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House-Infesting Ants of the Eastern United States

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1.0 1.0 1.1 111111. 25 111111.4 111111.6 111111.25 111111.4 111111.6_ MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANCARDS-1963-A NATIONAL BUREAU Of STANDARDS-1963-A HOUSE·INFESTING ANTS of THE EASTERN UNITED STATES Their Recognition, Biology, and Economic Importance By Marlon R. Smith Entomology Research Division Technical Bililetin No. 1326 Agricultural Research Service UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WISllInIton. D.C. Issued May 1985 For sale by the Superintendent or Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Wasblngton, D. C., 20402 • Price 45 cents Contents page Introduction___ _____ __ __ __ _____ __ ___ __ __ ____ __ _ ________ ____ __ ____ _ 1 Classification and Bionomics____________________________________ 2 Economic Importance_______ _________ _ _________ ________________ 4 Collecting, Shipping, and Identifying Ants________________________ i Key to Subfamilies of Formicidae_____________________________ ~------ 9 Keys to Species_ ______ ___ __ ___ ___ __ ___ _ _ ____ _______ ___ __ ___ ____ _ __ 10 Discussion of the Species___________________________________________ 17 Labidus coecus (Latreille) __ __ __ ____ _____ _______ _______ __ ______ __ 17 NeivQ,myrmex nigrescens (Cresson)________________________________ 18 Neivamyrmex opacilhorGX (Emery) _ ______________________________ 19 Aphaenogaster lamellidens Mayr_________________________________ 20 Aphaenogaster rudis (Emery)_.... ________________________________ 21 Aphaenogaster tennesseensis (Mayr)______________________________ 23 Aphaenogaster fulva Roger______________________________________ 24 Pheidole bicarinata vinelandica ForeL_____________________________ 25 Pheidole jloridana Emery_ _____ ____ _____________________________ 26 Pheidole dentata Mayr__________________________________________ 27 Crematogasler ashmeadi Mayr___________ _____ ____________ ___ ____ 28 Crematogaster cerasi (Fitch) _ __ ___ ___ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _______ ____ ___ ___ _ _ 30 Orematogaster clara Mayr_______________________________________ 31 Crematogaster lineolata (Say) _ ____ __ __ __ ___________________ __ __ __ 32 Monomorium minimum (Bucklcy)_______________________________ 33 Monomorium pharaonis (Linnaeus)______________________ ________ _ 34 Monomorium jloricola (Jerdon) _ __________ ___ ___ _______________ __ 36 J.lonomorium destructor (Jerdon) __ __ __ ___ ___ _ _ _ __ _ ___ __ __ ___ ___ __ 37 Solenopsis xyloni McCook______________________________________ 38 Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius) ____ __ ____ __ _ _ ___ __ _ _ _______ __ _ _ _ _ 40 Solenopsis saevissima riehteri ForeL______________________________ 41 Soienopsis molesta (Say)________________________________________ 43 Tetramorium caespitum (Linnaeus)_______________________________ 45 Tetramoriu1Tl. guineense (Fabricius) __ .:__ ___ __ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ __ ___ __ ____ _ 47 Wasmannia auropunctata (Roger) ____ _____ _ _ _ _____ __ _____ __ _ _ __ _ _ 48 At/a texana (Buckley) _ ___ ___ ___ ________ ____ _____________ __ _ ___ _ 50 lridomyrmex humilis (Mayr)____________________________________ 52 Iridomyrmex pruinosus (Roger)__________________________________ 54 Dorymyrmex pyramicus (Roger) ____ ________ ______________ _______ 56 Tapinoma sessile (Say)_________________________________________ 57 Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabricius) _______________ -___________ 59 Campanotus castaneus (Latreille) ____ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ ____ ____ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ 60 Camponotus torluganus Emery_______________________ .___________ 62 Camponotus pennsylvanieus (DeGeer) _ ____ _____________________ __ 63 Camponotus ferrugineus (Fabricius) _ __ ______ _________________ __ __ 67 Cl1mponotus abdominalis jloridanus (Buckley)______________________ 69 Camponotus earyae discolor (Buckley)____________________________ 70 Camponotus nearcticus Emery_______ _______________ _____ ________ 72 Campanotus rasilisWheeler__________ ___ _ __ _____________________ 73 Paraireckina longicornis (Latreille) ___ ___ __ _____ _ _ _ _ ___ __ _ ____ ____ _ 74 Paratreehina (Nylan'ri.eria) spp___________________________________ 76 Prenolepis impllris (Say) _______ __ _ _________ ____ __ ____ __ _ ____ __ __ 78 Lasius alienus (Foerster)_______________________________________ 80 Lasius neoniger Emery __ __ _ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ __ ______ __ ___ _ _____ _ 81 Lasius umbratus (Nylander)_____________________________________ 84 Acanthomyopsclaviger (Roger)_________ ___ __ __ __ ____ _____ __ _____ _ 86 Aeanthomyops interjeetus (Mayr)_________________________________ 88 Acanthomyops murphyi (Forel) _ ________ ___ _ _ __ _ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _______ 89 Acanthomyops latipes (Walsh)____________________________________ 91 Glossary____ _ __ __ ____ _ _ _ ___ ___ _ ____ _ _ _ _ __ ___ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ __ __ __ ___ _ __ 93 Bibliography______________________________________________________ 98 n HOUSE·INFESTING ANTS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES: Their Recognition, Biology, and Economic Importance By .Marion R. Smith,' entomologist, Entomology Research Di'visioll, A.gricllltural He,'!earc:h Servic:e INTRODUCTION Eaelt yeal' numorous reql1c.c;ts for information on the identification :Lnd cont.l"Ol of hOllse-infesting ants are reeeived by various Federal and State agencies, colleges and uni\'cI'Sitics, boar'ds of health, and pest-controlopemtol's, 1ne! i \·id uals in these organ izations who handle sHell requc..:;ts find tlt('.I1lS('\;'es greatly handicapped because of the lack () f eomprehcnsi H1 litL'm/ lIl'e (btling with COllllllon house-infesting ants. Often they are llllallle to identil'y the ants either to genus or species. This bulletin has been pre.pared to take care of some of t.he needs of techni('al and semitechnical \\'orkm·s. Ho\\'c\'cr, no attempt has been nUH1(\ to l'o\'er the highly specialized Held of :tnt. control. Origina.lly, I had hoped to include all house-infesting ants of the United Sta.tes. I~('('au;:)e of the l!wk of kllO\~'ledg-e of th~se il~lts in sev~rall'egions, espe­ ('[[dly W('stem ~iOrtll j\JlIet'lca, It. was tnougllt best to lllclude only ants of the eastern l~nitcd State". Howe\'er, IlHlny of the ant.s discussed occur also in tho "re...;tel'll States, In this bulletin I have furnished keys to species, based on workers of [L11 t.he well-known, house-infesting ants of the eastern United States. Each speeiesis fully descl'ibec! and figm'ed, and its biology and eeonomie importance discussed, I have also given the avn-ila,hle ('omnlOn n~unes of the spceies (includin~ t.hose ttppl'oved by the Ento­ molo~i(':tl Society of Amel'ien); stateel whether the alit WitS intro­ dueed, ilnd if so, its prollable oL"iginaJ hOllle; outlined its range of dis­ tribution, especially ill the rnitNl States; and indica,ted whether it has been confused with othCl' species. Technical terms are given in ft glos..:;ary. Imporbwt. referenl'es al'e listed under each species and also in the bibliogra,phy. Because the biology of only It very few ants has boon intensi\'cly studied, much of t.he informat.ion given is hased on miscellaneous oiJ::;el'vations. Although the bulletin deals primarily with ants as house pests, e\'el'y way in which a species is known to be inimi('al to mall is also mentioned. 'Yhen ants infest. a house, they may be represented by workers, female.s, or males, 01' any possible combinat ion of these castes. Since the worker is the most common, tl'oulliesome, nnd best known, this bllllet.indea.ls with it. only. Smith (1!H:3) presents a means of identifying males to genus, and Creighton (lV50), of females amI workers to speeies. However, the identification of males and females to species is a difficult task and is not generally recommended. 1 Retired. 1 2 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1326, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Classification and Bionomics Ants belong to the order Hymenoptera, which also includes the 'wasps and bees. The ants comprise the family B'ormicidae, and are distinguished from their nearest relatives by two important charac­ ters: Ona of these is the differentiation of the abdomen into two well­ marked regions-a slender, one- or two-segmented, freely moving ped­ icel, and a largel', more compact terminal portion, the gaster; the oth~r separating character is the elbowed antenna, in which the first seg­ ment, or scape, is greatly elongated in both the female and the worker. In the male, the antenna frequently does not appear to be elbowed, since the scape is not al ways noticeably lengthened. .Ants can be distinguished f!"om termites, with which they are com­ monly confused, by the strong constriction or "waist" between the thomx and the abdomen, and the two pairs of wings of which the an­ teriOl' pair is much larger than the posterior pair, ,both having few \'eins. Termites, on the other hand, have two pairs of wings, approxi­ mately eqtutl in size with numerous vains. They have a tendency to lose their wings more teadily than the ants. Termites also differ from the winged ants in that the abdomen is broadly joined to the thorax, There are normally three distinct castes of ants: Workers, females, and males. The male is generally winged, and retains its wings until death. Its size is usually intermediate between that of the worker and the female, and the male is characterized by its protruding genital appendages, the presence of ocelli, poorly developed or vestigial man­ dibles, and extraordinarily large eyes, which are out of proportion to the remainder of the head. Apparently, the sole flUlction of the maJa is to mate with the unfertilized female; when mating has been accom­ plished, the male perishes. Mating may take place in the nest, on the ground, or in the ILir. Ma.1e.c;; are produced in old or very large colonies only, where there is an abundance of food, since much nourishment is required to bring males to maturity. After attaining maturity, the ma.le usually does not rema,in long in the parental nest. After leav­ ing it, he may even succumb to predators ttnd the elements without having mated. The female, generally the largest of the three castes, normally pos­ sesses wings but loses thrun after mating. She usually possesses three ocelli in addition to the pair of large compound eyes, a large thorax to accommodate the two pail'S of wmgs, and a large abdomen for the production of numerous eggs.
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  • Spatial and Temporal Occurrence of Beet Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Moths in Mississippi

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    Armyworm Symposium 2002: Adamczyk et al. 229 SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL OCCURRENCE OF BEET ARMYWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) MOTHS IN MISSISSIPPI J. J. ADAMCZYK, JR.1, M. R. WILLIAMS2, J. T. REED2, D. W. HUBBARD1 AND D. D. HARDEE1 1USDA, ARS, Southern Insect Management Research Unit P.O. Box 346, Stoneville, MS 38776 2Mississippi State University, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology Clay Lyle Building, Mississippi State, MS 39762 ABSTRACT Throughout 1994-2000, adult beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) populations were monitored in the delta and hill regions of Mississippi using pheromone traps. Signifi- cant differences in the mean number of moths trapped were found among different geo- graphical areas of the state. A trend was observed where the greatest number of moths was found in the Mississippi Delta, located in the western region of the state. The lowest number of moths was found in the hills located in the eastern region of the state. An annual profile of beet armyworm populations in the western section of the Mississippi Delta also revealed that wide-scale immigration of this pest typically begins at 200 Julian days (mid-July). This date could be used as a benchmark to determine when and if population levels are high enough to have the potential to cause economic damage to crops in the Mississippi Delta. Key Words: Spodoptera, migration, movement RESUMEN A travéz de los años 1994 a 2000, se realizaron un monitoreo de las poblaciones de adultos del gusano trozador de la remolacha, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) en las regiones de la Delta y las colinas del Estado de Mississippi usando trampas de feronomas.
  • A Survey of the Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Arkansas and the Ozark Mountains Joseph O'neill University of Arkansas, Fayetteville

    A Survey of the Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Arkansas and the Ozark Mountains Joseph O'neill University of Arkansas, Fayetteville

    University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Horticulture Undergraduate Honors Theses Horticulture 12-2011 A Survey of the Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Arkansas and the Ozark Mountains Joseph O'Neill University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/hortuht Recommended Citation O'Neill, Joseph, "A Survey of the Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Arkansas and the Ozark Mountains" (2011). Horticulture Undergraduate Honors Theses. 1. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/hortuht/1 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Horticulture at ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Horticulture Undergraduate Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. A Survey of the Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Arkansas and the Ozark Mountains An Undergraduate Honors Thesis at the University of Arkansas Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the University of Arkansas Dale Bumpers College of Agricultural, Food and Life Sciences Honors Program by Joseph C. O’Neill and Dr. Ashley P.G. Dowling December 2011 < > Dr. Curt R. Rom < > Dr. Ashley P.G. Dowling < > Dr. Donn T. Johnson < > Dr. Duane C. Wolf ABSTRACT Ants are among the most abundant animals in most terrestrial ecosystems, yet local fauna are often poorly understood due to a lack of surveys. This study separated and identified ant species from arthropod samples obtained during ongoing projects by the lab of Dr. A.P.G. Dowling, Professor of Entomology at the University of Arkansas. More than 600 ants were prepared, 284 of which were identified to genus and 263 to species.