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Seabirds Hauraki Gulf Seabirds of the Hauraki Gulf NATURAL HISTORY, RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION CHRIS P. GASKIN & MATT J. RAYNER Seaid eseah ad oseaio i the WHGR Seabirds of the (auraki Gulf: Natural (istory, Research and Conservation Chris P. Gaskin & Matt J. Rayner (auraki Gulf Forum March Reprinted September with revisions Cover photo: Richard Robinson, Depth NZ/DOC/Northern NZ Seabird Trust Stategi Pla CONTENTS Foreword Abstract Purpose, scope and deinitions . Purpose . Scope and deinitions )ntroduction . National and global seabird hotspot Biology of seabirds Seabirds: Should we care? . Top predators and ecosystem indicators . Ecosystem engineers . Lifeboat for restoration . Seabirds as taonga . Legal protection of New Zealand seabirds . )nternational migrants, international responsibilities Threats to seabirds . )ntroduced predators . (abitat modiication, urban development and disturbance . Marine pollution . )nteractions with isheries State of seabird knowledge for the Wider (auraki Gulf Region W(GR )ndividual species proiles Seabird utilisation of W(GR waters Summarised seabird breeding sites (auraki Gulf and the BirdL)fe global )mportant Bird Area )BA Programme Strategic objectives for seabird research & conservation . Seabird research projects & priorities . Priorities for seabird conservation Acknowledgments References Seaid eseah ad oseaio i the WHGR FOREWORD by John Croxall Chair of BirdLife )nternationals Global Seabird Programme This is a ladak epot aout a egio of top pioit fo Ne )ealad ad of outstadig iteaioal ipotae. It is idel appeiated that Ne )ealad is the seaid apital of the old hih also tesiies to the i- potae of its aie eosstes geeall. Hoee, it is uh less e- ogised that the Hauaki Gulf is oe of Ne )ealad’s outstadig aeas of seaid ad aie iodiesit – ight up thee ith the suatai islads ad the Keade Islads. Moeoe, hat is uiue aout the Hauaki Gulf is that it otais a assie Maie Pak, itself otaiig ie aie esees ad a eepio- al suite of islads, all o the doostep of the lagest etopolis i the South Paii! This epot is also a tiute to the foesight ad isio of those ho estalished the Hauaki Gulf Maie Pak HGMP ad to the Hauaki Gulf Fou fo seekig to pla ad delie that isio – hee eeaioal, oeial ad oseaio iteests a all e aoodated ithi the HGMP ithout detiet to the atual eioet o hih the all deped. The speial otiuio of this epot is foufold: a authoitaie ief eie of the iolog, eolog, status ad distiuio of the eedig seaids of the ide Hauaki Gulf; a suit sua of the ole of seaids o the islads ad i the ates of the egio – ad h e should e oeed aout the; a pla fo ho seaids ould ad should otiute to the aie spaial plaig esseial fo aagig HGMP ad its suoudig seas, otal though deelopig a opehesie ieto of eedig sites liked to oitoig of populaio status ad teds, togethe ith appig thei ke foagig ad igaio aeas at sea thoughout thei aual ad life-les; suaised ut detailed pioiies fo eseah ad oseaio of seaids, i the otet of thei ole ad otiuio to aie ad teestial sstes ad eogisig that futhe eseah is esseial to udepiig ad deelopig ost of the aageet ad oseaio aios. All this ephasizes that a efeie aageet sste fo the HGMP ill euie: a ee oe ok o estoig islads, espeiall though alie pedato ad eed eadiaio, oupled ith stiget ioseuit easues to esue that all gais ae aitaied i pepetuit; ete aageet ad opeaioal paies fo oeial ad eeaioal isheies alike, espeiall to esue that aidetal -ath ad etagleet of top pedatos ae as lo as possile ad that the ehak of sustaiale isheies iludes the efots ade to eliiate adese efets o o-taget ad depedet speies; oopeaie aageet iludig aaeess-aisig of hua aiit i sesiie ailad oastal aeas as ell as islads to iiise distuae to seaids ad the deteioaio ad destuio of thei ke haitats; d ehaed eseah o egioal seaids ad aie eosstes. Ahieig this ill e hallegig. It ill ol happe though geuie pateships ad ollaoaio etee all stakeholdes, as the epot ephasizes thoughout. Ideed, at a ie he aie haitats oldide ae ude itese pessue, opouded the goig oe that goeets, ageies ad opoaios ae eduig oitets to ipoig let aloe estoig the atual eioet, it is eouagig to see eidee hee of e pateships, ideas ad ethusias to t to seue the futue of oe of Ne )ealad’s ost ioi aeas, the Hauaki Gulf. Nohee else i Ne )ealad should so a iizes ad isitos e ale to see the outoes of this etepise; I oed this epot, ad the isio of hih it is a pat, to eeoe. Stategi Pla Photo: Richard Robinson Depth NZ/DOC/NNZST Fairy over prion trevally, (auraki Gulf. Seaid eseah ad oseaio i the WHGR Seabirds of the (auraki Gulf: Natural (istory, Research and Conservation Chris P. Gaskin, Matt J. Rayner Northern NZ Seabird Trust, Leigh Road, RD, Warkworth, AUCKLAND Auckland War Memorial Museum, Private Bag , Victoria Street West, AUCKLAND Authors for correspondence Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract : The Wider (auraki Gulf Regions W(GR striking seabird diversity, together with the combination of multiple predator-free breeding sites on islands and increasingly on the mainland with productive waters close to colonies, makes the W(GR a globally signiicant seabird biodiversity hotspot, remarkable given its proximity to the doorstep of the countrys largest city. )n this strategic plan we present an overview of current knowledge regarding twenty-seven seabird species breeding in the region, including their breeding habitat and provide recommendations to protect seabird species and enhance our understanding of them and their habitats. We stress the need for multi-disciplinary broad- scale long-term studies into ecosystem processes; integration with both spatial planning and threat/risk mapping for the region; advocating for greater awareness of seabirds, their ecology including dispersal post-breeding as well as the multiple threats they face; for greater collaboration between researchers, government agencies, tangata whenua and community groups. We provide background to BirdLife )nternationals global )mportant Bird Area )BA Programme. Seabirds are rebounding in the wake of considerable investment in eradications of mammalian predators from islands and mainland sites within the W(GR. These predator-free sites are vitally important to the survival of a suite of threatened species. Seabirds, as a standout biodiversity feature of marine and terrestrial particularly island ecosystems within the W(GR, require strategic direction regarding their conservation and research. This plan provides that strategic focus. Keywords: Seabirds, (auraki Gulf, strategic planning, research, seabird conservation Stategi Pla PURPOSE, SCOPE AND DEF)N)T)ONS . Purpose The (auraki Gulf State of the Environment Report identiied seabirds as key ecosystem components of the (auraki Gulf Marine Park (GMP and stressed the importance of establishing strategic goals for the protection, sustainability and enhancement of these populations. This strategic plan provides an overview of knowledge regarding all seabird species breeding in the region, their breeding habitat and provides recommendations to protect seabird species and enhance our understanding of their biology. Deined goals include: . Provide species/taxon speciic proiles for all the regions seabird species detailing species speciic knowledge breeding population locations, size, habitats, biology and research to date . Where possible provide information on seabird utilization of the regions waters i.e. the (GMP and adjacent waters including Tasman Sea and Paciic Ocean . Provide summarised data on seabird breeding sites throughout the wider (auraki Gulf region . Provide prioritized recommendations for research on seabirds and seabird habitats within the re- gion . Provide prioritized recommendations for conservation management of seabirds throughout the region . Provide background to BirdLife )nternationals Global )mportant Bird Area )BA programme and recognition of the (auraki Gulf as an )BA for seabirds . Provide crucial information on seabirds for the marine spatial planning process for the (GMP. Scope and deinitions For the purposes of this plan: . We deine seabirds as birds that spend some part of their lifecycle feeding at sea either in inshore or ofshore waters. Seabirds include storm petrels, shearwaters, petrels, giant petrels, albatross- es, gannets, boobies, tropicbirds, frigatebirds, shags or cormorants, skuas, gulls, terns and noddies . The scope of our analysis primarily incorporates seabirds and their breeding sites within the (GMP. (owever, important regional species and/or breeding sites beyond the boundaries of the (GMP are incorporated where they are considered to be important components of the regions ecosystem. Thus, the region covered by our analysis extends from Cape Brett Bay of )slands to Ruamaahua/Aldermen )slands Bay of Plenty and from Poutu North Kaipara (ead to the Waikato River mouth and is termed the wider (auraki Gulf region W(GR. For the purposes of the report this area including the land areas between deines the region. Moreover the land area between Aucklands west coast and the (auraki Gulf will be referred to as the North Auckland seabird lyway Fig . Seabirds spend most of their lives at sea, but breed on land. Seabird colony sites are island and Seaid eseah ad oseaio i the WHGR mainland sites where one or more species are conirmed breeding. Breeding presence is deined as presence of burrows and burrow activity, actual nests with birds, birds incubating eggs, chicks and ledglings or a combination of other observation sources such as carcasses of deceased birds and acoustic recordings showing persistent presence of birds i.e. ground and light calls during likely breeding periods . Although seabird breeding colony boundaries are conined to the land on which the colonies are located, their colony boundaries can, in many cases, be extended to include those parts of the ma- rine environment which are used by the colony for feeding, maintenance behaviours and social interactions Lascelles .
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