Anexo 2. Análisis De Blade Runner 2049 (2017)

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Anexo 2. Análisis De Blade Runner 2049 (2017) Grado en Historia y Ciencias de la Música UNA APROXIMACIÓN AL “ANÁLISIS MUSIVISUAL” APLICADO A BLADE RUNNER Y BLADE RUNNER 2049 Trabajo de Fin de Grado Autor: Víctor Pajares Hontoria Tutores: Susana Moreno Fernández y Miguel Díaz Emparanza Almoguera Junio 2018 Curso Académico 2017/2018 UNA APROXIMACIÓN AL “ANÁLISIS MUSIVISUAL” APLICADO A BLADE RUNNER Y BLADE RUNNER 2049 Fdo.: Víctor Pajares Hontoria Susana Moreno Fernández Miguel Díaz Emparanza Almoguera Fecha: 15/06/2018 Sin música la vida sería un error. (Friedrich Nietzsche) Resumen El presente trabajo ofrece una aproximación al “análisis musivisual” que establece Alejandro López Román en su tesis Análisis Musivisual: una aproximación al estudio de la música cinematográfica, aplicado a las bandas sonoras de Blade Runner y Blade Runner 2049. La elección de este tema para mi TFG viene dada por mis estudios en el Grado de Historia y Ciencias de la Música en la Universidad de Valladolid y por mis intereses personales en la creación y el funcionamiento de las bandas sonoras de ambos largometrajes. Este trabajo pretende ofrecer un acercamiento a la caracterización de la música dentro ámbito cinematográfico, analizando su relación con la imagen a través de la discriminación auditiva. Asimismo, encuadra argumental y técnicamente las películas analizadas y ofrece una breve semblanza de los compositores implicados en la creación de ambas bandas sonoras, por un lado, Vangelis y, por otro lado, Hans Zimmer y Benjamin Wallfisch. Este trabajo actúa a modo de introducción para posibles investigaciones futuras sobre ambas bandas sonoras. Agradecimientos A Mikel y Susana por permitirme sacar adelante este trabajo. Listado de gráficos Gráfico 1. Funciones musivisuales de Blade Runner y Blade Runner 2049...................49 Gráfico 2. Funciones físicas de Blade Runner y Blade Runner 2049.............................49 Gráfico 3. Funciones psicológicas de Blade Runner y Blade Runner 2049....................50 Gráfico 4. Funciones cinematográficas de Blade Runner y Blade Runner 2049............51 ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDOS 1. Introducción........................................................................................................9 1.1. Justificación del tema de estudio..................................................................12 1.2. Objetivos.......................................................................................................12 1.3. Estado de la cuestión....................................................................................13 1.4. Marco teórico, fuentes y metodología..........................................................15 1.5. Estructura del trabajo....................................................................................19 2. Presentación de las películas.............................................................................21 2.1. Blade Runner (1982)....................................................................................22 2.2. Cortometrajes...............................................................................................24 2.3. Blade Runner 2049 (2017)...........................................................................25 3. Presentación de los compositores y las bandas sonoras.................................29 3.1. Vangelis........................................................................................................30 3.2. Banda sonora de Blade Runner....................................................................32 . 3.3. Hans Zimmer y Benjamin Wallfisch............................................................33 3.4. Banda sonora de Blade Runner 2049...........................................................35 4. Análisis de las bandas sonoras..........................................................................37 4.1. Análisis de Blade Runner (1982)..................................................................38 4.2. Análisis de Blade Runner 2049 (2017).........................................................44 4.3. Conclusiones del análisis..............................................................................49 5. Conclusiones.......................................................................................................55 6. Bibliografía y recursos documentales..............................................................59 6.1. Bibliografía...................................................................................................60 6.2. Recursos documentales.................................................................................60 Anexos.................................................................................................................63 1. INTRODUCCIÓN El presente trabajo consiste en una aproximación al análisis de las bandas sonoras de las películas Blade Runner (1982), dirigida por Ridley Scott y Blade Runner 2049 (2017), dirigida por Denis Villeneuve, para el que tomo a modo de guía principal la tesis de Alejandro López Román, Análisis Musivisual: una aproximación al estudio de la música cinematográfica1. Las principales motivaciones por las que he escogido centrar este TFG en esta temática y perspectiva analítica son diversas. En primer lugar, la amplia bibliografía disponible en torno al análisis de la música cinematográfica, lo que me permite desarrollar de forma adecuada los objetivos propuestos, es decir, parto de una base documental y analítica afianzada en torno al tema escogido. En segundo lugar, la amplia variedad de films que podemos encontrar dentro del género de ciencia ficción, de entre los que Blade Runner (1982) se ha afianzado como un film pionero a lo largo del tiempo. Destaca especialmente su trama argumental, basada en la novela de Philip K. Dick Do Androids Dreams of Electric Sheep? (¿Sueñan los androides con ovejas eléctricas?)2. Su secuela, Blade Runner 2049 (2017) continúa centrándose en la trama argumental del film original. Cabe destacar que en estos treinta y cinco años que separan las dos películas, los avances tecnológicos en cuanto a imagen y sonido hacen que esta secuela haya sido galardonada con dos premios Oscar a mejor fotografía y a mejores efectos especiales. Por último, mi principal motivación para elegir este objeto de estudio reside en la calidad de las bandas sonoras compuestas para sendas películas. Tanto Vangelis como Hans Zimmer son reconocidos por ser dos de los compositores más influyentes de la música cinematográfica, ambos en sus respectivos periodos de tiempo. Es singular la forma en la que crean la atmósfera musical para ambas películas, objeto principal en el que centro el análisis de este estudio. El “análisis musivisual” abarca el análisis musical sobre la partitura, material cuya disposición es de difícil alcance en las obras musicales que analizo. Soy consciente de que para que este trabajo cumpliera mayores expectativas debería abordar todo el conjunto de parámetros que el “análisis musivisual” establece, con el objetivo de extraer 1 Alejandro López Román, “Análisis Musivisual: una aproximación al estudio de la música cinematográfica” (tesis doctoral, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, 2014). 2 Philip K. Dick, ¿Sueñan los androides con ovejas eléctricas?, trad. por César Terrón (Barcelona: Edhasa, 2005). 10 de forma fehaciente una síntesis analítica completa. Sin embargo, Alejandro López Román no sólo parte del análisis sobre la partitura, sino que también toma como fuente principal el propio largometraje, fuente sobre la que enfoco mi análisis con el objetivo de que este trabajo respete las competencias y objetivos de aprendizaje establecidos en el plan estudios del Grado en Historia y Ciencias de la Música. No obstante, los criterios metodológicos apuntados por Román han tenido que ser adaptados según las necesidades que éste trabajo requiere. El planteamiento a desarrollar en esta exposición se encuadra dentro del programa educativo establecido en dicho Grado. En particular, a partir de asignaturas como “Escribir sobre Música: teoría y métodos”, “Música y medios audiovisuales”, e “Informática aplicada a la música” se adquieren las competencias y los recursos profesionales adecuados para llevar a cabo esta línea de investigación. La música aplicada a los medios audiovisuales es un arte funcional, cuya existencia se debe a la de otro arte en el que se cobija. Música y cine coexisten influyéndose recíprocamente. En la música cinematográfica no se puede visualizar el intérprete, por lo tanto, la imagen complementa el significado musical y viceversa, el fruto de esta interacción nos proporciona el contexto global de la película3. Hay que tener en cuenta que el concepto de banda sonora conjuga música y sonorización como un todo. En un largometraje nos encontramos cómo se conjugan tres elementos principales: imagen, sonido y música. Estos tres elementos se unifican bajo el término de “lenguaje musivisual” definido como “un lenguaje específico de la música situado en el cine y desde el cine, entendido no sólo desde un punto de vista estructural, rítmico y sonoro-material, sino también desde las relaciones semióticas y de significado en relación con la interacción que establece con la imagen y el argumento”4. Es decir, hay que realizar un análisis exhaustivo de todos los elementos presentes en el largometraje, por lo tanto analizar la música en el audiovisual debe suponer ir un paso más allá del análisis musical puramente convencional. 3 Román, “Análisis Musivisual”, 99. 4 Román. “Análisis Musivisual”, 91. 11 1.1. Justificación del tema de estudio Al
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