aki n g is c alle d th e Holy

e a e n ra e a o f we am n t he L v . Thi s p ctic i s ls ollo d o g e t r a n but t he Lea e n e m ad n a N s o i s , Holy v with th is ditio l , 1 a n u e n r d q it d isti ct f om this . a a n d are am n th e n re en u i t i s n ow S lt oil o g i g di ts, tho gh ’ a sserte d th at the oil is simply u se d o n th e pri e st s h an ds to

n e m B ut a e a s i ni fi p reve n t the d ough sticki g to th . sp ci l g a n e e n ea f e e n red e n - i h e n m e c c was giv to ch o th s i g i ts old ti s . “ ” n B ar- an a e a r a r f r m 1 0 6 Thus Joh Sus , J cobi t P t i ch o 4 to 1 0 i n n r er the A rme n a n a r ar o f 73 , his co t ov sy with i P t i ch h is d a e a n a as A m was rme a er ai r ﬁ re y , xpl i s th t, da fo d of w t , , ,

1 T ere i s n o m e n t on of t s a o te ra t e D on s us B ar- S a l h i hi J c bi p c ic by i y i ibi , w h o ﬂ our s e i n th e t e l t e ntur a n d w h o rote a n m orta n t E x osi ti o i h d w f h c y , w i p p

i ce 0 D i sserta ti o d e Mon o h si ti s v . oe n ot Li tur Eve n A s s e ma ni B . s g . , . , ii . p y , , d e n t on t s ra t e m i hi p c ic . A BYS S INIAN EUC HARI S TIC B READ

WE S T S YRIAN (JACOB ITE) LOAF

5 0 TH E BREA D O F T H E EUC H A R I S T

an man a r e e m e a n d th e m ar h u sb d G b i l sow d , wo b of M y

r n A n r u e rece ived m e a s good g ou d . d lo ! th o gh th m p ri e sts carr y m e upo n th e alta r after th e typ e of the ” n e A g ls . e re O n th e sp ea ki n g sph ere s of ﬁ re a n d spi rit . So th i s c ar ri e d th at body which O ur Lo rd rec e iv e d f rom us a n d Him the n u mberl e ss Ch eru bim ble ss : a n d to Hi m the S eraphi m ch an t Holy wi t h th e i r wi n gs a n d cry t o Him art u L rd The e a e n are Holy, holy , holy Tho , O o . H v s

u ee a n d the r r : es e d a rt u f ll of Th , Ea th of Thy glo y bl s Tho ’ f r e r o ve . “ Le t h im a a t n ot re e e d th e ea l d e ar th t h h c iv s p t , h ur A n d e t he n a m m e r e t e . c i th Ch ch y , so s of B ptis , co , W h e n ter i n to the san ctu ar y . oe to t e soul who w a nd er s i n th e stree ts at th e ti me wh e n the Myster i e s a re b e i n g e e ra e th e a e l e r e ad an d th e rea e c l b t d t bl of if is y, B d of Lif u n a n d the c u m e r m the e the po it, p which is ix d f o sid of

Lord u n to forgive n e ss of S i n s . n n er ere re e r r m t h e O si , wh fo go st thou fo th f o holy place at th e time wh en thy Lord is s ac riﬁc e d upo n th e P a lta r I n st ead of m aki n g p e titio n to H i m b e c a u se of thy n n e u e rt o n a a n re e e m a n si ful ss , lo, tho go st fo h v i p t xt . R i ,

ma n ra f o r er e r m an d c r n Hi m O ; p y m ci s f o God , y u to , ‘ a rt i n ea e n an d —o n Holy , holy , holy Thou , O God H v ’ e arth .

TH E A RM E N IAN S

Th e Easte r n Chu rch e s h av e always adh ered to t he use ea e n e re an d a me a the r m e of l v d b ad , cl i d th t such is p i itiv a n d r n ra e the ur the e e n o igi al p ctic of Ch ch , with xc ptio of

the A rme n an a n d all e e t h e M ar n e n o n i s ; , xc pt o it s , i sist Th b read b ei ng n ewly made f or the E uch arist . e M aro n ite s u Th e Arme n n r se the L ati n u n l ea ve n e d w afe r . i a Chu ch st a n ds alo n e amo ng the Eastern communiti es i n usi ng TH E EA S T ER N C H U R C H E S 5 1

The r n us e ffi u un l eaven ed bread . o igi of this is di c lt to a r e n o t d ue th e e e r n n f uen e h r iv at . It is to W st i l c to whic the A rmen a n e re e ed i n the e t e n u r f o r i s w subj ct tw lf h c t y , it

e xiste d lo n g b efo re th at d ate . Th e Armen i an Chu rch observe s a n oth er u se i n c o n n ecti o n with th e Euch arist which is u n iq u e i n East a n d he r e a n d a t a e n an u n m e cu . W st, th t is p ctic of usi g ix d p B ut the two e ar e n ot ee m be n n e e d f o r p culi iti s do s to co ct , t he us e th e u n m e ee m a e e e n e r e ar of ix d cup s s to h v b v y ly , a n d a t an ra e n era a n er r the n r t n , y t , co sid bly t io to i t oduc io of n ad u l eave n e d b re . Th e ﬁ rst hi n t we ge t of a n ythi ng pe c uli ar i n the A rm en i an m e thod of c ele b ra ti n g t he E uch arist is i n c o n n c u n ec ti on with th e i r use of a n u mixe d p . This is n the r n r e ferre d to an d rep robated i n Ca o n XXXII . of T ulla n 6 8 b e n e a e Cou cil of 4 ; but it i s to otic d th t , whil this a n n n e n t he n m e c u e n o t e e n me n n C o co d m s u ix d p , it do s v tio — an y use of u n le ave n e d b read a fact th a t ce r ta i n ly argue s a a use i n ue at all w as er a n n ot the th t such , if vog , c t i ly n n ge era l a n d off i ci a l u se of the A rm e ian Ch u rch . Fr om this date w e ﬁ n d but f e w re fe re n ces to A rmen i a i n ree r er ar e a e th e A rme n an re u e G k w it s , p tly b c us i s f s d to a e th e nc a e n a n d e re ere re cc pt Cou il of Ch lc do , w th fo e e a o ff r m r d a e rn ri e n d m ccl siastic lly cut f o o tho ox E st Ch st o , a n d partly b eca use A rm e n ia was co n stan tly after this tim e f n n th e a n the ar e n and was a alli g i to h ds of S ac s, so politic lly

cut off from th e Empi re . In the e e en e n r we ﬁ n d a ree r er l v th c tu y G k w it ,

ar r n a A r e n a a n d . Philipp us Solit ius , w iti g bout m i its customs He spe aks of the use of u n leavene d bread a n d the u n mix ed cu as rea an an e n m a n the A rm en n a n d p al dy ci t custo mo g ia s , says tha t old w riters a mo n g the A rmen i a n s de cl are d th a t t h e se use s had bee n h an ded dow n as a traditio n to the

A r en an r re r the m n a r . m i Chu ch by St . G go y Illu i to 5 2 T H E BREA D O F TH E E U C H A R I S T

’ n rd m a e r a b e e n e a Philip s ow wo s y p h ps giv . H s ys " ’ r i 1} (d c r ehus A men . Ka 791 1571 01137631; n p oo wyop evnv

- ' 2 u p o n (pop lin) oi l v nov WO Lo fio w . Ka i £1 7 15) r fis Ko w wvf a g ’ ’ I a Kw i Ta o u / 0 ) hh wor np i cp from} B s o w u J di 1 epfl d ov o t Ka i. ’

380171. 1 Ka i. i i. L oi O 013 n a p a p ty mi o v m. o v x a T Cp L L ef h ’ 01 01 o i. S oi oi hdy ov 771 7001860 6 0 ; 7 137 np ficn . o S a ZO L r o1i e ’ ' ’ i 76V V oi ‘ Lor ed o ov Ka oi r a I d t Ka finy nr a e y g H qfi p i. n p vp p ny p o v ’ Tfig p ey d hng Ap/L evf a g 01137029 n a p a So ii ua t 761) 76 Xtopi g i d a i. T w £671 9 9 n p oo di op v K Ox p g 13801709 770775701 0 1) 81 d 76 76V ' ’ ’ ’ ’ ’ oi p 7 ov g wo lu EKei vov 81} O Xp LG TOg e u p v m ‘ m qi 86 571 12 09 ' ’ 702; p a firj‘ra i g é Sa mev a Zv/t ov s w a t Ka i TO wor fip cou x wp i s

' 1380t709 . Philip h ad e vid e n tly b ee n a t so me t ro ubl e to i n v e stigate

h r n th e A rm e n a n e u ar e he A rme n a t e o igi of i p c li iti s . T i n s of his d a y s e em to h ave b e e n u n able to a cco un t f or th e m e xcept by simply sta ti n g th at this w as the custom of th e ir ur an d a ud e r a a re f e n Ch ch , this ttit is p ob bly wh t Philip is l cti g o n wh e n h e sp eaks of th e oi ho'yo s‘ u a d o cn g w hich the

a n d a n e he e A rm en i s of his y follow . But n o t l ss h e h a s d er e th e m re a n e n a m ad e A rm e n an iscov d o ci t cl im , by i r er or re e en ur e e re a e e ra e w it s of two th c t i s b fo , th t th s p ctic s

r m re r th e u n a r w e re rece ive d f o G go y Ill mi to . r n n a i n th e r u a n an n It is wo th otici g th t , T ll C o which

n e mn the A rm en an u s e the un m e c u a e co d s i of ix d p, it is st t d e r t h a t th e A rme n i an s of t na t d ate cl a im d St . Ch ysostom r r u e N ow u h a s e r a u f o the s . as n o th i tho ity , tho gh this ar u ar ear n o n th e un m e d c u h as o n th e ue n p tic l b i g ix p , it q stio m a n e u n ea e ne d read e a e . r e e e of l v b , b c us St Ch ysosto lo , I b li v , all a ern a er d id d a t h e mea at the of E st F th s, hol th t l which bl esse d Sacra me n t w as i n stit uted was a Pasch al Supp er (d c

i ee ud . . p r ad t . 7 i

a n ea e a i n th e n r e r e ee I t is lso otic bl th t , co t ov sy b tw n a a n d e i n t he e e e n e n r n e er e a d d d E st W st l v th c t u y , ith sid uce t he use th e A r e n n of m ia s . TH E EA S TERN CH UR C H E S 53

Th e ree en eem a e n n but e r e G ks , th , s to h v k ow v y littl a h the A r e n an B ut en w e u rn bo ut t e u sage s of m i s . wh t n rm a n e a n m re to E aste rn so urc e s of i fo tio w le r o . 1 Kale mki ar a n d D a shi a n i n th e n r d u n e r , i t o ctio to th i

e 6 8 i A rm n n m a n ume L u r . n e a a vol of it gi s (p , i ) cl i th t Joh A m e n c d th e Mand aku n i a r a . 80 n e e , C tholicos of i 4 , wit ss to use m n ate r th e cu b ut e t h a s e e n of ixi g w with p , his t x b H e d e r f o r n o r am ere . e e e n e e r t p d with t stiﬁ , how v , ith r agai n st t he u s e of un leave n e d b e a d . Th e same author s poi n t out th a t i n t h e fo urth c e n t ury t he A rm e n i an s almost ce rta i n ly d erive d th e i r r ite s from t he

r a r e a a n d u t ere o re a e u ed Sy i c Chu ch of Ed ss , wo ld h f h v s a me B ut n e e a r r a the e e n e zy s . it is c ss y ﬁ st to show th t Ed ss

ur a d a e u ed a m e a n d u e d e n e n o t Ch ch of th t t s zy s , s ch vi c is

r m n e re n o n e a a e i n r a a tr t fo thco i g . Th is o ly p ss g Sy i c P is ic lite ratu re of this d a te th at ca n be h e ld at all to touch th e

A hr te s d e P a scha te 8 re mar rae a te r u e . aa s bj ct p ( , ) ks Is l f Pa ssover e a ts azyme [ si ngul ar] f o r seven d ays u n til th e 2 l s t d ay of th e mOII th : w e also kee p a zy me s [pl ural] a t ” h o f o u r B e n t e e ur a . ut e v A h raate s c 0 c el bra tio n S vio p ( . 3 5 ) I s al most ce rtai n ly n ot r e f e rri n g to any use of u n l ea ve n ed rea a m n r a n b u t m the e r a n e the b d o g Ch isti s , si ply to obs v c of r Feast of Ea ste . ’ We ge t n earer to d eﬁ n ite d at e s wh e n we ﬁ n d wo rks L a sc r ibe d to Jacob of Edessa (1 70 8) wr itten agai n s t the u se amo ng th e A rm en i an s of the u n mixe d c up a n d u n l eave n e d b read .

‘ But we ﬁ n d d e ﬁ n it e an d autho r ita tive i n fo rm atio n i n t h e

a n n n n o r O tsun a c . 1 8 C o s of Joh of Odzu , , C tholicos 7 . I n his e ighth Can o n we read “ I t is r ight also to off er u nl eave n e d b read a nd p ure

1 F01 t s a n d ot er n ormat on a s to th e rme n a ns a n d e s e a ll hi h i f i A i , p ci y f o r t e C h Mr F . tra n s la o n f me n ts am n e te to . t o A rme n a n o u . i i d c , I i d b d C on e a re yb . 5 4 TH E BREA D O F T H E EU C HA RI S T

ne o n th e A ar r n th e ra n an e wi Holy lt , acco di g to t ditio h d d

. re r A n d e m n ot dow n to us by St G go y . w ust stoop to the r n th e e r r e n Fo r th e t aditio s of oth ac s of Ch ristia s . holy um na r a rr e o n ra e r m the e a en an I ll i to c i d this p ctic f o l g l Cov t , a nd i n apostolic wise c aused his p re c ep t to b e carri e d out the m e er e e I n th e a e wa a h e by mb s of his dioc s . s m y lso p resc ribe s the admixtu re of th e sal t of ble ssi ng with th e a n m n as t m t he A a e an d a r n i als slai vic i s of g p s ; , cco di g to t he r er the e e he re r e a t he ra e o d of L vit s , p sc ib d th t g c of t he r r e r e n m Chu ch sho uld be re se v ed i n c tai n chos fa ili e s . A n d we n n e the a me a n d n o t an n ought to co ti u s custom , ab do ” 1

n o r n r e a n n n a n . it , i t oduc y i ov tio s H ere w e have al ready the d e ﬁ n ite sta te m en t that the use of u n leaven ed bread an d th e u n mix ed c up is de rived a ra n r m re r the m n r a e e n by t ditio f o G go y Illu i ato . I h v giv t he co n cludi n g p ar t of this Ca n o n to show that th ere we re also oth er a n d c urio us p ractice s i n vogue amon g the A rme n ian s of a Judaistic n ature a nd which w ere also ascribed

re r . to St . G go y I n the year 72 7 or 72 8 a v ery impo r ta n t n atio n al Cou n cil was h eld a t Ma n az kert ' It was att e n ded by A rme n an a n d r n o a n d me t th e n e n n i Sy ia Bish ps , with i t tio of r ep u d i ati n g t h e Ch alce d o n ia n Cou n cil and of r eaff i rmi n g Mo n ophysitism a n d p romoti n g a u n io n amo n g t h e Mo n o 2 h site m n n p y co mu io s . e ra a er d e ea th e er an an d re er H clius, ft his f t of P si s his cov y th e r i n 6 2 8 h ad ma e re e ff r r m e of C oss , d a g at o t to p o ot n r e r He a ge e al r u n io n of the divid e d Eastern Chu ch e s . succee d ed i n G re cisi n g an d reco n cili n g to the orthodox a e ern A rm en a a n d a n r d a r f ith W st i , o tho ox C tholicos , Ez a n A ren the Chalce e was a n e . by am , ppoi t d by him ppa tly

’ 1 M o of th e Th e tra ns l at on i s Mr Con b e a re s a n d i s ma e rom a S . C i . y , d f py

C an ons . 1 E - . Mi n a z h Ki r he Te r s s i an D i e A rmen sc c . t i e . , , p 75 TH E EA S TER N C H U R C HE S 55

d o ni a n fa ith th e n i mposed had n e ver aga i n b ee n de ﬁ n ite ly 2 rej ect ed un til the Cou n cil w a s h eld a t Man az ke r t i n 7 7. 1 I n the A cts of this Co u n cil w e read : “ A ccordi n gly we sh all b a n ish t h e co rruptible fr om the

n rru e a sa w e a e n e r e u e i co ptibl ; th t is to y, sh ll h c fo th xcl d — e a e n a n d a er r m th e e n m e r a e l v w t f o lif givi g yst y , th t thos who m e m a n o t re ar a n d r n n a follow y g d this , by b i gi g b ck t h e se co rruptio n s be led ast ra y a n d fall i n to t h e d iphysite

a a e n a n d e re ead a ra t h e d e e f ith of Ch lc do , th by l st y ioc s s of

A rm e n a was n e ra who e m n a e e r o ur i , as [ do ] by Ez , diss i t d ov an are ra the r h as e n n e n me l d t s of w th , which Lo d j oi d upo r n r n a n d e n e n e n d e a n d to oot up , co t ivi g stablishi g a f c i ivisibl a A n d w e S a use the n mea n a a n i n s ep ar ble . h ll followi g s g i st

t e m We a e u e ea e n a n d a er r m th e d n e h . sh ll xcl d l v w t f o ivi Myste ry [th e y be i ng] a p re t ext f o r [ass e r ti n g] t he co rr up 2 ibilit t h e fle r an o r u n t y of sh of Ch ist d f its d isj n ctio . Accordi n gly if h e n ce fo r th a n y o n e sh all c el e b rate the Myst e ry

t ea e n let hi m be a ur e d a n d u ff e r a e ere a n d wi h l v , cc s s s v ” n e xtre m e p u ish me n t . This i mpo rta n t d ocume n t is i n teresti ng wh e n compared ’ o n n a n n e re i n all with J h s C a o n give n above . His C o s w p roba bili t y iss ue d o n t he st re ngth of the d ecisio n s of thi s n r m t h e a a a e t he u . a ear r e Co cil It is f i ly cl , f o bov p ss g of A n a w as at me a th e use cts of this Cou cil , th t it this ti th t of u n leave ne d b read w as mad e t h e d e ﬁ n it e ge n eral a n d a uthori tati v e u se the A rme n a n u r u r a th e of i Ch ch , tho gh p ob bly p ractic e h ad bee n a commo n tho ugh no t authoritative o n e e o r e en A s lik w fl r a t he e n d t he b f e . St ph o ( h o ou ish e d t of t e n th a n d begi n n i n g of the el eve n th c en tu ry) sta te s th at it

1 ’ T e ra n n i C o n b ea re a n d i s ro m th e or e n t t e h t s l a t o s a a n Mr. s l i g i y , f w k i d , O oh n th e P h i loso h er Ca th oli cos o th e A r men i a n s con cer n i n th e f j p , f , g Coun ci ls w h i ch h a ve been a mon th e A rmen i a n s on ta n e i n th e Letter - boob g , c i d o th e P a tr i a r ch s th e MS ollo e w as C o e rom a n ar e t e o f the e a r f ; . f w d pi d f ch yp y o f the rme n a n 2 i 0 8 s e 1 . A i 5 7 . . , 7 11 T s w a s a me at th e S r a n ul a n s ts hi i d y i J i i . 5 6 TH E B R E A D O F TH E EU C H A RI S T was at this Cou n cil th a t it was d eﬁ n itely d ecided to c el e b rate 1 o r e r A 1t i s be t he E u ch arist witho ut l eave n wat . lso to re or s n otice d th a t the Acts mak e n o m en tio n of St . G g y a ’ t h e r n a r th e u s e e i n n a n n th e o igi to of , whil Joh s C o s t rad itio n is re ferre d to i n t he compan y of oth er t raditio n s a u a n n r of J d isi g at u e . I n a e r A r me n an r n the r ee n a n d ur l t i w iti gs , of thi t th fo t ee n th e n r e M r C o n beare n o r m m e a ma n c tu i s, . y i f s th t y p assage s fr om th e old er Fath ers are quoted i n s uppor t of th e se u a e a n n e e m a re a n r o f t h e e e n e s g s, but th t o of th y p oof xist c o f th e se u a e n e a r n r u of nl e v d b re d b e fo e t h e e ighth c e t u y .

’ x n Th e a Th e e plan a tio of th e custom is n o t si mpl e . f cts r m n s ere w as mm n th e n m e ai a follow . Th a co o u s e of u ixed c u a n th e A rme n a n i n t h e e e n e n ur as p mo g i s s v th c t y , is

n d t h e r n n A i f r e e u a a n . th e wit ss to by T ll C o lso , wo ks a scr ibe d to J acob of Ed e ssa agai n st the u se of u n l eave n ed rea are r ea t e n e re was a a u se n ea e ned b d lly his , h th lso of u l v

' b re ad amo n g th e A rm e n i a n s a t t he e n d of t he s e ve n th e n ur c t y . u s e was n o t we e r n n a u r a e a n d This , ho v , bi di g , tho it tiv , ge n eral u ntil it was made so by th e Cou n cil o f Ma n az ke rt f o r o r n a re n i n 2 d ct i l aso s 7 7. A m n t he A rm e n a n as e en ne e re o g i s , I hav m tio d , w

er m n ra n m obs ved a y st ge custo s of a J ud aisi n g character . O n e of th ese was th e c ustom of eat i n g th e Passover o n a m n M aun ur a . er a n e n un dy Th sd y This obs v c Joh of Odz , o g t er n re r e r e a n e A t e r e o h thi gs , st ict d to p i sts lo . this J wish it , a e o n th e law t h e Zar r a e b s d old , old ik , it is most p ob bl

th e re n the old law ere e d a nd un that di ctio s of w follow , 2 n a m a s e n leaven e d b read w as e at e . I t l ost looks if wh this

1 - M z Te r i n as s i a n t 6 . , p . 7 2 I f Lud olf i s to b e re l e u on th e s s n a n s us e un l e a ve n e re a at th e i d p , Aby i i d b d d u m Hi s a r M un T ur a a lo n e Commen t. a s a t . Euch i s t o n a dy h s d y ( , p I t i s n otice ab l e that the Abys s i n i a n Ch urch i s e ve n p e rh a p s more J uda i s i n g t a n th e rme n a n h A i .

ARM E NIAN WAF E R TH E EA S TER N CH U RC H E S 5 7

u m i n all r a wa s u re e the c sto , which p ob bility s pp ss d by

r ra i n the me era w as re e o thodox Ez ti of H clius , viv d by t h e o n Man az ker t the u se u n e a e n e d read C u cil of , of l v b “ ” Zatik o n au n u r a w as e e nd e a t the old M dy Th sd y . xt d th e New Zati k a e r n d a for th e r e to of E st Su y , pu pos of n a r r i n sisti n g upo n t h e o n e tu e of o ur Bl essed Lo d . The a en e e m be a u n ea e ne rea was f cts, th , s to th t l v d b d i n trod uce d a s t he autho rita tive use of th e A r me n i a n Chu rch n an z ke r i n 72 7 by t h e Cou cil of M a t . r n d e n was m re o r e If so it is a c u ious coi ci c e . It at o l ss t h e same time th a t t h e use of u n leav e n e d b rea d see m s to a e me n use i n the e n o t e re e er f o r h v co i to W st , th , how v ,

r n a re a n f o r the e rea n n e n e n e . doct i l so s , but simpl so of co v i c Le B ru n re marks Ce se ul D ec ret [of M a n az ke rt] d e ’ l eu r co n cili ab ule mo n t re suffi sa mmen t q u ils s e servoie n t au ’ ’ ’ paravan t d e Pa i n l e vé ; e t l o n p e ut d a ille u rs regarder ce ‘ ’ a mm e er a n a n d o n n e re u ils o n t r f it co c t i , qu co sid q ti é ’ l e u r Liturgi e d e l Egli s e d e Cé saré e e n Cappad oci e e t d e ce ll e ’ ’ d e Co n stan ti n opl e o n il n y p as li e u d e d o u t e r q u o n n e se ” 1 er i e a n l s v t d P i é vé .

T H E PRE S E N T U S E O F T H E A R M EN I A N S

‘ Th e b read use d by t he A rm e n i an s at t he p re sen t d ay is a rou n d u n leaven e d wafe r 3 i nch e s long a n d i n ch t m n hick . It is sta ped with a cr uciﬁx an d a n arrow o r a m en a r er r n r n the e e The rea t l bo d u s ou d dg of it . b d is made i n a ch amb er i n th e chu r ch sp e ci ally re s erve d f o r th a t ur e an d re are the r e e he re ar n p pos , is p p d by p i st . Whil is p p i g the read the r e re a er a n ra er A t the ame m e b p i st ds c t i p y s . s ti ’ ’ h e m a e a e r f or the o wr iSw ov or a i n beni t be k s waf p p , to r u e a r r n re e n dist ib t d fte s e vice to those wh o h ave be e p s t . ’ Thi s las t w afer is di ff ere n t i n form fro m th a t use d for t h e ar e n ar er er an d n n er Euch ist, b i g l g , soft , thi . 1 Le r n E x i l M se 1 1 . B u l c d e a es . , p . , iii 9 5 8 TH E BR EA D OF T H E EU C H AR I S T

n o ne a er u e d i n th e u ar v a r n i n S e O ly w f is s E ch ist , yi g iz a r n th e e t m a e d n u mer mm n a n Th cco di g to s i t b of co u ic ts . e

mm un n i n e e a ar e the e n Co io is both sp ci s , p ticl of Host b i g d ipp ed i n t h e cup an d th e n pl ace d o n t he to ngu e of th e 1 mmu n a n n o n e n u ed as i n th e er a er n co ic t, spoo b i g s , oth E st

ur e Th e a me ra e as e a Ch ch s . s p ctic to R serva tio n obt i n s a m n th e A r me n a n a s i n th e r ur th e o g i O thodox Ch ch , Host e n d e i n th e c u a n d d r ed a n S O e e r e b i g ipp d p i d r s v d . I n th e ill ust ratio n th e let t eri n g of the s up er sc riptio n is Th a t o n the l e ft side is J S Je s us ; o n the right r KHS Ch ist .

T H E “ M A RO N I T E S

Th e r n e e n ere n mm n n th e Ma o it s, who t d i to co u io with m n ur i n t he e e n r and a e e er n e Ro a Ch ch tw lfth c tu y, h v v si c re ma n e i n mmu n n h er us e i n the ar the i d co io with , Euch ist

La n n e n e a n e r e n a c o m ti u l ave d w afer . This body lo of O i t l mun i o n s is i n d i ff e re n t a s to the p reparatio n of th e b read o n r t h e same d ay o n which it is to b e used i n th e E u ch a ist .

T H E S S S S EA T S Y R I A N , OR N E TO R IA N

A m n the a r a n o r e o r an me r s o g E st Sy i s , N st i s , so cu iou a n d most i n te re sti n g c ustoms obtai n as to t he b read o f n d h ar Th e a e e a re O f u r e ea e e . t e . Euch ist c k s us d , co s , l v 1 e a re r u n i n a e 2 —2 n e a r - n Th y o d sh p , 1 i ch s c oss by é i ch a n d are am e a r e a n d r ma thick , st p d with c ossl t fou s ll

B u h m n f the r a n r e . t t e ere n O e c oss s ost i t sti g N sto i customs , A i n n ne n e r u se th e ea e n . this co ctio , is th i of Holy L v small po r tio n o f this is m ix ed with th e d o ugh from which th e read f o r the ar ma e a n d me d b Euch ist is d , it is clai ea e n n ed a m n t h e that this Holy L v , which is cou t o g

1 ’ M Orma ni an rm a n e x -P r r of n n O le E li s e . e n a t a on s ta ti L (A i i ch C p ) , g ’ A rmen zen n e 8 , p . 9. TH E EA S TERN CH U R C H E S 5 9

Ne r an as o n e the a ra me n d e r e d r m th e sto i s of S c ts , is iv f o 1 e ad e r e th e e e n as Apostl e s th emselv s . B g giv s l g d told by

n B ar- Z w ho fl r ed a t the e n d t h e e t Joh obi , ou ish of tw lf h a n d th e e n n n the r e e n e n ur as b gi i g of thi t th c t y , follows A n d wh e n H e was about t o close His d i sp e n a n an d a n a n d ea d re n o n the s tio , His p ssio d th w igh , e ve n i n g p recedi ng F r id ay H e committ ed His p a ssover to d e i n t he read a n d n e a s r e n a n d His iscipl s b wi , it is w itt , a e e a a but n H e a e e a n d g v to ch a lo f to Joh g v two loav s , n ear ea t o ne a n d re e r e th e er put it i to his h t to to p s v oth , that it might se rve as l eave n to be reta i n ed i n the Ch urch f r er e a me ra n A er en o ur L r o . p p tu l com mo tio ft this, wh o d was e e th e e an d the e r ear s iz d by J ws , discipl s th ough f

em e e n was the n o n e r em n ed . hid th s lv s , Joh o ly who ai A n d wh e n th e y cr uciﬁ e d t h e Lo rd i n much ig n omi n y the e e n a n e w as re e n d e erm n ed to with thi v s, Joh lo p s t , t i

a m f e n th e e r e se e wh t would be co e O Him . Th chi f p i sts ord e red th at t he c ruciﬁ e d o n e s S hould b e tak e n dow n

r m the r an d a e r e S b e r e n i n f o c oss , th t th i l gs hould b ok , e r e e m i e r Th e r a t a e d . o d th t , if y liv , th y ight out ight er th e e e b ut e n e am e soldi s did this to thi v s , wh th y c to o ur r an d u n d at He was d e ad a rea e Lo d fo th l dy, th y r e n ot e but o n e Of t e m a ea r er e d b ok His l gs, h with sp pi c e a n d ra a e re am e a nd ater His sid , st ightw y th c out blood w , n s en of which Joh w a wit n ess . Now this blood is a tok the ra me n t h e a n d d i n th e r of Sac t of Body Bloo Chu ch ,

a n d he r h r n r t wate is t e tok e n of the n ew bi th i beli e ve s . Joh n was the on ly o ne wh o p erce ived this s ep aratio n of a er and the an d h e are r e n e ere as w t blood , b t u wit ss th of, he a m e e H e re a he saw a we e . e a s ys, th t ight b li v d cl s th t e u n e an d a h e d id n ot a e e m e er th m mix d , th t t k of th tog th , e e ra e H the u n th e but of ach s pa t ly . e took of blood po he re e ed r m the a a ea a nd he loaf which had c iv f o P sch l F st ,

1 Th e Nestori a n s a n d h i Ri tua ls ol 1 6 1 - 2 Lon on 1 8 2 t e r v . , . ii . pp . . d , 9 60 TH E BR EA D OF T H E EU C H A R I S T

took of th e w at er i n t h a t same vesse l which h ad been

hi m n the The r comm itt ed to by Joh Ba ptist . v e y blood

d t ere r e m e d the read H e of H is bo y, h fo , ix with b which h ad a ed d an d the a e r f r m e m n e d c ll His bo y , w t o His sid i gl

A r with the wat e r of B aptism . fte H e r ose fr o m t h e g rav e a n d asc en d ed u p i n glo ry to His Fath e r a n d s e n t th e grac e of His Spi r it upo n H is d iscipl es to e n dow th em

t m H e mm a n e A e rd a n i n wi h wisdo , co d d His postl s to o i His Ch ur ch t h at s am e l eave n which H e h ad tak e n f r om His bod y to b e f o r th e Sac ra m e n t of His Body a n d also o f a A n n h f or the Sa cram e n t B ptism . d w h e t e discipl e s w en t fo rth to co n ver t the n atio n s th ey d ivid ed th e l eav e n a m n t e m e e a n d e 0 11 n n a n d o gst h s lv s , th y took of u ctio m e d the a er w as e i n t h e e e ix it with w t which k pt v ss l , a n d th ey d ivide d this also amo ngst th e m s el ve s to b e a

Th e - h lea e n f o r a m . a n ad a n d v B ptis lo f which Joh , which w a s m e w the e f r m S i d e ix d ith blood which ﬂow d o His , e ru e n e r e n m e d t fl o r a n d th y b is d i to powd , th ix it wi h u

a a n d d ed am n e m e a r n e n u t s lt , divi it o g th , ch po tio b i g p i n to a se p arat e ve sse l to s er ve as l eave n f o r t h e Bod y a n d

r i n t he ur t he a n w Blood of Ch ist Ch ch . This is ccou t hich a e rea w re t h e n e er a n d a e I h v d , hich bo sig of P t , I h v w ritte n it as I f o u n d it f or th e b e ne ﬁt o f such as may Th e re er a an Shimoo n read our e e . this pistl P sbyt R bb , wh o ﬁ rst re la t ed t h e n arrative to me a n d th e n a fterwards ' h ” ed me the r e n a un ca n n e t e r . show w itt cco t , wit ss to t uth 1 ad er ur t er u e r m The ew el o f Mar A bd B g f h q ot s f o y , e a M e r an i n 1 2 8 Th e a n d J shu , t opolit of Nisibis 9 Holy Bl e sse d A postl e s Thomas an d Bart holomew of th e Tw elve a n d A d i a n d ar t he e en e d the M i of S v ty , who discipl a mm e a ll the a ern r e a E st , co itt d to E st Chu ch s Holy Lea ven to be k ept f o r th e p erfe cti n g of t he admi n istra ’ ” r r n a n tion of o u Lo d s Body u n til H is comi g gai .

1 h N esto i n s a n d h ei Ri tu ls v l 11 0 1 0 T e r a t r a o . . , . pp . 4 9, 4 T H E EA S TER N C H UR C H E S 6 1

Th e acc o u n t o f th e o rigi n of t he Holy Le ave n which

Ma e a n e f r m s a a o f Is hbad i n The Bishop cl giv s o I c ,

a tholi cos o the Ea s t a nd hi s P eo le d er ed r m n C f p , is iv f o Joh

- B ar Zobi . A rm th e e e n d a r e me a f r m fo of l g , which v i s so wh t o th e a bove a n d is i n te re sti n g as showi n g th a t th e w r ite r

e n o t re ar the Lea en as e e n t a a n d a as do s g d Holy v ss i l , lso wit ne ssi ng to the f act t h at it w as n o t u sed i n o t h e r

u r e o f the a e n o m n El- a ra Ch ch s E st , is giv by S lo o of B s 1 o o the B ee as ( thi rt ee n th c e n t ury) i n h is B o h f . I t is follows “ m e m e n a e a rad n a e n o ur r So h v t itio th t, wh Lo d

r e f o r d e i n t he u er am e r b ok His body His iscipl s pp ch b , Joh n t h e s o n of Z e b ed e e hid a part o f his po rtio n u n til ’ h e Th e L r o ur Lo rd ros e from t e d ad . [ o d s Blood ’ w as o n Thom as s ﬁ ng e r ] A n d Joh n took th a t pi e c e n e ra e d a nd ed u a a n d t he of co s c t , wip p th t blood with it ;

E a ste rn s Mei r A d a a n d M zi r Mé ri a e e a n d d i took th t pi c , with it th ey sa n cti ﬁed this u n l ea v e n e d b re ad which h as m n s Th e e r be e n h a n d e d dow n a o g u . oth discipl e s d id n o t a e a n e au e e a d We n e ra e t k y of it , b c s th y s i , will co s c t ’ r A S f r t h e f or ourse lve s wh e n e ve w e wish . o oil of m a u n w e a e eard e ar r m a baptis . This cco t h v h by f o ' re u e a n d n e coOevr a n d w e a e n o t re e e i t r m cl s p ng , h v c iv d f o

Scrip t ure . ’ Solomo n s re fe re n c e to the oth er d iscipl e s n ot t aki n g the

e a e n e e m to n th e a a i n th e r ee n l v s s poi t to f ct th t, thi t th

e n ur the u se the Lea e n was a n ue N e s c t y, of Holy v u iq m to r i a n c usto . ear ea r e n th e ea v e n a ur Y by y , wh Holy L of ch ch is n ear e e n d ed o n a un d ur d a r en e e ly xp , M y Th s y it is w d with

rea e m n W a r em a n the ea e n g t sol ity . h t i s of Holy L v is m ed t d u a a n d v e — a n d e a e n t h e ix wi h o gh , s lt , Oli oil , l v s

e A n n o u ar ca n be e e ra ed u t whol . d E ch ist c l b t witho it .

1 Ed B u e 1 886 a x lvn z ud a ra ra . dg , ; ch p . . p g ph . 6 2 TH E BR EA D O F TH E EU C H ARI S T

I t is re n e we d by a p r i e st a nd d e aco n with a sp eci al Off i ce ” a e the re n e a th e Le c ll d w l of Holy ave n . B ut n o t o n ly so d o th e Nesto ri an s Obta i n a co n ti n uity Th e i n t he E uch aristic b rea d . co n ti n uity is do u bly mai n tai ne d f or e e e r ra e m n m e th e , , b sid s th i p ctic of ixi g so of Lea e n the e a e e the e Holy v with dough , th y s v (lik W st Syri a n s) a pi ece of the dough from e ach ma ki n g to be

r r ed i n h u o f the n e a i n co po at t e do gh xt m ki n g . Th e rea m a e em n an d a f rm ra e r b d is d sol ly , o of p y

h m e the two rd e r is us e d at t e a ki ng . I giv o s

1 The rd er the re ara n the a n ( ) O of p p tio of Obl tio .

2 The r e r f or the ren ew the e ve n or ( ) O d al of Holy L a ,

M alca .

F RO M THE LITURGY O F THE NESTORIANS

THE OR D ER 1 O F THE P R E PA R ATI O N OF THE O B LATI O N (THE MAKI NG OF THE LOAVES )

O UR FA T H ER e t r a Th e p r i s p y s .

V u a e o ur r an d o ur o n i n o chs f us , O Lo d God, to go

r a e r a re e - e a n m a e p oﬁt bl wo ks which w ll pl si g to Thy j sty , a o ur e ma be i n law a n d we m a m e e th t d light y Thy , y ditat e re n d a a n d n rd all a er a n d S on an d th i y ight , Lo of , F th Holy

f o r e er . Ghost, v — P S A L M S I x x x

I n three hullale be or e ea ch subdiv i si on o whi ch i s sa id a [ , f f p ray er lihe the f or egoi ng ] Mea nw hi le he bri ng s ﬁ ne ﬂour a nd oli v e- oi l a nd w a rm w a ter a nd mix es them t og eth er a nd p ours

1 ’ This Ord e r i s re p ri nte d by p ermi s s i on from B righ tma n s Li turg i es t W t n 2 — E as er n an d es er . , pp 47 9.

EA ST SYRIAN ( N E S TO R IAN ) LOAV E S T HE EA S TER N CH UR C H E S 6 3

1 i h on h He uts i n s a lt a ccor d n to i s di screti . lea v en i nto t em. p g

h h /lale u til the d o h i s mad e IVhen i t i s He says t he t r ee u n ug .

a d e he sta m s the d ou h i n the mi ddle on the ea s t on th e m p g , , w est on the north a nd on t he south a nd covers i t ca r e ul until , , , f ly

he lo the time of p repa r i ng [t a v es] .

T H E OR D ER OF PR E PAR I N G

When he p rep a res he ﬁr st t a hes the por ti on f or the

‘ ' 2 ca ra na rom the to o the d ou h then the l ea v en a nd then m p f p f g , , he ta hes fr om the middle of the dough the p or ti on of the Ma lca ’ he r i e t loa a nd ma hes i n i t a s ua re ca vi t i n w hi ch i . e t s s [ . p f ] q y , — o e o he p uts a li ttle oli v e oi l kep t f r th p urp se.

- M a l ca a i n s . I a He oes a nd bri n s the s P . g g , y g cxlv 7 then he op ens the v essel a nd w i th t wo ﬁng ers ta hes some of the

M a l ca sa i n , y g This dough is sig n e d an d h allowed with th e old a n d

ea en o ur L r e u r wa s e n holy l v of o d J s s Ch ist, which giv a n d h a n d e d dow n to us by o ur holy fa th ers Mar Add ai an d M ar Mar a n d M ar ma the A e wh o ma e i Tho postl s , d discipl e s of this ea ster n region i n t he n ame of the Fath er an d of th e S on a n d of th e Holy Ghost .

He sig ns the dough i n the form of a cr oss a nd then ta hes th e ’ a l c e il i n the r iest l oa i n lihe ma ner He M a a nd sig ns th o p s f n . a lso tubes i n tw o n er s s ome o the Ma lca sa i n ﬁ g f , y g This b rok e n po rtio n is S ig n e d a n d h allowe d with this Holy Leave n i n th e n ame of th e Fath er an d of th e S on a nd of t he Holy Ghost .

He p uts on the cov er of the v essel cont a i ni ng the M a lca a nd

i 1 , 1 e . a ort on of th e ou ro m th e l a s t Eu h a r s t e t a s l e a ve n . p i d gh f c i , k p h e mi ra n ot to b e o n us e h e Hol e a e n M a l a t t L v . ( ) , c f d wi h y ( c ) 1 1 . e th e Eul o a or A n t oro n th e l a n me n t . e s s e re ot th e a ra gi , id , b d b d ( S c ) ve n to the e o le a ter s e rv e i s ve r g i p p f ic O . 6 4 T H E BREA D OF T H E E U C H A R I S T

h l a r a i e i t to i ts l a ce i . e . to t e a t s i n s v d ca rr s P . oes a n . g p , , y g xxi

- Then he sa s 1 6 . y

O ur K n u s a n d o ur G od us a n d o ur i g is with , is with , h e a a a re th e e e a are h elp e r is t God of J cob . H ppy p opl th t a a e i n s uch c s .

R e ea t : Y e a e e are the e e a e th e r p , bl ss d p opl who h v Lo d

r f o r t h e i God .

d to Rs a nd 1 a nd ha n t he v es el c e . 0 s u s He p ro e s xxiv . 7 g p i n i ts la ce a nd he r oceed s be i nni n p , p , g g i n he e Glor y to God t high st .

O ur a er art i n ea e n a e be n a m e F th which h v , h llow d Thy ,

Thy ki ngdom come . a rt o ur a er art i n Holy , holy, holy Thou , F th which h e ave n : h eave n an d e ar th a re full of th e g rea t n e ss of Thy

r a er a nd m e n c r ee glo y . W tch s y to Th , Holy , holy , holy u ar t Tho .

O ur a e r e tc . F th , r be the a er a n d the S o n an d th e Glo y to F th , to , to Holy

Ghost ,

r m e er a n e e r a n r d e n d . F o v l sti g to v l sti g , wo l without men A .

O ur a er a rt i n e en a e be n ame F th which h av , h llow d Thy , n d m m e Thy ki g o co . h Ol a rt h etc . Holy , holy , y T ou ,

a s - hi l si n n e H P . . w i a nd hn d e s s s e a i n . y lxxxii ci . g g g Wh en h e h a s ﬁni shed the p repa ra ti on h e goes t o the ov en a nd say s

He r u m e a the rr e i t o ut O f the b o ght lso out of ho ibl p , m re an d a a nd se t m ee u o n\the r a n d rd e re d i cl y y f t p ock , o

my goi ngs .

' He fill s the censer w ith coa ls of fi re a nd ha ngs i t up a nd ov r s th e r e i n the ov en until i t ha s ot somew ha t l w H c e fi g o . e TH E EA S TE R N CH UR C H E S 6 5

w ip es [the sid e of t he ov en] ca r efully a nd uncov ers the ﬁ re. He ta hes a lit tle i ncense a nd uts i t i n sa i n p , y g This ear th e n ve sse l is h allowed : i n the n ame of t he e r an d th e S on a nd the Fath of of Holy Ghost ,

He proceed s

o Go d m mm r a ve er u n us . H ly , holy ighty , holy i o t l , ha m cy po Glory be to t he Fath er a n d to th e S on a n d to the Holy

Ghost . m e e n r a r . Holy God , holy mighty, holy i mo t l , hav m cy upo us

r e er n e e r a n r d u e n d . F om v lasti g to v l sti g , wo l witho t m r u s m m r a e e n u . Holy God , holy ighty , holy i mo t l , hav cy po

’ 1 He p uts hi s ha nd i nto t he ov en a nd t ubes t he p r i est s loaf i n hi s h a nd sa i n , y g 2 Th e K n n me d n b e a e a n d i g of ki gs ca ow to b ptiz d , im bowed His h ead to be baptize d of h . ’ He a rra ng es the p ri est s loaf on the ea st sid e of the ov en a nd a nother on the w est sa i n r th e e a an d r m th e e , y g, F om st f o w st th en a not her on the north a nd a nother on the south sa i n , y g , From t he n o rth and from t h e south ; a nd a nother on the r ight ’ 3 o the ri est s loa s a i n u s o n the r an d a nd f p f, y g, Tit ight h , 3 a nother on the le t sa i n D umachus o n t he e f f , y g , l t two robbe rs w ere c ruciﬁ ed with th e o ne h eave n ly T reasure h e o n r an n ot e e r r er i n His ight h d would c as f om his obb y , but his last robbery robb ed the pa radise of Ede n f or the others he s a s e S a b e f at an d e — n a e ma y , Th y h ll w ll liki g , th t th y y S rue the r m ren a n d a ere i n o how how t Lo d y st gth is , th t th s, nr e ne i n m u ight ous ss Hi .

When he ha s d one a rra ngi ng them he say s Like th e smoke of the goodly i n ce n se a n d the savou r of

1 M a l a M al a d ' M al e c . c c . 3 Cf E v a n I n a n ti ce 2 . g . f , 3 . 6 6 TH E BREA D O F TH E EU C H A RI S T

th e e e en er re e e r o ur a r th e re e sw t c s c iv , O Ch ist S viou , qu st h mes a n d ra er e r a n t ree t i . p y of Thy s v ts ,

He tahes a li ttle i ncense a nd ours i t i nto the ov en w hi ch he p , covers sa i n , y g a e a a e a r be ee r H ll lui h , h ll lui h glo y to Th , O Lo d , th e ti mes r e .

1 1 Th e n e t lfat t he a a 0 1 followi g Rit is by which M lc , Holy h n o t e a en re n e e en t e u e n a . L v , is w d wh s pply b gi s to f il It is n e e ar er rmed a The M a a the c ss ily p fo by Bishop . lc is Holy

ea e n re e e d rad n r m t he A t e a r n L v c iv by t itio f o pos l s , po tio of

a s e as a r n the d u Of the a m a n which , w ll po tio of o gh l st ki g ,

n r is mixe d with e very ma ki g of bread fo r the Euch a ist .

T HE O R DER FO R T HE R E N EWAL O F THE H O LY LE V EN TH T I S TO S AY M L 2 A ; A , A CA

t e Th d a o Pa cha i e Ma nd Thur d a r t on h r s . u s Fi s u s . , y f ( y y ) “ ” 3 t h e sha ll br i n ne w hea ten l our tha t i s Smid ha t w o y g fi f , t hi rd s a nd one thi rd o ne ur e ound ed sa lt a nd the sha ll f fi p p , y p our up on i t a li ttl e fi ne p reser v ed oliv e- oil a nd three d r ops of

1 It may b e a s we ll to d ra w a tte nti on to the fa ct th a t i t i s s ome time s “ ” s ta te a t le as t a o te e l e s a s t s t at th e Ea s t S r a n s mi x w i th d , by J c bi cc i ic , h y i r f r h a e v ra n s s th e b e ad o t e Euch ri s t a porti o n o f th e R es r e d S a c me t it e lf. Thi i n ot th e a s e I n the ﬁ rs l a e it i e ﬁ n te l o r e n a mo n th e s . t s c p c , d i y f bidd g Ne s tor a ns to re s e rve th e Ho l S a ra me n t ove r n t A n d t s s ta te me n t i s i y c igh . hi “ ” p rob a bly e xpl a i n e d by a mi s und e rs ta n di n g of the word S a cra me n t us e d i n s on n e t o n Th e M a l a or H l Le a ve n i n m re e s tor a n s t . o s u e th e N hi c c i c , y , b d by i a m on th e S a ra me n ts a n d s o i n o n e s e n s e th e S a ra me n t i s m n l e t g c , c i g d wi h e a ch b re a d- ma ki n g ; b ut th e S a cra me n t th us mi ngl e d i s th e S a crame n t o f th e a or H n f H E u r M a l ol Le a ve n a n d n ot th e S a ra me t o th e ol a s t . c , y , c y ch i 11 T s tra ns l a t on has e e n s u m tte t o th e B s o of M ora Ros s a nd hi i b b i d i h p y , , C a t ne s s a n d a e a rs as orre te h i m a n d to h i m a re d ue all th e i h , pp c c d by , a n n ota t on s i . 3 o e ida h t s p . TH E EA S TE R N CH U R C H E S 6 7 w a ter a nd the sha ll mix them t o ether on the ca rv ed E ucha ri s ti c , y g sla b the S a cri sta n a nd a nother r i est or more a nd the d ea cons , p w i th them And the sha ll set the Cr oss a nd the Gos el boo/r . y p on the car v ed - E ucha r i sti c sla b w i th t he censer a nd lights a nd sha ll begi n art u o ur a e r art i n Holy , holy , holy Tho , F th which h eave n : h eave n an d ear th are full of th e great n ess of Thy me c r ee r . er and n glo y Watch s y to th Holy , holy, holy a rt Thou . And O ur a er . , F th

PRA Y E R

Ma y th e worshipful a nd glo rious Nam e of Thy glo rio us Tri n ity be wo r shipp e d a nd glo riﬁ ed an d ho n ou red a n d e xalted a n d co n f e ss ed a nd ble ss ed i n h eav e n a n d o n e arth a t all me Lo rd all a er S o n an d ti s , of , F th , , Holy Ghost f o r e ver Or

ee K n m n r a n d the a ra e Th , O i g , who ki gs wo ship , do bl . ho n our of whose maj esty compan ie s a n d ten th o usan d s of a n e a nd ar a n e a nd n i n rea e ar a n d rem n g ls ch g ls , st i g g t f t bli g , er e an d e e r e we are n n e r a n d s v c l b at , bou d to co f ss , wo ship ,

r at all e a n a nd me r all a e r S on an d glo ify s so s ti s , Lo d of , F th , , f A or e e r . me H oly Ghost v n . A nd they s ha ll p erf orm t he three Hullci le God sta n d e th PS n ( . My so g sh all be alway of the lovi ng ” “ n d n the r P d Th ki ess of Lo d ( S . a n e Lord is

Ki n g (PS .

PRA Y E R

Fo r e a n d ra e en t o us an n all Thy h lps g c s (giv ) , which c ot b e re a d let n e a n d r ee u e a n i n p i , us co f ss glo ify Th Witho t c si g r wne r u e a nd le n . Thy c o d Chu ch , which is f ll of h lps all b ssi gs ‘ 6 8 TH E B R EA D O F T H E EU C H A R I S T

Fo r art the r an d re r er S on a nd Thou Lo d C ato of all , Fath , , f o er Ame r e . n Holy Ghost v . The a the La hhuma ra e s . e r we n e y y Th , O Lo d, co f ss a n d ee e u r w e r f or a rt t he Th , J s s Ch ist, glo ify Thou q u ick e n er of o ur bodi e s an d Tho u art th e Saviou r of o ur

. w a s l a d w hen the sa id unto me We o i nto the house souls g y , g o the L ord ll c . ee r a be e e t . r tc rom f Th , Lo d of , Glo y , . F e er a n A e e r a n . men ee r all e tc v l sti g to v l sti g . Th , Lo d of , . The a L b h s e t ra e e e us . y y , us p y . P ac wit

PRAY E R

L r art i n ru the e n er o u r Thou , O my o d , t th quick of e an d u a rt th e r o ur and t he bodi s , Tho good Saviou of souls er e ar an o ur e a n d ee are we un to p p tual gu di of liv s , Th bo d ra e r a n d r at all me L rd all a e r p is , wo ship , glo i fy ti s, o of , F th , m f or e r A en . S o n a n d e . , Holy Ghost v And th e d ea con s a s e r e a n d r all y Rais up you voic glo ify, e e the n G od p opl , livi g . A nd the s h a ll sa y y Holy God , holy mighty, holy mm r a a e m er n s r be e u u . tc . i o t l , h v cy po Glo y , Holy m r “ G o t . r e e n e e tc h e d e c a tc . T . H , F o v l sti g , oly God , y

d s r a d L u a . b us e t ea e e . , p y P c with

P RA Y E R

an d r a n d m and mm r a Holy glo ious ighty i o t l, who e e i n th e a n and e e a e em dw ll st s i ts, whos will is pl s d with th , rn m r we e ee ee a n d be m er u an d tu , O y Lo d , b s ch Th , cif l , . a e o n as art n at all me r h v pity us , Thou wo t, ti s, Lo d all e tc of , . And the d ea con s ay s : Be n d you r h ead s for the layi ng o n

an an d r e e e a e n . , g of h ds . c iv bl ssi A nd the pr i est p ronounces i n a low v oice O Treasu re en richi n g to those who rece ive it O Thou

70 T HE BR EA D O F T H E E U C HAR I S T

Tr uth i n the like n ess of th e bodily fo rm of a clove c a me dow n a n d light e d u po n t he h ead of ou r S avio ur a fte r H e w a a e d s b ptiz . V 2 He s et Go on t h P . t o e t une od he b o d s . G t r . , [ xl ] m eet n r o m n L r i n th e u o a och a nd rder ed oi s . y f p y g g o d , f un d a n t he r the r u m n e e r u d o tio of ock of t th , Si o P t , Tho idst e stablish me : an d i n B aptism Thou d id st p ro mise me t rue a d optio n : a n d I by my d eed s h ave b ecome lik e th a t h e i r a n d ere e n : e ee ee e him who squ d his poss ssio s I b s ch Th lik , “ m ak n re ue a e n n e a a n ea e n an d e re i g q st , I h v si d g i st h v b fo ” ee a n d am n o m re r h be a e s o n Th , o wo t y to c ll d Thy er u me r n m a er a e e . m cif l F th , h v cy upo m T ne o d mo a a n ti e . r P . ha t i v er sh ul v e t s . t [ civ 5 ] y Lo d , upo n t h e fou n d atio n O f the f aith of Si mo n Pe te r Thou h ast b uilt Thy Chur ch : a nd be caus e of Thy promise to Hi m the waves a n d sto rms of h eath en ism h ave n o t S h a k e n i t : a n d w h e n Satan saw th at by his a ngels h e co uld n o t p re vail agai n st th e Catholic [Chu rch] he i n cited t he so n s of he r t ea chi n g i n e ver y quart er [of t h e wo rld] to d e st roy o n e a noth e r with the sh a fts of e n vy : b ri ng to n o ught her vai n glorio us o n e s : who e nvy a n d make light of o n e a n e r a oth nd may Thy peac e reig n ov er h er child re n . ” Go on to th l/V oso P I e t n h ev er w i e S . 1 u e i s s . [ . cxlv ] w i ll ma ni Th O o i t he S n ee m L rd the K n . r o g f y , y , g O Ch ist ,

G o d wh o ame f or o ur a at n : reme m er of , c st s lv io b Thy Chu rch which Thou didst p urch as e fr om e ter n ity : a n d u e th e d e o r r n e e s bj ct to it ivid d [ , st ivi g p opl s which d elight i n w ar a s Thou didst p romis e to Pe t er its fo un d e r ’ th a t the gate s of H e ll a n d H ell s tyra n t should n ot p revail a a n f or e er : co n ﬁ rm Th w ord O our Sav i o ur u n t o g i st it v y , , it th at Tho u ar t its Ki ng a n d th e b ri n ge r - up O f its child re n a n d the a n a a n bo st of its i h bit ts .

P s . 2 i [ lxxiv . ] R emember Thy Chur ch w hi ch Thou d d st ur cha se rom t eterni . r n er u r . r L i a p f y O ou o d , Thy m cy g d TH E EA S TER N CH U R C H E S 71

Thy Ch u rch which Thou didst e l e ct a nd e stablish f rom

e ern a n d ma e ea e ' r m ar a n d n t ity k to c s f o it w s co —te n tio n s a n d bi n d its so n s w ith love a n d con cord le t its p ri e sts be i n pea ce an d ﬁ rm faith i ts sh e ph e rd k e e p i n Thy gra ce th at h e may be a d e fe n d er a nd ma y see k from Th e e p eac e to “ t t m o o t his ﬂock a all i e s . G n o the tune of B lessed a r t L a l Ps ord o l . The l Thou O . . I 1 s ha ll tel the lor , f [ cxlv ] y g y do ra 1 o Th hi n m. e m rd be A d e n f y g P is d , O y Lo , Thy v t a n d Thy Na tivity a n d Thy Upb r i ngi ng a n d the Co m memora tio n of Thy Moth er : a n d the Epiph a n y a n d the F easts of Thy p reach er s Joh n a n d P e t e r an d P aul Thy

e : a n d th e r an e r e e discipl s fou Ev g lists who w ot Thy Gosp l , 2 a n d r e n e e n a n d the m an D i o d ore an d Thy f i d St ph co p y of , g the compa n y O f M ar N arsai a n d Mar Abha z an d all th e d e ar e wh o n e e m n a n u e p t d co f ss d Thy do i tio , O Tho Hop of

Thy tr ue o n e s . I w ll l s the L ord a t a ll m e PS . . i e e [ xxxiv 1 ] i b es t s . Bl ss d 1‘ be as t our L rd a n d n - u e ru a e m Thy F O o , Thy Goi g p to J s l , an d a er a n d ee a n : a n d Thy P ssov , Thy [F t w shi g Thy Passio n a n d Thy D ea t h a n d Thy R e s urre ctio n : an d the Comme mora tio n of Thy co n fe ssor s a n d Geo rge Thy m ar ty r a n d th e d ay of Thy A sce n sio n an d t he D e sce n t of the Holy t th e en e n t he A e : a n d th e two Ghos , tok giv to postl s I n ven tio n s of the C ross of Light a n d t h e H allowi n g of 5 ur a n d t h e r n u ra n e rea n e Thy Ch ch , T a sﬁg tio , whos g t ss a l co n q uers l . b he a e r t o th e t une o The Gr ea t r e t e tc . Glo y to F th , , f

M ter the e e n d er tan n a nd e le t y s y . With y of u s di g of lov us all look o n Ch rist : th ro ugh the myst eri es a n d typ e s

1 The s e a re th e s e as o ns a n d fe s ti va ls of th e ﬁ rs t p a r t of th e e ccle s i a s tica l ea r y . ’ “ C ommon l a ll e th e re e o tors y c d G k d c . 3 ” Th e S r a n o tors y i d c . 4 1 e Le n t a n d th e ollo n o l a s . . f wi g h y d y . 1 s ort of e n e ra e at on e s t va l A g l d dic i f i . 72 T H E BREA D O F TH E EUC HARI S T which H e has d elivered to us : wh e n H e was led to the p a ssio n of t h e Cross : a n d wh e n upo n the Holy A ltar H e w as s et a livi ng sac r iﬁce an d as a ng els the p ri e sts celeb ra te he m e m r a o f e a e ra e a n t o i l His D th with voic s of p is , s yi g ” ff a e f Glo ry b e to H im fo r His i ne bl gi t . Th ey g o on to s ay the Cr eed : W e b eli e ve i n o n e G o d t he

a er a m Ma e r all n e a n d n e . F th l ighty , k of thi gs visibl i visibl

A n d i n o n e r e u r the o n S o n G od the Lo d J s s Ch ist , ly of ,

ﬁ rs t- rn e e r rea u re w as e e n bo of v y c t , who b gott of His

a e r e re all r a nd n o t m a e v e r e r F th b fo wo lds d , y God of v y G od o f o n e u a n e a er : m the , s bst c with His F th by who wo rld s w e re fram ed a n d all thi n gs were c rea t ed : wh o f o r u s m e n a n d f o r o ur a a n ame n r ea e n s lv tio c dow f om h v , a n d was n ar na e the an d was a e m a n i c t of Holy Ghost m d , a n d was n e e a n d rn the V r n ar a n d co c iv d bo of i gi M y, u ff ered an d w as r ed i n the a n a e a nd s c uciﬁ d ys of Po tius Pil t , w a s ur e d an d r e a a n th e r d a a r n the b i , os g i thi d y cco di g to r re a n d a en e n ea en a n d sat n o n the Sc iptu s , sc d d i to h v , dow r a n O f a er an d a me a a n u e ight h d H is F th , sh ll co g i to j dg ad an he u A n d i n n h t h e e d t . o e t e d q ick Holy Ghost ,

S r ru w h o r ee e r m t h e a er the r pi it of t th , p oc d th f o F th , Spi it , h e r e A n d i n o n e a n a a t e giv of lif . holy d postolic C tholic Ch urch a n d we ack n owl edge o n e baptism f or th e re missio n S n an d the re rre t n o ur e and t he e of i s, su c io of bodi s , lif

Amen . e verlasti n g .

And the d ea con sa s he Li ta n y t y .

Let u s ra . e e b l p y P ac e with us a l . Pray an d mak e request of God the Lord of all th at ye be n Him a n m r e a nd e e : c r t he u to ki gdo , holy p i sts p opl y to L rd ‘ all r ear an d all r u f or o God of hosts with you h t you so l , H e t he a e r m a n m er a n d u is God F th of Co p ssio , ciful pitif l , th a t w i s he th n o t th a t thos e whom He h ath fa shio n ed should m er b ut a e u r e e n t a nd e e re Hi . p ish , th t th y sho ld p liv b fo A n d e speci ally are w e bound to p ray a nd conf eSS ‘ an d T H E EA S TERN CH URC H E S 73 wo rship a n d glo rify a n d ho nou r a nd e xalt o ur G od th e ad ra e a e r r all wh o r r u o bl F th , Lo d of , by His Ch ist w o ght a d e a nd a v a n f or ou r a He u i n goo hop s l tio souls, th t f lﬁl u s ra e a n me r a n d m a n u n t h e d His g c d cy co p ssio to e n . 7 A . me n R . The dea con p roceed s With req ue st a n d be see chi ng w e as k f or t he a ngel O f p eace a n d m ercy 7 . r m ee r R F o Th , O Lo d . Night a nd d ay th roughou t o ur lif e w e as k for co n ti n u al

ea e f or ur a n d e u s i n p c Thy Ch ch , lif witho t

- t . r ee r . R F om Th , O Lo d We a sk n n a e the n e r e n e co ti u l lov , which is bo d of p f ct ss , with t he co n ﬁ rm ation of the Holy Ghost 7 r m e e r . 3 . F o Th , O Lo d W e a sk forgive ne ss of S i n s a n d those thi n gs which h elp o ur liv e s a n d appea se Thy Godh ead

m ee L r . 7. r 3 F o Th , O o d We a s k the me rcy a n d co mpassio n of the Lo rd co n ti n u ally at all ti me s t r m e e r R . F o Th , O Lo d . ’ Le t u s commit o ur so u ls a n d o n e a n oth e r s so uls to th e

t h S o n a n d th e Fa th er a n d e Holy Ghost . And the pri est rep ea ts i n a low v oi ce thi s [P r ayer of ] I n cli na ti on O Lor d God A lmighty (rep ea t) a ssi st my ea n e me r e an d t h e e ra e w k ss by Thy ci s, by h lp of Thy g c mak e me worthy by Thy h elp to d raw n igh a n d S ig n this ma tte r wit h t he S ign of the c r oss to s a n ctify it tha t it m ay b e f o r th e sig n i n g a n d t he p e rfecti n g of the dough of th e o ur r e u r body of Lo d J s s Ch ist . 1 Ca non : An d to Th ee a n d to Hi m a n d to th e Holy Ghost le t u s Off e r glo ry a nd ho n o ur a nd p raise a n d worship

f erm re Amen now a n or e . d v o .

1 Here us e i n th e s e ns e o f th e on l us on f a a e d c c i o p r y r . 74 TH E B R EA D O F TH E EU C HARI S T

And he sha ll s ign hi mself a nd p r oceed a nd say [thi s] Ca non : The g race of o ur Lo rd J e s us Ch r ist a n d th e love of G od the Fa th e r an d the fellowship of th e Holy Ghost

b e u s all n o w a n d f o r e rm n e re Ame . with v o . And h e sha ll si n the ma ter nd g t . A he sha ll p r oceed e e th e A ra am a n d aa a n d rae Th God of b h of I s c of Is l ,

r u K n And he sha ll roceed : L t r a n glo io s i g . p e us p a ise d r an d r h r a ll wo ship glo ify God t e Lo d of .

And the sh a ll a ns w er m e n y It is e t a d right .

A nd the - d eacon sha ll sa e a e be us all y P c with . 1 And the r es t a th G ha ntha p i s ys e e .

Y ea L rd A m m n e n r e ea t , O o God l ighty, O ipot t ( p ) , ea e n re a ure w ho s u li est a nd s he d d est me r e h v ly T s , pp Thy ci s o n the r ee we re e n o u r u our n poo , to Th p s t so ls , mi ds, a nd u a n d the u n e r an n o ur n e e t he tho ghts , d st di g of i t ll cts , a e O f o ur e e a n a n d o ur an rea r g z y s c st dow , h ds sp d fo th e We c r a n ra a n d u a e an d e ee a to Th e . y d p y s pplic t b s ch th t Thou wilt sa n c tif y a n d p e rf e ct this m atter by the i n s tr u m e n tality Of th e s e Thy fe ebl e a n d vil e a n d w re tch e d s e rva n ts a n d the a n r r by lighti g of Thy Holy Spi it, th ough Thy Amen l n n n m r e . ovi gki d e ss a n d Thy e ci s .

And he sa s i nst ea d o a Ca non : I n the e n n n w a s y , f b gi i g th e r A n d th e r w as G o d a n d the r Wo d . Wo d with , Wo d

d Th a i n h e e n n n A ll as G o . s w e s m e wa t b gi i g with God . n e re ma e Him an d Hi m wa s n ot a n thi gs w d by , without y n m a e a was m ad e I n Hi m w as e a n d the e thi g d th t . lif , lif he f A n th e S n e i n r n w as t O m e n . d a e light light hi th d k ss , N ow a n d f o r an d t h e dark n ess comp reh e n d e d it n ot .

en . e vermore . Am And h e si ns the ma tter And then he ta kes the old rom g . f the a lt a r a nd sig ns t he new w i t h i t a nd s ay s : Sig n ed a nd s an ctiﬁ e d an d mixe d is this n e w l eave n wi t h this holy

a n d Old e a e n o ur L r e r h as een l v of o d J sus Ch ist , wh ich b

1 Pra e r of n l n a on s a t a o e hea a n d l ow vo e . y i c i ti , id wi h b w d d ic T H E EA S TER N CH U RC H E S 75

a n ed n r m o u r r a a e r M ar Mar h d dow to us f o spi itu l f th s , i a n d M ar Ad a a n d M ar m a the e s e A e d i Tho , bl s d postl s , ea e r t a e rn n r a nd h as e e n a rr ed t ch s of his E st Cou t y , b c i fro m pl ac e t o pl ace a n d from coun t ry to co un try f o r the 1 p e rfe cti ng a n d th e mixi ng of the livi ng B read of th e

e - v n m e r e as t e n a s rea n n e e re u re s lif gi i g yst i s , of so of c ssity q i , i n the n a me the a e r a nd th e S o n a n d th e of F th , of , of Holy

Ghost . A nd they sha ll mi x them w ell w ith one a nother

PRA Y E R

n d e r u an d n e ff a e d e n a n m To Thy wo f l i bl isp s tio , O y rd h i n me r e a nd e m e n w as e rf e e a n d Lo , w ich ci s cl cy p ct d m ade a nd fulﬁlled f o r the re n e wal a n d salva tio n of o ur n a ure i n th e ﬁ rs tf r uits e re u s w e f u r t , which w of , li t p glo y a n d o n ur a n d ra e a n d r a t all e L rd Of h o p is wo ship tim s, o l a l , e tc .

2 CA N O N

me l e t u s ra e th r P ri est . e and le t u s n Co , p is Lo d , si g r u n to God the Savio u . F r om er r or a nd rom si n a nd rom d ea th i n Hi s com a ssi on f f , p , our L ord h a s r edeemed us : l et us w orshi Him a nd l et us p ,

I m gl or i/ﬁ Hi .

me l et ra e th e r a n d let u s n ra e n Co , us p is Lo d , si g p is u to the r God Savio u .

ea con Le t us me e re r D . co b fo His p ese n c e with th a n ks n an d le t r Hi m n givi g us glo ify with so gs . e t F h L rd P r i s . or t e a rea a rea K n o is g t God , g t i g e all abov god s .

D a co I n n a e e n . His ha ds r th e fou nda tio n s of the

1 Li . th re t e b a ki ng . He re us e d i n th e s e n s e o f a ch a n t i n te rc a l a te d wi th a ps a lm (more e a ora n a rs n l b te tha f i g) . 76 T H E BR EA D O F T H E EUC H A R I S T

e ar a n d the e the : the se a a nd H e th h ight of hills is His ,

m ad e it . t A n d a nd re a re d the d r a n : me P r i es . His h s p p y l d co , i m le t u s k n e el a n d wo r ship H .

a con A n d l e t u s ra e the L r w h o ma d e us f o r D e . p is o d

H e o ur G o d an d w e a re e e a n d the ee is , His p opl sh p of

His pa stu re . r r or a nd rom s i n a nd rom d ea th i n Hi s com a s si on From e f f , p , our Lor d ha s r ed eemed us : let us w ors hip Hi m a nd l et us

i r be th e a e r a n d th e S o n a n d P r est . Glo y to F th , to , to

m e r a n e er a n . Am n the r e e . Holy Ghost , f o v l sti g to v l sti g O Thou w ho dids t sa i n Th tea chi n to Th di sci les , y y g y p h d oo to o r a Knoch a nd I w i ll o en o en t e r u r er . , p p p y

P R A I S E

r b e m er e r o u r K n : S on Glo y to Thy ci s , Ch ist i g of l G od r e al . For u ar t o ur rd a n d , wo shipp d of Tho Lo Thou art o ur God : th e h ead of our live s a n d o ur ble ssed ee r th e rd e r a e : a n d th e m u Hop e . Th wo ship O s bov lti t ud es b e low i n o ne sympho n y : p ra isi n g Th e e who art i n visibl e : wh o didst m an ife st Thyself i n o ur body i n th e e n Th m er e e re m ed u ful n e ss of ti me . Wh y ci s w ov tho didst pl ea se i n Thy love : to come f or o ur s alva tio n a n d O r rr d d ree o u r ra e . u w u ea a n d o ur i st f c so o s Tho didst h l , g uilt tho u did st pard o n : an d o ur m ortality thou didst A n d t un raise i n Thy m e rci e s . Tho u dids fo d o n e ar th a

ur : a s the e a a i I holy Ch ch typ of th t bove n h eave n . n a type tho u d id st S ig n h e r a n d i n love tho u didst w e d h er i n m er t u d re e e h e r uff e r n u d d cy ho di st c iv , by s i g tho i st A n he a e r m h er e h er . d t e n 10 ! e d r u e p f ct h t of , oth t o bl 1 he r : t he d ne a u a hi s m n r by bol ss of his d city by i iste s .

1 e the e v l a n e l s 1 . . i g .

TH E BR EAD OF TH E EU C H A R I S T

M a r N a For th e ea o ur a er . h lth of holy F th s , , C tholic

a r ar an d M ar M e r an a nd f or all e r P t i ch , N Bishop t opolit , th i

7 O ur r etc . e r we e ee ee . . cl gy , b s ch Th 3 Lo d , er u G od u wh o i n m er e r e w e e ee M cif l , Tho ci s ul st all, b s ch

e e O ur r e tc . Th . Lo d , Tho u w ho i n h eave n art glor iﬁ e d an d o n e arth art 7 O ur r e w e e ee ee . . r et c wo shipp d , b s ch Th 3 Lo d , . Thy p eac e an d Thy t ra n qu illity e st ablish i n the multitude r er r o ur a ur an d a e e r of Thy wo shipp s , Ch ist S vio , h v m cy upo n us . 1 d r Th l . An O ur a en : Ho y G od (v p . F th e which r i n e n a t h ave . A n d th ey sh all say t h e p ray e r s an d co n cludi n g be ne 1 n an d e S e th e ea e n i n a e e o r e e dictio , th y hall plac l v v ss l ls i n a i a n d r n n t he an ar t he a m box [ ] b i g it i to s ctu y to ps l , ’ Th e ear the r PS an d a u e n d th is Lo d s ( . sh ll s sp it i n f r th re n lace . A d o e the a r an r n its p st , s c ist shall b i g “ ” the ma tte r an d wip e it [o r p erh aps cover i t ] with care e e n r h e r n the ea en i n th e w ll , wh ﬁ st b i gs l v which is “ a n uar th e a m m a n ee G o d s ct y , with ps l , I will g ify Th , O , ” m K n PS a n d a s n t he ma e r a r n y i g ( . sh ll ig tt cco d i g

u m en e a n d re are th e read f o r th e to c sto , th wip it p p B [ 2 ar Euch ist] .

1 ’ For t es e s e e M a l e a n s E a s t S r i a n D a i l O ces 1 6—2 2 R v n ton h c y y ﬁ , pp . ( i i g , Pe r v a l C O ci . , 1 Th e me a n n o f th e l as t a rt of t s ru r i s n ot u te l e a r i g p hi b ic q i c . l D E X

a t ss n an s I ren us S . Aby i i , 47 , , 7 u n 1 Alc i , 9 A h raat es oh n t s of p , 5 3 J , Ac , 9 ff oh n of O z un 6 Armen an s 0 . i , 5 J d , 5 3, 5 ust n S t 5 1 09 J , . , 7 9 3 , 4 i u St 1 0 ust n e . A g i , , L an f ran 1 c , 3 an rof t 0 Li ber Ponti ca li s 1 B c , 4 ﬁ , 3 as St an on s o f 1 2 B il , . , C , e e I Man az kert o un of B d , 5 , C cil , 54 on a 2 0 aron t es 8 B , M i , 5 hae Ca rulari us 2 Mic l , 3 an on s o f 1 60 C 3 , 39 ha e s Ro a 1 Narsai 1 C p l y l , 4 , 5 h e sea oun o f 1 N m h a um oun of 2 8 C l , C cil , 7 y p , C cil , h m St 1 0 1 1 r sosto . C y , , , hur h Or e rs 8 Or er of ommun o n 2 C c d , d C i , 3 o t s 6 O r en C p , 4 ig , 9 os n 1 Ort h o o x hur h C i , 4 d C c , 45

r an St . Cyp i , , 9 arke r 6 8 r St . Cy il , , 7 P , 35 , 3 , 3 Pasch asi us Rad b ert us 1 , 9 c f N a S t 1 1 Di d a he 6 au n us o o . , P li l , , d e e s W am 0 ra e r ook rst 2 Bl y , illi , 3 P y B , Fi , 3 D uran d us 0 S e on , 3 c d , 33 of E z a et h li b , 33 Ea t S r an s Ne st or an 8 ff s . y i ( i ) , 5 ’

E z a e t h s n un t on s . ui vi l e t er 1 li b I j c i , 34 Q , P , 3 E i h an i us t 1 S . 1 p p , , Rh aban us Maurus 1 , 9 re or f N t o ssa S . G g y y , , 7 re or t h e reat St 1 Sod or S n o a on st t ut ons of 1 G g y G , . , 7, 4 , y d l C i i , 3 re or th e um nat or St G g y Ill i , . , 54 Thomas A c ts o 8 , f , Ho L eaven To e o XVI t h oun of 1 6 ly , 59 l d , C cil , Ren e a of 6 1 66 if w l , , . Hum ert ar i n a 2 We st S r an s a o t es 8 b , C d l , 5 y i (J c bi ) , 4 B P E Y . R . M B L A T D . RINT D A OW R Y C o . LONDON AND OX FORD

THE A LC UIN C LUB

HE ALCUIN CLU B h as bee n f ormed to en courage an d assi st i n th e ra t a s tu of eremon a an d th e arran e men t of h ur h es p c ic l dy c i l , g C c , he f urn ture an d o rn amen ts i n a or an e th th e r u r s of th k t i r i , cc d c wi b ic e B oo of ommon r a e r str t o e en e to h h i s th e u n r n C P y , ic b di c w ic g idi g p i cipl e of h th e w ork of t e Cl ub . Th e u on s sts of em ers an d sso ates w h o m s e Cl b c i M b A ci , u t b i n t h th e h ur h of En an c ommun i o n wi C c gl d . n f r M mb rs i s 2 1 Th e S u s r t o o e e 0 . er an n um e n t t n th em to b c ip i p , i li g r d f or ssoci at s 2 1 all u at o n s a ti s an A e . 6d . er an n um en t t n p blic i g ; p , i li g th em to su h of th e Tra ts rati s an d su h r e u t on s o n o th er u t n c c g , c d c i p blic a i o s e e n e as the Commi tt e may d et rmi . at o n s f or e e t on shou be sen t to ss War 2 0 n tr m Applic i l c i ld Mi d , A i W an s on s H am stea N . . M i , p d , Th e An n ual Report an d Li st of M embers c an be o b ta i n ed f rom the

H on orary Secretary . R ULES

Th e e t of THE C B s a be th e n I . obj c AL UIN CLU h ll promot i o of th e s f h a n d use of th e o of omm t udy o t e hi story B o k C on Pray er . 2 Th e Wor k of th e u sh a be th e u at o n of Tr a ts e . Cl b ll p blic i c d ali n g th th e O e t of th e u an d su h o th er orks as ma seem es ra e wi bj c Cl b, c w y d i bl , S th r e ro u t on s of m n atures f rom M S . an d h oto ra hs of hur h wi p d c i i i , p g p C c

urn ture Orn amen ts an d estmen ts. F i , V h e s a n s st of em rs an d ss ates t e . T u h o e o o b e e te 3 Cl b ll c i M b A ci , l c d by th e Co mmi ttee all M embers an d Associ at es to be i n c ommun i on wi th th e Ch urch of En gl an d . Th s r t n s f or em ers s a e m en t . e S u o h b z os . er an n u t n 4 b c ip i M b ll p , i li g he t all at on s rati s an d f or ss at es 2 s 6 e m t m o u o . d . r a n n u p blic i g , A ci , p , e n t t n t h em to su h o f th e Tra ts rati s an d su h re u t on s on o th er i li g c c g , c d c i at o n s as th e omm ttee m a eterm n e Th ere sh a be n o p ublic i C i y d i . ll n r S s En tran c e Fee n or Comp osi ti o fo ub crip t i o n s. Th e aff a rs o f th e u s a be man a e a a rman a n d 5 . i Cl b h ll g d by Ch i a omm t tee of n ot more t han t en t em ers or sso ates t o be e e te C i w y M b A ci , l c d

em ers of th e u an d su e t as to o n e - ﬁf th to ret remen t by M b Cl b, bj c , i by n a rotati on an u lly . 6 G en era eet n of t he u S ha be h e ever ear o n Ma . A l M i g Cl b ll ld y y y i th th e an n versar of th e eath o f u n f or th e ur ose o f re e v n 9 ( i y d Alc i ) , p p c i i g a Re ort f rom th e omm ttee e e t n omm ttee - men an d tran sa t n p C i , l c i g C i , c i g h s t e gen eral b usi n e s of t h e Cl ub . en era e et n of th e u m a be a e a t an t me th e 7. A G l M i g Cl b y c ll d y i by h a r or ﬁ ve em ers o f t he omm ttee C i man M b C i . h T e s rer an S e ar h a e e e t e th e 8 . Th e a rman r a u d e r t s b C i , c y ll l c d by

C ommi tte e f rom amon g th e i r n umb er . N a terat on sh a be ma e i n th e ru es o f th e u ex e t at a 9 . O l i ll d l Cl b c p ’ en era eet n of th e em ers seven a s n ot e of th e ro ose G l M i g M b , d y ic p p d t all rs th chan g e h avi n g bee n sen t b eforehan d o M emb e of e Cl ub .

11 C O LLECTI ON S

ar e f o o vo ume th 1 . i a r . Of o o I En gl sh A lt s , A l g li l wi 4 pp C ll n a r N t es W H T H S . e x a to o . . H E . t s . . yp p l y by JO N OPE , M A ’ r nt d new and enlar ed eai ti ou i s i n r arat o [Out of p i . g p ep i n ]

ar e fo o me on t n n . e vo u a II Ex p osi tio n d e la Me ss , A l g li l c i i g a Treati se on th e M ass f rom a Fre n ch Versi on of t he Legen d a ure a of Ja o us d e ora n e n ow i n th e tz am A c b V gi , Fi willi useum at am r e an d 2 2 ates f rom ustrat o n s i n M C b idg , pl Ill i “ ’ h To e th e r t h f o ur Tra t s f rom Th e La o ks t i s MS . g wi c y F l ” “ k er ta ssae e t c E e h e Re ass oo . t t v . M B , M i Mi , di d by D W H D . r e 1 1 os ALTER OWARD FRERE , . P ic £ . .

vo s . an d 1 1 Tw an d on i c a l e r i c e . o ar e f o o III IV P t ﬁ S v s , l i l g li vol umes con ta i n i n g D escr ipt i ve No tes an d a Li t urgical I n tro h Rev W H D t e A D . . an u t o n . d 2 0 d c i by LTER OWARD FRERE , , pl ates of 6 2 Ill ustrat i o n s f rom Mi n i atures o f th e XV th an d

r s r e 1 l os . ea h . XV h en tu e . I t c i . P ic £ c

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