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Numbers in bold italics indicate a chapter devoted to the topic

abolitionism, 171 , 174 , 268 , 288 ; and American Literature (academic journal), 268 . biographers of RWE, 258 , 262 ; critical See also national literature, U. S. rediscovery of RWE’s commitment, American Peace Society, 177 279–80 ; embraced by RWE, 28 , 97 , 119 , American Revolution, 13 , 21 , 76 , 127–28 , 129 , 122 , 133 , 198–99 , 201 , 208–10 ; and moral 133 , 134 law, 198–99 , 201 ; poetry of, 76 , 78–79 , 81 ; American Studies, 271 , 274 , 277 , 281 and Second Great Awakening, 204 , 209 ; Anastas, Benjamin, 289–90 and self-reliance, 121 Angelou, Maya, 78 Abrams, M. H., 103–104 Anthology Society, 180–81 , 182 , 185 Ackroyd, Peter, 25 antislavery. See abolitionism Adams, Hannah, 41 Appleton publishers, 226 Adams, Henry, 6 Arabian Nights, 43 Adams, James Truslow, 269 Arac, Jonathan, 278 Adirondack Club, 186 , 243 Argersinger, Jana, 189 advertising, Emerson used in, 283 , 287–89 aristocracy, 25 , 27 , 37 , 118 , 130–31 , 141 African American poetry, 77 , 78–79 Aristotle, 119 , 166–67 , 168–69 Agassiz, Louis, 185 , 200 , 243 Arnim, Bettina von, 159 Alcott, Abigail, 157–58 Arnold, Matthew, 71 , 267 , 268 Alcott, Amos Bronson, 64 , 174 ; as abolitionist, Arsić, Branka, 50 97 ; and Asian cultures, 41 , 47 ; describes Asia, 36 , 40–48 ; literature and religion RWE, 172 ; and Emerson household, of, 33 , 61 , 96–97 , 173–74 , 280 . 157–58 ; founds the Town and Country See also monism Club, 182 , 183–84 ; and the Radical Club, Asiatic Society of Bengal, 42 185 ; RWE admires, 164 ; on RWE’s decline, Atlantic Monthly , 97 , 141 , 181 , 225 , 284 ; Atlantic 153 ; and the Saturday Club, 181 ; and the Club, 181 Transcendental Club, 182 Austria, 31 , 32 ; Austrian Empire, 131 Alcott, Louisa May, 64 , 210 , 284 Allen, Gay Wilson, 261–62 Bacon, Francis, 70–71 , 111 , 167–69 , 178n2 Allen & Rowell of Boston, 243 Baker, Carlos, 262 America, 12–20 , 60 . See also American culture ; Bancroft, George, 132 United States, cultural/national rise Baptists, 204 American culture, 34 , 208 , 259 , 265 , 268–69 , Barish, Evelyn, 147 288 ; exceptionalism, 271 , 277 ; prospects/ Barker, Anna, 159 , 160 , 164 destiny, 27 , 38–39 . See also American Beats, 47 literary scholarship (academia) ; American Beaudelaire, Charles, 38 Studies ; global culture ; national Beiser, Frederick C., 116 literature, U. S. Bellew, Frank, 173 American literary scholarship (academia), 18 , Bercovitch, Sacvan, 123 , 277–78 260 , 268–72 , 274–81 Bhagavad Gita, 42 , 43 , 45 , 60 , 173

293

294 Index

Bible, 32 , 84–86 , 87 , 94 , 112 , 115 , 137 ; Greek New idealism, 85 ; On Heroes, Hero-Worship, Testament, 61 , 62 and the Heroic in History , 118 , 249 , 253 ; Binford, Henry, 4 publishing contracts in U. S. negotiated by biography, 257–64 , 285–86 RWE, 24 , 164 , 215–16 , 222 , 223–24 ; racist Bishop, Jonathan, 276 views of, 28 ; requests portrait of RWE, 235 ; Black, James Wallace, 240–42 on technology, 143 ; visited by RWE, 24 , 28 , Blake, David Haven, 251 52 , 87 (fi rst meeting depicted in tobacco Blake, William, 23 advertising, 287–88) Bloom, Harold, 12 Casanova, Pascale, 34 Bonner, Robert, 226 Casper, Scott, 225 Bosco, Ronald A., 147–48 , 263 Cavell, Stanley, 50 , 177 , 278–79 Boston, MA, 3–11 , 21 , 23 , 42 , 61 , 118 , 148 , 149 , Cayton, Mary Kupiec, 222 180 , 184 , 248 celebrity culture, 13 , 233–35 . See also fame Boston and Fitchburg railway, 9 Chambers, Robert, 137 , 138–39 , 196 , 197 Boston Association of Booksellers, 223–24 Channing, Edward T., 13 Boston Athenaeum, 63 , 181 , 185 Channing, W. Ellery (poet), 159 , 160 , 166 , 215 , Boston Daily Evening Transcript , 22 , 25 221 , 222 Bowdoin Prize, 171 Channing, William Ellery (Unitarian Bowen, Francis, 266 minister), 22 , 27 , 49 , 84 , 85 , 88 , 92 , 93 , Bowlby, John, 147 94 , 130 , 182 Brady, Mathew, 234–35 , 240 , 246n11 Channing, William Henry, 193 Brahma, 96 Chapman, John Jay, 267–68 Braudy, Leo, 249 Charleston, SC, 149 Britain, 21–30 , 31 , 52 , 87 , 98 , 129 , 132 , 235 , Chartism, 24 , 25 , 37 248 ; and American Revolution, 128 . Chase, Richard, 277 See also England ; Scotland Cheney, Ednah Dow, 175 Brook Farm, 6 , 157 , 164 , 176 Cherokee Removal, 80 , 174 , 175 Brown, John, 124 , 133 Chevigny, Bell Gale, 160 Brown, Lucy Jackson, 159 Child, Lydia Maria, 190–91 Brownson, Orestes, 157 , 182 , 266 China, 42 Bryant, William Cullen, 77 Christian Enquirer , 225 Buddhism, 42 , 45 , 96 , 174 , 178n2 Christian Examiner , 181 , 216 , 223 Buell, Lawrence, 61 , 97 , 123 , 175 , 177 , 278 , 280 Christianity, 33 , 40 , 63 , 94–98 , 109–112 , 174 , 190 . Bulfi nch, Charles, 7 See also Church of England ; Puritanism ; Bulkeley, Rev. Peter, 13 , 21 Roman Catholicism ; Unitarianism Burke, Edmund, 24 , 129–30 Christian Register , 43 Bushyhead, Jesse, 81 Christy, Arthur, 96 Byron, George Gordon, 76 Chronicle of Higher Education , 18 Church of England, 24 , 25–26 , 27 Cabinet of Natural History, Paris, 98 . Cicero, 167 See also Jardin des Plantes Cincinnati, OH, 14 Cabot, James Elliot, 45 , 258 , 286 Civil War, U.S., 35 , 37 , 262 ; British views of, Cadava, Eduardo, 279 28 ; as moral test, 97 ; and progressivist California, 14 , 60 theory, 115 , 116 ; and Romanticism, 76 ; Calvin, John, 110 RWE’s antebellum speeches, 279 ; RWE’s Calvinism, 148 . See also Puritanism support of Union, 133 , 176 , 201 ; as sequel Cameron, Kenneth Walter, 63 to American Revolution, 134 Carey, Mathew, 224 Clarke, James Freeman, 97 , 185 , 223 , 285 Carey & Hart, publishers, 228 class, 279 Carlyle, Th omas, 23 , 33 , 52 , 74n5 , 150 , 191 , Clemens, Samuel, 147 218 ; compared to RWE, 25 , 266 ; critic of Clough, Arthur Hugh, 132 celebrity culture, 249 ; critiqued in RWE’s clubs, 180–87 English Traits , 2 7 ; French Revolution , 130 ; Cold War, 275 , 276–77 friendship with RWE, 24 , 25 , 28 , 168 ; and Cole, Phyllis, 64 , 147–48 , 189 , 191 , 192 , 193 , 262 , German literature, 115 ; house in London, 263 , 279 237 ; infl uence on RWE, 261 ; and Kantian Colebrooke, Henry Th omas, 42

Index 295

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 33 , 40 , 106 , 270 ; Derrida, Jacques, 166 and genius, 69–71 ; and intuition, 23 , 81 , Descartes, René, 102 , 111 , 178n2 265 ; and Kantian idealism, 76 , 77 , 85–86 , Dewey, John, 120 104–105 (and broadly German idealism, Dial, Th e , 44 , 64 , 96 , 164 , 174 , 181 , 184 , 265–66) ; poetry of, 80 ; visited by RWE, 219n8 , 225 24 , 52 , 87 Dickens, Charles, 25 , 27 , 224 Collected Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson Dickinson, Emily, 78 , 147 (1971–2013), 263 disease and death, 147–54 Collison, Gary, 18 divinity, 40 , 45 , 92–100 , 105–107 , 205–209 . Concord, MA, 3–11 , 17 , 45 , 127 , 129 , 218 , 286 ; See also God antislavery address by RWE in, 199 ; assets Dolan, Neal, 121 of RWE recorded in, 215 ; history of, 13 , 21 ; domesticity. See home, concept of as iconic tourist destination, 290 ; RWE’s Douglass, Frederick, 79 , 184 , 201 home, Bush, 59 , 157–58 , 161 , 164 , 174 , 191 ; Downs, Annie Sawyer, 284 RWE’s involvement with local committees Dred Scott decision, 201 and friends, 174–75 , 262 ; RWE moves to, 3 , Dunbar, Paul Laurence, 78 5 ; schools, 217 Dunn, John, 118 Concord Free Public Library, 10 , 63 , 235 , Duyckinck, Evert, 227–28 237 , 286 Concord Museum, 63 Eckel, Leslie Elizabeth, 27 Concord School of Philosophy, 171 Edinburgh Review , 44 Confucianism, 40 , 44 , 60 , 96 , 174 Edison, Th omas, 141 Constant, Benjamin, 119 , 120 Edwards, Jonathan, 270 Constitution of the United States of America, Egypt, 28 , 60 127 , 128 Eichhorn, Johann Gottfried, 33 , 115 conversation, 163–69 Eliot, T. S., 270 Conway, Moncure D., 242 , 258 , 259 , 286 Elliott, Ebenezer, 74n5 Cooke, George Willis, 258 , 285–86 Emancipation Proclamation, 122 . Cooke, Rose Terry, 78 , 79–80 , 81 See also Lincoln, Abraham Copernicus, Nicolaus, 111 Emerson, Charles Chauncy (RWE’s brother), 51 , Cousin, Victor, 33 , 43 , 115 , 261 148–51 , 155 , 157 , 164 , 214 Crain, Caleb, 169n6 Emerson, Edith (RWE’s daughter), 173 , 176 , 259 Cranch, Christopher Pearse, 172 , 222 , 243 , 284 Emerson, Edward Bliss (RWE’s brother), 148–51 , Crane, Gregg D., 122 , 279 155 , 157 , 213 , 214 critical reception of Emerson, 248–50 , 259 , Emerson, Edward Waldo (RWE’s son), 149 , 158 , 265–82 175 , 176 , 186 , 210 , 243 , 258 , 259 , 286 Crothers, Samuel McChord, 287 Emerson, Ellen Louisa Tucker (RWE’s ﬁ rst Cuba, 149 wife), 51 , 64 , 86 , 148–51 , 153 , 155 , 158 , Cuvier, Baron Georges, 112 , 137 172–73 , 191 , 214 , 215 Emerson, Ellen Tucker (RWE’s daughter), 28 , Dahl, Robert, 118 153 , 158 , 164 , 176 , 191 , 263 Dall, Caroline Healey, 193 Emerson, John Clarke (RWE’s brother), Dalton, John, 139 148, 157 Dante Alighieri, 34 , 60 Emerson, Joseph, 213 Darwin, Charles, 98 , 136–38 Emerson, Lidian (Lydia Jackson; RWE’s second Darwin, Erasmus, 137 wife), 28 , 59 , 64 , 150 , 157 , 158–59 , 160–61 , Davis, Paulina Wright, 176 , 193 , 210 173 , 176 , 183 , 191 , 248 , 263 death. See disease and death Emerson, Mary Caroline (RWE’s sister), 149 , 157 democracy, 15–18 , 75 , 81 , 118–26 , 128 , 277 ; Emerson, Mary Moody (RWE’s aunt), 51 , 86 , and American technology, 141 ; Carlyle 89 , 161 , 213 , 263 ; biography, 262 ; and critiques, 28 ; and cultural opportunity, family history, 155 ; inﬂ uence on RWE, 13 , 13 ; and European revolutions of 1848, 37 ; 63–64 , 93 , 147–48 , 174 , 191 , 262 (discovered excesses of, 268 ; limits of, 17 ; RWE as by Phyllis Cole, 279) ; and religious belief, representative of, 271 ; and slavery, 198–99 84–85 , 93 ; RWE writes to, 43 , 63 , 84 ; on Democritus, 139 society and solitude, 156–57 Depression, the Great, 269 Emerson, Phebe Ripley (RWE’s sister), 149 , 157

296 Index

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, bicentennial of birth under Essays ) ; “Address . . . on . . . the (2003), 288–89 ; centennial of death (1982), Emancipation of the Negroes in the 261 ; scholarly editions, 260 , 261 , 263 , 275 , British West Indies,” 116 , 199 , 201 , 209 , 280 279 ; “Address to the Temperance Society – Writings: Books: Th e Conduct of Life , at Harvard, Massachusetts,” 208 ; “Th e 46 , 163 , 277 ; Emerson’s Antislavery Writings Anglo-American,” 26 ; “Anniversary of West (ed. Gougeon and Myerson), 119 , 197 , Indian Emancipation,” 199 ; “Biography,” 279–80 ; English Traits , 26–27 , 35 , 51 , 114 , 24 ; “Books,” 202 ; “Doctrine of the Soul,” 196–97 , 218 ; Essays [First Series], 25 , 164 , 95 ; “Eloquence,” 13 ; “England,” 26 ; 217 , 248 ; Essays: Second Series , 217; Letters “English Literature,” 24 ; “Fortune of the and Social Aims , 263 ; May-Day and Other Republic,” 201 , 202 ; “Th e Fugitive Slave Pieces , 8 1 ; Nature , 4 , 7 , 40 , 50 , 53 , 55 , 59 , Law,” 208–209 ; “A Historical Discourse,” 70 , 71 , 73 , 88–89 , 93 , 104–106 , 112 , 151 , 155 , 21 , 122 , 129 ; “Home,” 190–91 ; “Human 173 , 205 , 213 , 217 , 223 , 243 , 265–66 , 270 , Culture” (series), 114; “Italy,” 24 ; Later 275 , 284 , 289 ; Parnassus , 80 , 165 ; Poems , Lectures (ed. Bosco and Myerson), 81 , 217 ; Prose Works , 217 ; Representative 262 ; “Lecture on the Times,” 122, 209 ; Men , 26 , 35 , 46 , 75 , 118 , 213 , 223 , 235 , 249 , “London,” 26 ; “New England Reformers,” 250–54 , 257 ; Society and Solitude , 46 , 191 285 ; “An Oration delivered before the – Essays, 276 ; “American Civilization,” Literary Societies of Dartmouth College,” 288 ; “Th e American Scholar,” 15 , 36 , 59 , 285 ; “Th e Peace Principle,” 177 ; “Perpetual 62 , 67 , 81 , 87 , 134 , 164 , 192 , 221 , 246 , Forces,” 201 ; “Th e Philosophy of History” 250 , 280 , 289 ; “Art,” 54 ; “Character,” 129 ; (series), 114 ; “Th e Present Age” (series), 114 ; “Circles,” 118 , 124 , 207–208 ; “Clubs,” “Progress of Culture,” 202 ; “Reforms,” 192 ; 186 ; “Compensation,” 97 , 121 , 130 ; “ Th e Relation of Man to the Globe,” 55 ; “Discourse Manqué,” 176–77 ; Divinity “Remarks at the Meeting for Organizing School Address, 44 , 75 , 76 , 93–95 , 97 , the Free Religious Association,” 206 ; 110 , 172 , 205–207 , 223 , 248 , 266 , 275 , 289 ; “Science,” 24 , 112 ; “Th e Times,” 248 , 251 ; “Domestic Life,” 191 ; “Ethnical Scriptures,” “ Th e Transcendentalist,” 102 ; “Th e Uses of 44 , 96 , 174 ; “Experience,” 151 , 261 , 275 , 278 ; Natural History,” 55 ; “Woman,” 193 “Fate,” 15 , 90 , 152 , 261 , 275 ; “Friendship,” – Letters, 149 ; 260 (ed. Rusk); 263 163–69 ; “Heroism,” 49–50 , 75 , 129 , (Th e Emerson Brothers: A Fraternal 193 ; “History,” 115 , 123 ; “Illusions,” 107 ; Biography in Letters, ed. Bosco and “Intellect,” 50 , 101 ; “Literary Ethics,” 75 ; Myerson) “Love,” 194 ; “Manners,” 9 ; “Th e Method – Poems, 64 , 75–82 , 226 , 275 ; “Boston of Nature,” 75 , 112 , 129 ; “Montaigne, or Hymn,” 76 ; “Brahma,” 178n5 ; “Concord the Skeptic,” 152 ; “Nature,” 90 ; “New Hymn,” 129 ; “Hamatreya,” 76 , 80 , 81 ; Poetry,” 221 ; “Nominalist and Realist,” 153 ; “Indian Superstition,” 43 ; “Merlin,” 81 ; “ Th e Over-Soul,” 95–96 , 98 ; “Plato, or the “Ode, Inscribed to W. H. Channing,” 76 , Philosopher,” 45–46 , 75 , 257 ; “Th e Poet,” 8 1 ; “ Th e Rhodora,” 80 , 81 ; “Th e Snow- 75 ; “Poetry and Imagination,” 75 , 139 ; Storm,” 80 , 81 “Politics,” 123–24 ; “Th e Present State of – Sermons, 93 , 261 , 271 , 275 Ethical Philosophy,” 171 ; “Quotation and Emerson, Robert Bulkeley (RWE’s brother), Originality,” 62 , 63–64 ; “Self-Reliance,” 149 , 155 , 157 , 214 40 , 49 , 105 , 171 , 172 , 190 , 192 , 198 , 251 , Emerson, Ruth Haskins (RWE’s mother), 253 , 261 , 275 , 289 , 290 ; “Uses of Great 157 , 214 Men,” 50 , 250 , 252–54 , 257 ; “Wealth,” 114 ; Emerson, Waldo (RWE’s son), 149–51 , 153 , 155 , “Woman,” 279 ; “Worship,” 98 ; “Th e Young 164 , 275 American,” 114 Emerson, William (RWE’s brother), 33 , 52 , 115 , – Journals, 46 , 61 , 70 , 93 , 109 , 111 , 114 , 147 , 148 , 150 , 151–52 , 157 , 174 , 214 , 215 , 216 149 , 151 , 152 , 163 , 197 , 198 , 199–201 , 218 , Emerson, William (RWE’s father), 13 , 42 , 92 , 261 , 272 , 275 ; Journals and Miscellaneous 147–49 , 157 , 180–81 , 213 Notebooks , 197 , 261 , 275 ; Poetry Notebooks , Emerson, William (RWE’s grandfather), 13 275 ; “Wide World,” 43 Emerson, William (RWE’s nephew), 149 – Lectures and Addresses , 81 , 93 , Emerson Society website, 243 , 246n5 , 246n13 , 143 , 163 , 222 , 226 , 248 , 261 , 266 , 271 , 247n21 272 , 275 , 284–85 . (see also various titles Engels, Friedrich, 127

Index 297

England, 32 , 34 , 35 , 51 , 132 , 177 , 196 , 248 . Fugitive Slave Law, 119 , 133 , 199, 208–209 See also Britain Fuller, Ellen, 160 Enlightenment, Th e, 16 , 111–16 , 128 , 178n2 Fuller, Margaret, 37 , 64 , 81 , 222 ; assesses RWE, Epicureanism, 167 284 , 285 ; and Th e Dial , 44 ; German ethics, 76 , 80 , 97 , 121 , 155–61 , 166 , 171–79 , language, 39n1 ; “Th e Great Lawsuit,” 223–25 , 227–28 194 ; infl uence on RWE revealed in ethnicity, 279 . See also race letters, 263 ; introduced to Carlyle by Europe, 31–39 , 76 , 149 , 158 , 213 , 269 ; concept RWE, 191 ; Memoirs , 193 , 216 ; on oral of nature compared to U.S. concept, 88 ; performances as origins of RWE’s essays, inventions used in U. S., 141 ; philosophy 266 ; relationship with RWE, 159–61 , and literature of, 61 , 280 ; revolutions of 164–66 , 176 , 184 , 189 , 191 , 194 , 210 ; and 1848, 37 , 127 , 130–34 ; Romanticism, roots Roman revolution, 131 ; Summer on the of, in, 265 ; toured by RWE, 49 , 51 , 52–54 , Lakes publishing contract negotiated by 87 , 118 , 150 , 153 RWE, 215 , 216 ; and Transcendental Club, Everett, Alexander H., 22 , 226 182 , 184 Everett, Edward, 13 , 21–22 , 24 , 52 , 114 , 115 Fuller, Randall, 263 evolution, 97–98 , 112 , 136–38 , 140–41 , 197–98 Examiner Club, 181 Galileo, 111 , 112 existentialism, 177 Galvani, Luigi, 140 Gama, Vasco da, 41 fame, 248–56 Garvey, T. Gregory, 18 , 121 , 122 family, 155–62 , 258 , 259 , 262 , 263 , 286 Gay, Martin, 169n6 Faraday, Michael, 98 , 139–40 gender, 76 , 164 , 188–95 , 202 , 279 Federalists, 118 Gérando, Joseph Marie, Baron de, 43 feminist criticism, 279 ; poetry, 77–78 , 81 . Germany, 31 , 33 , 38 , 52 , 131 , 214 ; literature and See also women’s rights history of, 115–16 ; philosophical idealism Ferguson, Adam, 113 of, 177 , 265 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 85 Gilbert, Armida, 193 Field, Peter, 118 Gladstone, William E., 28 Finney, Charles, 204–205 , 210 , 211 Glidden, George R., 200 Finseth, Ian, 279 global culture, 21 , 27 , 35–36 , 47 , 54 , 60 , 88 , Firkins, O. W., 259 96–97 , 280 First Church in Boston, 92 , 213 God, 93–95 , 98 , 156 , 178n2 ; biblical First Parish Church, Concord, 154 depiction of, 40 ; and nature, 84–85 , 87 , Flanagan, G. Borden, 118 89 , 92 , 111 , 204–207 ; RWE’s experience Foord, Sophia, 157 of, 54 , 204–207 ; and scientifi c Forbes, Edith Emerson, 263 theory, 138–39 ; as source of right to Forbes, John Murray, 176, 259 freedom, 198 ; within each person, 40 . Forbes, William Hathaway, 217 , 259 See also divinity Forster, William, 132 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 33 , 35 , 36 , 39n1 , Forten, Charlotte, 280 52 , 79 , 115 , 120 , 137 , 261 Foss, Eliphalet, 245 Goodrich (Goodridge), Sarah, 235 Fourier, Charles, 37 , 157 Goodwin, William W., 167 Fox, George, 24 , 209 Gougeon, Len, 18 , 119 , 122 , 130 , 209 , 211 , 258 , France, 23 , 26 , 28 , 31 , 32 , 37 , 38 , 52 , 87 , 131 261 , 262 , 279–80 Francis, Convers, 175 , 284 Greece, 31 , 52 ; literature and philosophy of, Franklin, Benjamin, 41 , 61 32 , 178n2 Free Religious Association, 97 , 185 , 206 Greeley, Horace, 223 , 225–26 , 248–49 French, Daniel Chester, 236 , 243 , 245 , 286 Greenspan, Ezra, 223 French Revolution, 31 , 76 , 127 , 128–30 , 132 , 134 Grozelier, Leopold, 237 Freud, Sigmund, 257 Grusin, Richard, 51 friendship, 155–61 , 163–70 , 175–76 , 248 , 262 , 263 , 286 Habermas, Jürgen, 119 , 120 , 122 Frost, Barzillai, 217 Habich, Robert D., 286 Frothingham, Octavius Brooks, 172 Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich von, 138 Fruitlands, 157 H a fi z (Hafez), 44 , 45 , 174

298 Index

Hale, Edward Everett, 181 individualism, 33 , 36–37 , 110 , 120–22 , 130 , 157 , Hamilton, Alexander, 119 , 120 177 , 192 , 265 , 268 , 275 , 277 , 280 , 283 . Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph von, 45 See also self-reliance Harding, Walter, 61 , 63 industrialism, 7–9 , 23 , 35 , 109 , 141 ; Industrial Harper & Brothers, publishers, 227–28 Revolution, 127 , 131 Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins, 78–79 Ireland, 9 Harpers Ferry, 133 Ireland, Alexander, 235 , 258 , 286 Harvard College, 6 , 21 , 22 , 33 , 52 , 67 , 114 , 115 , Irving, Washington, 22 , 287 118 , 149 , 192 , 213 ; library, 63 Islam, 45 , 96 ; Islamic culture, 44–45 Harvard Divinity School, 13 , 86 , 92 , 93 , Italy, 23 , 28 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 38 , 52–53 , 87 , 131 205–207 , 266 Harvard University Press, 275 James, Henry, 53 , 267 , 268 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 141 , 160 , 185 , 192 , 271 , James, Henry, Sr., 248 284 , 287 James Munroe and Company, 218n1 , 223 , 225–26 Hazlitt, William, 249 Jamison, Kay Redfi eld, 147 , 152 Hedge, Frederic Henry, 76 , 164 , 165 , 182 Japan, 60 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 33 Jardin des Plantes, 34 , 55 , 87 Hemans, Felicia, 80 Jarvis, Edward, 9 Herder, Johann Gottfried von, 33 , 115 J e ff erson, Th omas, 109 , 118 Higgins, Richard, 289 Jehlen, Myra, 278 Higginson, Th omas Wentworth, 97 , 193 Jesus Christ, 94 , 96 , 110 , 204–205 Higher Criticism, 33 , 52 John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Hinduism, 42–43 , 45 , 46 , 96 , 173 , 174 Company, 283 historical criticism of the Bible. See Higher Johnson, Samuel (U. K.), 23 , 43 , 69–70 , 72 Criticism Johnson, Samuel (U. S.), 97 history, 109–117 Jones, William, 41 , 42 , 43 Hitopadesa,̣ 44 Journal of Unitarian Universalist History , 288 Hoar, Elizabeth, 157 , 166 Judaism, 110 Hobbes, Th omas, 178n2 Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de, 87 Hobsbawm, Eric, 109 Hodgson, Brian Houghton, 42 Kahan, Alan S., 121 Hogarth, William, 23 Kant, Immanuel, 33 , 76–77 , 80 , 85 , 101 , 102–105 Holbrook, Josiah, 14 Kaplan, Amy, 190 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 62 , 148 , 185 , 200 , 257 , Karcher, Carolyn, 200 258 , 267 , 286 Kateb, George, 121 , 251 , 255n9 home, concept of, 157–58 , 188–92 , 194 Keane, Patrick, 104 Hooper, Ellen Sturgis, 64 Keats, John, 76 , 77 , 80 , 81 Horton, George Moses, 78 Keyes, John Shepard, 160 Hosmer, George Washington, 8–9 Knox, Robert, 197–98 Houghton, Miffl in and Company, Kossuth, Louis, 133 219n10 Houghton Library, Harvard University, 63 , Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 137 237 , 288 Landor, Walter Savage, 69–70 , 159 , 160 Howe, Daniel Walker, 113 languages, 60 , 62–63 , 64 Howe, Irving, 12 Lathrop, Rose Hawthorne, 237 Howe, Julia Ward, 180 , 184 Laud, Archbishop William, 21 Humboldt, Alexander von, 115 Lavoisier, Antoine, 139 Hume, David, 113 , 178n2 Lawrence, D. H., 269 Hutton, James, 139 League of Nations, 177 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von, 102 Iceland, 60 Leucippus, 139 icon, Emerson as American, 258 , 283–91 . Leverenz, David, 191–92 See also biography ; fame Levine, Alan M., 122 iconography. See portraits Lewis, R. W. B., 277 immigration, 8 , 9 , 38 , 277 Lincoln, Abraham, 77 , 122 , 124 ; Emancipation India, 42–43 , 60 Proclamation, 76 , 176 , 133

Index 299

Literary History of the United States , 271 Methodism, 204 literary nationalism. See national literature, U. S. Mexico, 32 . See also War with Mexico literature, 27 , 67–74 . See also national Michaels, Walter Benn, 278 literature, U. S. Michaud, Régis, 260 Little, Brown, and Company, 215–16 , 222 Mickiewicz, Adam, 131 Locke, John, 102–103, 114 Midgley, R. L., 5 London, England, 23–24 , 25 , 28 , 35 , 37 , 99 ; Mill, John Stuart, 120 London Times , 132 Miller, Perry, 85 , 204 , 207 , 269–70 , 271 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 23 , 185 , 227 , Milnes, Richard Monckton, 132 , 266 285 , 287 Milton, John, 23 , 24 , 32 , 72 , 76 , 208 Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, 37 mind, human, 85 , 98–99 , 101–108 Louisiana Purchase, 32 Mitchell, Charles T., 263 Louis-Philippe, the “Citizen King,” 37 , 131 Modernism, 268–69 , 272 , 274 Lovejoy, Elijah, 122 Mole, Tom, 252 Lowell, James Russell, 147 , 181 , 186 , 284–85 money, 113 , 213–20 Lucretius, 139 monism, 45 , 177 Luther, Martin, 110 , 209 Monroe Doctrine, 32 lyceum, 183 . See also oratory Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de, 34 , 71–72 , Lyell, Charles, 112 , 139 167–68 Monthly Anthology , 42 , 156 , 180 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 119 Morse, Sydney L., 286 Mackintosh, Sir James, 69 Moulton, Louisa Chandler, 185 Madison, James, 120 Muir, John, 15 Mahābhārata, 43 Mumford, Lewis, 140 , 268 , 270 Major, William, 18 , 289–90 Murray, John, 223 Malta, 23 , 33 Myerson, Joel, 18 , 119 , 147–48 , 182 , 246n3 , Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, 101 263 , 280 Manifest Destiny, 35–36 , 288 mysticism, 33 , 136 Mann, Horace, 160 manuscript culture, 155 Napoleon, 23 , 31–32 , 35 , 127 , 128–29 Marsh, James, 76 , 85 Napoleon III, 132 Marshall, P. David, 249 National Archives, 246n11 Marshman, Joshua, 44 national literature, U. S., 21–22 , 27 , 35–36 , Martí, Jose, 81 , 280 270–72 , 280 Marx, Karl, 127 , 131 nationalism, 67 Marx, Leo, 277 , 278 Native American cultures, 76 ; poetry, 77 , 80–81 . Marxist critics, 259 See also Cherokee Removal Massachusetts Historical Society, 263 , 288 nature, 79 , 84–91 , 92 , 99 , 111 , 136–43 , 174 , Massachusetts Quarterly Review , 285 250–51 ; and the Adirondack Club, 186 ; and materialism, 16 , 175 , 222 , 265 , 267 aesthetics, 75 ; as attraction to Concord, Mather, Cotton, 40–41 MA, 5 ; and correspondence with spirit, Matthiessen, F. O., 260 , 269–71 , 275 , 277 , 287 105–106 ; domestication in, 190–91 ; Max Müller, Friedrich, 42 , 43 emptiness for RWE after Waldo’s death, May, Henry F., 112 150 ; European and American experiences Mazzini, Giuseppe, 131 , 133 of, contrasted, 88 ; and great men, 253 ; and McAleer, John, 262 language, 59 , 71 ; in Philosophers’ Camp , McCaﬀ rey, Alexander, 158 painting by W. J. Stillman, 243 ; and McGee, W. J., 141 poetry, 81 ; relation to ethics and society, McMillin, T. S., 263 172 ; Romantic sublimity of, 34 ; and self- McWilliams, Wilson Carey, 121 culture, 143 ; threat of progress to, 14–15 . Mead, Edwin D., 171 , 174 , 206–207 See also Jardin des Plantes ; God: and nature Meghadūta , 44 Neoplatonism, 33 Melville, Herman, 147 , 192 , 227, 271 , 284 New Americanists, 278 Menand, Louis, 276–77 New Criticism, 259 , 272 , 275 Mendeleev, Dmitri, 139 New Deal, 269 mesmerism, 107 New Englander, Th e , 225

300 Index

New Yorker , 288 Poe, Edgar Allan, 77 , 287 Newcomb, Charles King, 222 poetry and poetics, 75–83 Newton, Isaac, 85 , 111 Poirier, Richard, 276 New-York Ledger , 226 Poland, 131 New York Times , 287 , 289 Pope, Alexander, 23 New-York Tribune , 131 , 185 , 223 , 225–26 , 249 , 285 Porte, Joel, 49 , 274 Nicoloﬀ , Philip L., 26–27 , 196–97 portraits, 233–47 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 38 , 64 , 109 , 123 , 166 postmodernism, 274 Noddings, Nel, 174 poststructuralism, 277 North American Review , 284 poverty, 6 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 113 , 131 , 259 Norton, Andrews, 94 , 172 , 266 , 269 pragmatism, 28 , 141 , 143 , 259 , 274 , 276–77 , 279 Notman, John Sloan, 243–44 Presbyterianism, 204 Nott, John C., 200 Prescott, William Hickling, 24 Novalis (Friedrich von Hardenberg), 33 Priestley, Joseph, 41 progress, 14–16 , 136 , 140–42 Old Corner Bookstore, 185 Progressive critics, 259 Olmsted, Frederick Law, 5 Proust, Marcel, 280 oratory, 13–18 , 71 publishers, 215–18 , 221–29 Orth, Ralph H., 246n3 Pullman, George, 15 Osgood, Frances Sargent Locke, 81 Puritanism, 84–86 , 88 , 92–93 , 94 , 110 , 116 , 270 , O’Sullivan, John, 36 271 , 274 , 277 Otis, Harrison Gray, 7 Putnam, George, 182 Ottoman Empire, 41 Ovid, 78 Quakerism, 174 Owen, Richard, 98 , 137 Quincy, Josiah, 6–7 Quincy, Josiah, Jr., 6 Painter, Nell, 197 , 203n6 Quinet, Edgar, 41 Paley, William, 137 , 178n2 Qur’ān, 45 , 60 Palfrey, John Gorham, 22 Panic of 1837, 215 , 222 race, 26 , 75 , 78 , 169n6 , 184 , 188–89 , 194 , pantheism, 89 196–203 , 279 Paris, France, 25 , 33 , 35 , 37 , 53 , 55 , 98 , 129 , 131–32 Radical Club, and Th e Radical , 181 , 184 , 185 Parker, Robert Dale, 80 Ralph Waldo Emerson Society. See Emerson Parker, Th eodore, 71–72 , 94 , 97 , 132 , 200 , 266 Society website Parker House, 185 Ray, Angela, 14 Parrington, Vernon L., 120 reading, 59–66 Parton, James, 224 reconstruction, 201 Patterson, Anita Haya, 197 Reed, Sampson, 106–107 Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer, 41 , 61 , 185 , 263 , 265 , reform, 9 , 17–18 , 204–212 ; biographers on 266–67 RWE’s involvement, 258 , 261 , 262 ; Peabody, Ephraim, 24 domestic, 157–61 ; literature of, 72 ; Peabody, Mary, 160 paradox of institutions devoted to, Peabody, Sophia, 160 182 ; and periodical press, 227 ; of print peace movement, 171 media, 226 ; and religion, 110 , 204–207 ; Pease, Donald, 278 Romantic aesthetics and poetics of, 75–82 ; Perkins, Stephen H., 24 self-reform, 192 . See also abolitionism ; Persian religion and culture, 45 , 60 , 174 temperance Phillips & Sampson, publishers, 223 Reid, Th omas, 106 , 178 Phillips, Wendell, 17 , 201 religion, 33 , 43 , 50 , 60 , 75 , 84–85 , 204–207 , 258 , photography. See portraits 265 , 267 . See also divinity phrenology, 106 revolution, 25 , 26 , 37 , 76 , 127–35 Plato, 62–64 , 75 , 119 , 123 , 164 , 166–67 , 169 Revolutionary War. See American Revolution Platonism, 96 , 177 Reynolds, David S., 226 Plotinus, 104 , 105 , 107 Richardson, Robert D., Jr., 52–53 , 60–61 , 63 , 67 , Plutarch, 167 , 257 73 , 172–73 , 176 , 261 , 278 Pocock, J. G. A., 120 Richardson, Todd H., 258

Index 301

Ripley, George, 94 , 176 , 182 Second Great Awakening, 94 , 110 , 204–211 Ripley, Sarah Alden Bradford, 62 self-culture, 49–52 , 67 , 120 , 136 , 141 , Robinson, David, 121 , 159 , 198 143 , 208 Röer, Edward, 45 self-reliance, 121 , 193 ; as alternative to Brook Rogers, Isaiah, 14 Farm, 157 ; depicted by RWE biographers, Roman Catholicism, 110 , 178n2 259 , 262 ; and ethics, 172–74 , 177 ; Francis Romanticism, 36 , 138 ; aesthetics and poetics of, Bacon’s lack of, 71 ; limits of, 151 ; and the 75–81 ; celebrity culture as extension of, Old World, 36–37 ; opposes convention 252 ; European, 33–34 , 85 , 93 , 265 ; and the and celebrity, 251–53 ; RWE validates human mind, 103–105 ; and modern life, for American public, 234 , 283 ; and critique of, 23 ; and science and technology, Th oreau, 72 RWE’s views on, 136 , 142 ; and Second Shakers, 157 Great Awakening, 204 Shakespeare, William, 32 , 67 , 70 Rome, Italy, 33 , 131 Shattuck, Lemuel, 9 Rose, Anne C., 155 , 159 Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 76 , 77 , 81 Rossi, William, 139 Shklar, Judith, 123 Rotch, Mary, 174 Silsbee, Case of Boston, 238 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 72 Simpson, Lewis P., 197 Rowe, John Carlos, 279 Sinche, Bryan, 18 , 289–90 Rowse, Samuel Worcester, 239–40 Skinner, Quentin, 120 Roy, Rammohan, 43 slavery, 17–18 , 71 , 76 , 78–79 , 128 , 131–33 , Rusk, Ralph L., 186 , 260–61 , 262 188–89 , 191 , 193 , 198–201 , 209–210 , 280 . Russell, Mary, 157 , 160 See also abolitionism Russell, Phillips, 260 Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, 286 Smith, Adam, 113 Saadi, 44 , 45 , 174 Smith, Elizabeth Oakes, 237 Sacks, Kenneth, 67 , 119 , 123 Smith, Henry Nash, 277 Saint-Hilaire, Étienne Geoff roy, 137 Smith, Horatio G., 245 Sales, George, 44 Smith, Sydney, 22 San Juan, Puerto Rico, 149–50 Social Circle of Concord, 182–83 Sanborn, Franklin Benjamin, 215 , 233 , 237 , socialism, 37 , 275 238 , 241 Socrates, 167 Santayana, George, 267 Southworth and Hawes (daguerreotypists), Sartre, Jean Paul, 177 237–38 , 239 Saturday Club, 181 , 185–86 , 243 Sowder, William J., 26 Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von, Spain, 32 33 , 85 Spiller, Robert E., 271 , 274 Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von, Spinoza, Benedictus de, 102 77 , 150 Springfi eld Republican , 225 Schlegel, August Wilhelm von, 33 St. Augustine, 109–110 Schlegel, Friedrich von, 33 St. Louis, MO, 14 Schleiden, Matthias Jakob, 138 Staël-Holstein, Anne-Louise-Germaine Necker, Schleiermacher, Friedrich (Ernst Daniel), 33 Baronne de, 33 , 52 , 72 , 115 , 261 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 38 Stearns, George, 201 Schreiner, Olive, 280 Stewart, Dugald, 178n2 Schwann, Th eodor, 138 Stillman, William James, 186 , 243 , 285 science, 16 , 55 , 60 , 70 , 85–87 , 93 , 97–99 , Stoicism, 96 , 167 , 178n2 106–107 , 111–12 , 136–44 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 188–90 , 192 , 193 Scotland, 21 , 24 , 34 , 243 ; Scottish Sturgis, Caroline, 159 , 160 , 164 , 165–66 , 167 , Enlightenment, 112–16 176 , 263 Scott, David, 242–43 suburbia, 4–6 Scott, Walter, 80 , 221 S u fi sm, 44 , 174 Scottish Common Sense philosophy, 21 , 52 , 106 , Sumner, Charles, 185 136 , 178n2 Swedenborg, Emanuel, 105–107 , 157 Second Church in Boston, 6 , 8 , 22 , 33 , 51 , 92 , Swift, Jonathan, 23 94 , 118 , 150 , 214 , 215 Switzerland, 34

302 Index

Taylor, Edward Th ompson, 95 204–206 , 266 ; RWE as culmination technology, 13 , 15 , 114–15 , 136–44 , 224–25 , 227 of, 274 ; and RWE’s upbringing, 92–94 , temperance, 171, 205 , 207–210 110–11 , 114 Th ackeray, William Makepeace, 218 United Nations, 177 Th oreau, Henry David, 62 , 69 , 156 , 164 , United States, cultural/national rise, 35–36 , 39 , 166 ; as abolitionist, 97 ; and American 202 , 204 . See also nationalism manhood, 191–92 ; and Asian cultures, University of Missouri Press, 275 41 , 44 , 47 , 96 , 174 ; and democratic Upanishads, 45 theory, 123 ; and domestication at Walden, Updike, John, 288–89 190–91 ; and Emerson household, 158 , 176 ; UUWorld , 289 funeral oration for, by RWE, 72–73 ; and immigrants, 9 ; personality and lecturing Van Buren, Martin, 80 , 175 compared to RWE, 284–85 ; poetry of, Van Cromphout, Gustaaf, 178n2 80 ; RWE admires, 175 ; RWE infl uences, Van Schalkwyck, Mary, 156 64 ; RWE tries to negotiate publishing Vedas, 43 , 46 contract for A Week , 215 , 216 , 222 ; and Very, Jones, 215 , 222 technology, 142 ; Walden , 190–91 , 274 , Victoria, Queen, 23 275–76 ; A Week on the Concord and Vietnam War, 277 Merrimack Rivers , 226 Virgil, 3 Th oreau, Rebecca Kettell, 156 Vishnu Purāna,̣ 45 Th orpe, Th omas Bangs, 15 Volta, Alessandro, 140 Ticknor and Fields, 219n10 von Frank, Albert J., 279 Tilton, J. E., 240 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 141 Walker, James, 182 Tompkins, Jane, 278 Walls, Laura Dassow, 16 , 61 , 139 , 279 Town and Country Club, 181 , 182 , 183–86 War of 1812, 21–22 , 32 Trachtenberg, Alan, 233 War with Mexico, 25 Trail of Tears. See Cherokee Removal Ward, Samuel Gray, 159 , 160 , 164–65 , 185 , transatlantic culture, 12 . See also global culture 215 , 222 Transcendental Club, 164 , 176 , 180–82 , 184 , 186 Ware, Henry, Jr., 94 , 95 Transcendentalism, 37 , 41 , 44 , 94 , 155 , 160–61 ; Washington, George, 129 and Asian religions, 96–97 ; central to wealth, 24 , 26 , 27 , 37 , 113 American culture, 275 ; and democracy, Webster, Daniel, 25 , 133 , 134 122–23 ; depicted by RWE biographers, Weisbuch, Robert, 22 , 52 , 53 259 , 261 ; and the domestic, 190 ; Emerson Wellington, Jeduthun, 4 and, 60 ; limitations of, 151 ; Mary Moody Wesley, John, 209 Emerson infl uence on, 147 ; and moral law, West, Cornel, 197 , 277 198–99 ; and nature, 90 ; promoted by RWE West Indies, 149 through print media, 223 ; and reform, 279 ; West, the American, 49 and Romanticism, 75 , 85 ; self-culture and Western Messenger , 223 pragmatism in, 143 ; source of name, 102 ; Whicher, Stephen E., 261 , 275–76 , 278 , 279 , and women, 64 280–81 travel, 14–15 , 22 , 23–26 , 28 , 32 , 33–35 , 37 , 38 , Whipple, Edwin Percy, 267 49–56 , 153 Whipple, John A., 240 Tridgell, Susan, 262–63 White Mountains, 51 Tudor, William, 9 Whitfi eld, James M., 79 Turner, Frederick Jackson, 88 Whitman, Walt, 64 , 77–78 Whittier, John Greenleaf, 79 , 287 Unitarianism, 13 , 67 , 84 ; attacks on RWE Wider, Sarah Ann, 259–60 , 261 by representatives, 223 , 266 ; fi nances Wiley and Putnam, publishers, 216 , 223–24 , Transcendentalist Western Messenger , 226 , 228 223 ; and higher criticism, 33 ; orthodoxy Wilkins, Charles, 42 , 44 , 45 rejected by RWE, 198 ; and reform-minded Williams, Wallace E., 250 ministers, 182 ; RWE criticizes, 173–74 , Wills, Gary, 122

Index 303

Wilson, A. N., 23–24 Worcester, MA, convention, 192 . Wilson, Edmund, 275 See also gender Wilson, Eric, 139 Wood, Gordon, 120 Wilson, Horace H., 42 , 44 , 45 Wordsworth, William, 23 , 72 , 79 ; and Wilson, Leslie Perrin, 61 , 63 expression, 103–104 , 106 ; merges politics Wilson, R. Jackson, 222 and poetry, 76 , 77 , 81 ; Romantic poetics Wilson, Woodrow, 177 of, 80 ; and rural life, 3 ; visited by RWE, 3 , Winship, Michael, 225 24 , 52 , 87 Winters, Yvor, 269 World War I, 268 women’s rights, 18 , 171 , 176–77 , 184 , 189 , World War II, 274 192–94 , 202 , 205 , 210–211 , 280 ; Wortham, Th omas, 184 Boston, MA, convention, 193 ; Seneca Falls, NY, convention, 184 , 192 ; Zendavesta, 44 and Town and Country Club, 184 ; Zoroaster, 44