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Probe Newsletter, January 1, 1994

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Probe Newsletter, January 1, 1994 I Dramatic 'Cloning' Story Cloned More FearThan Fact- P.4-5 DavidZimmerman 's newsletteron science, media,policy and health Vol. III, No. 2 January 1, 1994, New York,NY $5 AIDS Researchers Shift Course Resistance Studied Rethinking Vaccines ------ -- washington, DC Washington,DC Some people - but not very many - appear to be naturally Results in human trialsof experimentalAIDS vaccinesthus far protected against HIV (human immunodeficiency virus),which have been disappointing. Few if any of the volunteers who causes AIDS. While often exposed to the virus, they do not have been injected appear to have developed a protective become infected. immunity against HIV that comes dire.ctly from other people Some other individuals - again, not many - who are (wild virus). infected (HIV positive) remain disease-free and well for a re­ This dilemma provoked much disc�ion at last month's markably long time. This suggests that they, too, may harbor Instituteof Medicine (IOM) meeting here (seeadjacent story). some innate protective factor(s). The attraction of a vaccine,besides being the only method Theseputative protective factors, whichresearch leaders are that may one day stop the AIDS epidemic, is that, despite tentatively calling ''correlates of protective immunity to HIV setbacks, there are tantalizing clues that this approach might infection," were brought to center stage at a Dec. 10 brain­ work. stonning meeting convened here by the Institute of Medicine One clue is that, as in other infectious diseases, once a (IOM), an arm of the National Academy of Sciences. person has been infected, he or she is protected, as it were, Three factors,participants said, spurred IOM: from a second HIV infection from another person or source. • As time p�s, more and more long-tenn resistors and The evidence for this, virologist Lawrence Corey, M.D., of survivors of HIV infection have become evident and are avail­ the University of Washington, in Seattle, explained, is that able for study. Internist Jay A. Levy, M.D., a pioneer AIDS HIV positive individuals rarely are found to be carrying researcherat the University of California,in SanFrancisco, said more than one or variant, of the virus. (A number of he and his colleagues now have 70 long-tenn survivors among variants,with differentgeographical distributions, have been the thousandsof homosexual men theytreat. identified throughstrain, genetic and molecular comparison.) This • Interesting data is becoming available on some dramatic suggests, Corey said, that people can be successfully pro­ instances of resistance. Particularly,a couple dozen prostitutes tected if vaccines are developed that cause a strong enough continued on page 7 immunologic response, directed toward a common trait of the virus. Alternatively,a vaccine ''cocktail'' that protected God's Blessing? against several or more strains may be needed. magazine's �airobi .corre$1)0ndent, Andrew Purvis, Needs Are Debated found and interviewed Agnes Munyiva, who hasescaped Thediscussion turned often to the riddleof which of thetwo AIDS1ime during her 13 years as a prostitute (Dec. 6). ''To arms of the immune system, the humoral arm that produces feed her family of five," Purvis reports, Munyiva anti-HIV antibodies, or the onethat mobilizes killer T 0 entertains as many as 10 clients a day on her children's cells againstviral invaders,must be activated to protectagainst bed,charging the going rate of2S centsa trick. Her mv. Or, must it beboth? cellular kids - forced to play outside in the· mud while their Most of the current experimental vaccines stimulate bu­ mama'has a guest'-often go hungryon a skimpydiet of moral immunity. Most, too, are made of synthetic (artificial) cornmash.'' fragments of HIV. They have the advantage that they can Nevertheless,Munyiva considersherself lucky. never causean HIV infection; theyare inert. But theyhave the. "Perhaps Godknows that ifhe takes me away, my disadvantage that they challenge the vaccine recipient's im- childrenwould suffer," said. she continued on page6 © 1994, DavidZimmerman, Inc. converted into the neurotransmitter serotonin in the body. Prisoners with a variant of thegene that produced low levels of p serotonin were more violent than prisoners who had an Follow-U ... alternativevariant that yielded higher- and morecalming - levels of serotonin (seestory, p. 7). The Weaselword: We and many others have reported the This researchwas attackedby black activists,who objected cigaretteindustry's strategic ploy, over many years,of keeping to studies that might link violent behaviorto genetic traits. open a window of doubt thatsmoking is dangerous in order to The study originally was sent to Nature, which rejected it. reassure presentsmokers and lure new ones. But it will be published this month by the American Medical A pe_rfect exampleof this arose in the wake of Ed Rollins' Association in its Archives of General Psychiatry. We hear confabulatoryadmission that the Republicans had bribedblack that the study, which has been expanded, contains some sur­ church leaders to hold down the Democratic vote in the New prises-and we'll reporton them next month. Jersey gubernatorial election. The brouhaha that followed # # # providedan opening for New York Timescolumnist Bob Herbert to pointout thattobacco companies have for yearsbeen paying We've been trying to think about the biological, social and off black politicians and reaping positive publicity through criminal definitions of aggression, violence, etc. This is bow sponsorship of events like the Virginia Slims women's tennis we see it: Aggressionis a psychological and physiological trait tournament (N r Times,Nov. 21). that may beexpressed inj uriously asviolence towardoneselfor Herbertprovoked l anaangry riposte from Virginia Slims tour- others. Illegal violence is a crime. namentfouiiaer; eniiis ce B1Ihe Jeari"1Cffig(N.f7im-.� ;-0e_.c .- - ----· ----- -- - ·-- -----�---- 2). She said of the sponsor: Self-destructSyringes: Massachusetts,as we have reported "The Philip Morris executives I know do not hide behind (Feb. '92), passeda law that all syringes sold there, startingthis ignoranceor anything else. They areenlightened people who month, must self-destruct. This means the instruments could understandand acknowledge the possible hazards of smoking." be usedonly once, andthen would break, or lockpennanently The weasel word, of course, is possible. King's use of it, with ethe needle retracted. moreover,is sufficientlyambiguous for it not to be clearwhether Halth workers thus would not suffer needle-stick injuries shemeans hazardous to every smoker - which it is not -or that can transmit AIDS or other diseases. The self-destruct objectively hazardousto many of them. Which it certainly is. (SD) syringes alsowould prevent drug abusersfrom sharing the instrumentsand infecting each other. Drugsfor Violence?: We reported last Aprilthat a violence As the deadline for compliance approached late last year, gene had been located by neuroscientist David A. Neilson, Massachusettsofficials and other interested partiesmet -and Ph.D., and his associates at the National Institute of Alcohol discoveredthat no manufactureris ready andable to supply the Abuseand Alcoholism, in Bethesda, Md. Studying imprisoned safer syringes. An industry source saidthat a one yeardelay for violent offendersin Finland, they foundtwo variantsof a gene enforcingthe law may be needed. that controls the rate at which the amino acid tryptophan is Some safer injection equipment already is being put in place. The Massachusetts General Hospital, in Boston, is switching to syringesthat have automatic sheathing devices - HealthResolutions but may not be tamper-proof enough to keep addicts from reusing them. Offeredfor NewYear The hospital estimated its additional cost at close to $1 . million per year. But, it said, in a study presented to the Medical science hasadv anced crement ly the last year m al m m _American Federation of Clinical .Research that needle-stick its under ding of ays to prevent, diagnose, andtreat illness. � � injuries arecostly, as w;II as dangerous -•and the safer ne�­ But the tmportan� things that people can do forthemselves to equipment will earnback someof this expense. stay healthyremam remarkably constant . --•·------------------ Theyare simple to say, but.harder to do. Here are our perennialhealth resolution proposals: I. Don't smoke. PROBEEditor and Publisher 2. Drive slower; buckle up. David R. Zimmerman Production Comptroller 3. Exercise more. Angela M. Darling Veva H. Zimmerman 4. Eat moderately; consume less fat, more fiber. Circulation: Tom Gilgut 5. Drink alcohol in moderation. PROBE is written and published independently,on a monthly 6. Work and play safely. schedule. Subscription: $53 per year. Editorialoffice: 139 West 13th St., New York City, NY 10011-7856. Phone: 212- 7. See your doctor annually. 647-0200. For subscriptions, Box 1321, Cathedral Station, 8. Practicesafe sex. New Yone, NY I 0025. Contents of thisnewsletter may not be reproducedwithout pennission. ISSN 1062--4155 9. Get flushots and other vaccinations. HEMltEII. NEWSLETTER l'UBLISHEllS ASSOCIATION nn I 0. Relax and enjoy! a Page2 Probe 'Flaws' Killed the time. attention, and disagreement of dozens of scientists, Investigators, and lawyers. [This) all focused essentiallyon the meaningwhich we should,Jve a handful of words and notation contained In one heavily edited Science Cops' paper written by a scientist with limited English sklUs, duringa volatileperiod scientffic cl discovery decade a
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