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1 Acknowledgements We thank all of the researchers who collected and analysed (re)municipalisation cases. We also thank Asima Shaikh, Philip Glanville, Rebecca Rennison, Ellen Lees, Thomas Hanna, the Community Broadband Networks Initiative and the Institute for Local Self-Reliance (ILSR), Jan Winde and Fred Peeters (FNV), Rick van der Zwet (Wireless Leiden), the Platform for the Remunicipalisation of Public Services in Madrid, Alicia Sanchez, Olga Zhankevich and Vera Weghmann. They kindly provided information of (re)municipalisation cases and/or agreed to integrate their set of data with the global list of (re)municipalisation. Karin Jordan provided her editorial support to the earlier stage, while Madeleine Bélanger Dumontier, our editor for the book, has woven these diverse contributi- ons into a coherent and easily readable shape. Thank you. Finally, our thanks go out to all authors who contributed chapters, all actively engaged with research, advocacy and activism to build a democratic public future, and who provided their expertise and insight. Their contributions are essential to understand the ongoing and dynamic process and the challenges around (re) municipalisation around the world. 2 The Future is Public: Towards Democratic Ownership of Public Services tni.org/futureispublic Edited by Satoko Kishimoto, Lavinia Steinfort and Olivier Petitjean Copy editor Madeleine Bélanger Dumontier Infographics and book design Karen Paalman Cover image design Evan Clayburg MAY 2020 Published by Transnational Institute (TNI), Multinationals Observatory, Austrian Federal Chamber of Labour (AK), Canadian Union of Public Employees (CUPE), Danish Union of Public Employees (FOA), De 99 Van Amsterdam, The Demo- cracy Collaborative (US), European Federation of Public Service Unions (EPSU), Ingeniería Sin Fronteras Cataluña (ISF), MODATIMA (Movement of defence of water, land and the environment, Chile), Municipal Services Project (MSP), the Netherlands Trade Union Confederation (FNV), Norwegian Union for Municipal and General Employees (Fagforbundet), Public Services International (PSI), Public Services International Research Unit (PSIRU), University of Glasgow (Scotland) and We Own It (UK). Researchers for the global list of (re)municipalisations Alexander Panez Pinto (Latin America); Bjørn Pettersen, Kristen Dalby (Norway); Blanca Bayas, Míriam Planas, Arnau Piqué, Manuel Fontaíña (Spain); Dania Putri (health care); Eirin Sundby(overall); Marie Therese Kane, Meryl Goeke (US, telecom) and Mary Grant (US, water); Mary Ann Manahan (Southeast Asia); Olivier Petitjean (France); Per Brøgger, Maibrit Georg (Denmark); Renata C. Boulos (Brazil); Robert Ramsay, Karin Jordan, Kimalee Philip (Canada). Research coordination Satoko Kishimoto([email protected]), Lavinia Steinfort ([email protected]) and Laura Stegemann Amsterdam and Paris ISBN 9789071007002 Copyright: This publication and its separate chapters are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 license. You may copy and distribute the document, in its entirety or separate full chapters, as long as they are attributed to the authors and the publishing organisations, cite the original source for the publication on your website, and use the contents for non-commercial, educational, or public policy purposes. 3 Table of contents Infographics - (Re)municipalisation 11 country profiles 6 Introduction by the Editorial Team 17 Part 1. Reclaiming public services around the world 32 Chapter 1 Norway: Bankruptcy sparks more than 100 cases of 33 remunicipalisation- By Nina Monsen and Bjørn Pettersen Chapter 2 Paris celebrates a decade of public water success - By 47 Célia Blauel Chapter 3 Canada: Local insourcing in face of national 55 privatisation push - By Robert Ramsay Chapter 4 Problems without benefits? The Danish experience 67 with outsourcing and remunicipalisation - By Thomas Enghausen Chapter 5 Africa: Private waste service failure and alternative 79 vision - By Vera Weghmann Chapter 6 National, regional and local moves towards public 94 ownership in the UK - By David Hall Chapter 7 Putting the ‘public’ in public services: 112 (Re)municipalisation cases in Malaysia and the Philippines - By Mary Ann Manahan and Laura Stegemann Chapter 8 Rebuilding public ownership in Chile: Social practices 127 of the Recoleta commune and challenges to overcoming neoliberalism - By Alexander Panez Pinto Chapter 9 United States: Communities providing affordable, fast 138 broadband Internet - By Thomas M. Hanna and Christopher Mitchell 4 Part 2. From (re)municipalisation to democratic public ownership 152 Chapter 10 A new water culture: Catalonia’s public co- 153 governance model in the making - By Míriam Planas and Juan Martínez Chapter 11 The empire strikes back: Corporate responses to 165 remunicipalisation - By Olivier Petitjean Chapter 12 The labour dimension of remunicipalisation: Public 177 service workers and trade unions in transition - By Daria Cibrario Chapter 13 Knowledge creation and sharing through public- 191 public partnership in the water sector - By Milo Fiasconaro Chapter 14 Transforming the state: Towards democracy-driven 201 public ownership - By Hilary Wainwright Chapter 15 Putting energy democracy at the heart of a Green 215 New Deal to counter the climate catastrophe - By Lavinia Steinfort Conclusion by the Editorial Team 230 Appendix 1 Research methodology 249 The organisations 253 How to get involved 255 5 Infographics (Re)municipalisation 11 country profiles TOTAL NUMBER CANADA OF CASES 51 Remunicipalisation 34 Municipalisation 17 Transport Waste Telecommunications 2 7 3 Health care & Water Education social services 8 2 14 Local government Housing 1 Highlights Food and catering 1 15 • Since 2017, there have been more than 20 new cases of (re)municipalisation Parking 3 in water, waste, transport, telecommunications and health care sectors. Sports and cultural activities 2 • The 15 remunicipalisations in local government include housing, parking, security, police station construction and recreation services. Financing and maintenance 6 • Interesting remunicipalisation cases include solid waste (Winnipeg, Other 2 Manitoba) and waste water (Taber, Alberta and Owen Sound, Ontario). • Reclaiming public services leads to more economically effi cient and better quality services. 6 Infographics - (Re)municipalisation 11 country profiles TOTAL NUMBER FRANCE OF CASES 156 Remunicipalisation 155 Municipalisation 1 Transport Waste 21 3 Energy Water Highlights 2 109 • Around 70% of all cases took place in the water sector, which has seen a wave of remunicipalisation since 2000, including large cities such as Paris, Rennes, Grenoble, Nice and Montpellier. • Paris is a signifi cant model for remunicipalisation, with the introduction of groundbreaking democratic accountability mechanisms, an emphasis Local government on access to water for all, including homeless people and migrants, and Food and catering 4 adaptation to climate change - while keeping prices lower than they were 21 Sports 1 before remunicipalisation. Parking 3 • Access to organic, local food in school restaurants and childcare is another sector where progressive cities and local authorities are reinventing public services, with the creation of municipal farms and innovative procurement policies. • Several cities like Paris and Rennes have introduced innovative partnerships with the farming sector to protect water catchments, encourage a shift to organic production and create new markets for them through procurement and public labels. 7 Infographics - (Re)municipalisation 11 country profiles TOTAL NUMBER GERMANY OF CASES 411 Remunicipalisation 255 Municipalisation 156 Health care & Waste Telecommunications social services 12 35 2 Energy Water Education 305 18 5 Local government Housing 4 Highlights 34 Food and catering 2 • With fi nancial support from the federal government, new municipal and Public (green) space maintenance 3 intermunicipal partnerships have provided broadband services in more than 200 municipalities over the last ten years. Security and emergency services 11 • As part of the German Energiewende (energy transition), municipalities Building cleaning and maintenance 6 reclaimed more than 300 energy services and networks. Sports 5 • In Berlin, the district government of Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg brought back Cultural activities 3 apartment blocks in an attempt to prevent rising rents in 2018. In Spandau and Reinickendorf, the local government brought back 6,000 formerly privatised apartments in 2019. 8 Infographics - (Re)municipalisation 11 country profiles TOTAL NUMBER NORWAY OF CASES 42 Remunicipalisation 39 Municipalisation 3 Health care & Waste social services 19 18 Highlights Local government • In 2017, more than 100 municipalities took public control over their waste collection after RenoNorden's bankruptcy. Building cleaning and maintenance 4 5 • Merging small towns into one municipality provided an opportunity for inter- Security and emergency services 1 municipal remunicipalisation or creation of an integrated municipal company with public sector solidarity and capacity building. • Remunicipalisation of care services (nursing homes, elderly care) and local government services (staffi ng agency) are signifi cant. • Strong and strategic role of workers' unions in the process of remunicipalisation. 9 Infographics - (Re)municipalisation 11 country profiles TOTAL NUMBER SPAIN OF CASES 119 Remunicipalisation 105 Municipalisation 14 Health care & Waste social services 6 14 Energy Water Education
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