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Socio- Religious Reform Movements in 19Th Century

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Socio- Religious Reform Movements in 19Th Century Socio- Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century Modern History Modern History: 7 - Socio-Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century Q. What was sati & what does it mean? The term sati literally means a 'pure & virtuous woman'. It was applied in case of a devoted wife who contemplated perpetual & uninterrupted conjugal union with her husband life after life & as proof thereof burnt herself with the dead body of her husband. ● Indian reformers led by Ram Mohan Roy launched a frontal attack on the evil of sati. ● With an eye, to the coming Charter debates in the British Parliament and anxious to get a renewal of its charter for another 20 years by presenting a creditable image of its activities in India, the Court of Directors encouraged Bentinck to enact legislation to suppress sati who banned it in1829. Modern History: 7 - Socio-Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Father of the Indian Renaissance Modern History: 7 - Socio-Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century Raja Ram Mohan Roy ● Used logical reasoning & rational thinking ● 1814: Set up Atmiya Sabha in Calcutta ● Supported David Hare to set up Hindu college 1817 ● Founded Vedanta College at Calcutta in 1825, where he introduced Mechanics & Voltaire’s Philosophy. ● Wrote Gift to Monotheists (1809) ● Opposed Idol Worship ● Translated to Bengali the Vedas & 5 Upanishads ● Demanded property inheritance rights for women. Modern History: 7 - Socio-Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century Political Activist ● Roy condemned oppressive practices of Bengali zamindars & demanded fixation of maximum rents. ● He also demanded abolition of taxes on tax free lands. ● He called for a reduction of export duties on goods abroad & abolition of the Company's trading rights. ● He demanded judicial equality. Modern History: 7 - Socio-Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century Internationalist ● He was influenced by the French Revolution. ● He stood for cooperation of thought & activity & brotherhood among nations. ● He supported the revolutions of Naples & Spanish America & condemned the oppression of Ireland by absentee English landlordism & threatened emigration from the empire if the reform bill was not passed. Modern History: 7 - Socio-Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century Brahmo Samaj ● Main theme “Nirguna Sapna” (formless worship) ● Purpose was to purify Hinduism. ● Promoted Monotheism – Oneness of God. ● The new society was to be based on the twin pillars of reason & the Vedas & Upanishads. ● Most of all it based itself on human reason which was to be the ultimate criterion for deciding what was worthwhile & what was useless in the past or present religious principles & practices. Modern History: 7 - Socio-Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century Brahmo Samaj (Cont…) ● Followers of Samaj were Keshab Chandra Sen ,Debendra Nath Tagore, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Ashwani Kumar Datta, Derozians , Prasanna Kumar Tagore, Chandrashekhar Deb & Tarachand Chakravarty, 1st secretary of the Brahmo Sabha. ● After Roy’s death, Debendranath Tagore headed Brahmo Sabha Tagore repudiated the doctrine that the Vedic scriptures were infallible. ● 1839-founded Tattvabodhini Sabha. ● The Tattvabodhini Sabha & its organ the Tattvabodhini Patrika promoted a systematics study of India's past in the Bengali language. Modern History: 7 - Socio-Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century Brahmo Samaj (Cont…) ● The Samaj actively supported the movement for widow remarriage, abolition of polygamy, women's education & opposed superstitious practices & rituals. ● Samaj denied the need for a priestly class for interpreting religious writings. ● Brahmo Samaj split, Keshub Chandra Sen , A M Bose left & started “All India Brahmo Samaj”. ● Under D Tagore, it was Adi Brahmo Samaj ● AM Bose & Shiv Narayan Shastri started Sadharan Brahmo Samaj. Modern History: 7 - Socio-Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century Previous Year Questions Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding Brahmo Samaj? 1. It opposed idolatry. 2. It denied the need for a priestly class for interpreting the religious texts. 3. It popularized the doctrine that the Vedas are infallible. Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Modern History: 7 - Socio-Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century Q2. Consider the following : 1. Calcutta Unitarian Committee 2. Tabernacle of New Dispensation 3. Indian Reform Association Keshab Chandra Sen is associated with the establishment of which of the above? (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer: (b) Modern History: 7 - Socio-Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century Henry Vivian Derozio ● Teacher in Hindu college Calcutta 1826-31. ● Started the Young Bengal movement. ● Inspired by French revolution. ● Had radical thoughts of liberty & freedom. ● Derozio was perhaps the 1st nationalist poet of modern India. ● Due to his early demise the movement came to an end ● SN Banerjee described the Derozians as “the pioneers of the modern civilization of Bengal, the conscript fathers of our race whose virtues will excite veneration & whose failings will be treated with gentlest consideration”. Modern History: 7 - Socio-Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar ● Worked for the cause of emancipation of women. ● Promoted education among girls & set up institutions for them. ● As a Government Inspector of Schools, he organised 35 girls' schools, many of which he ran at his own expense. ● As Secretary to the Bethune School, he was one of the pioneers of higher education for women. ● All his life he campaigned against polygamy. ● Due to his efforts Widow Remarriage Act was passed in 1856. Modern History: 7 - Socio-Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar (Cont…) ● In 1850, he protested against child-marriage. ● Principal of the Sanskrit College. ● He opened the gates of the Sanskrit college to non-Brahmin students. ● To free Sanskrit studies from the harmful effects of self-imposed isolation, he introduced the study of Western thought in the Sanskrit College. ● He also helped found a college which is now named after him. ● He also devised a new Bengali primer & evolved a new prose style. Modern History: 7 - Socio-Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century Theosophical Society ● Started by Helena Blavatsky, Henry Steel Olcott, William Quan Judge in New York in 1875. ● After a few years Olcott & Blavatsky moved to India & established the International Headquarters at Adyar. ● Theosophists advocated the revival & strengthening of the ancient religions of Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, & Buddhism. ● They recognized the doctrine of the transmigration of the Soul. ● They also preached the Universal Brotherhood of Man. ● As religious revivalists the Theosophists were not very successful. Modern History: 7 - Socio-Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century Theosophical Society (Cont…) ● Movement led by westerners who glorified Indian religions & philosophical tradition. ● This helped Indians recover their self-confidence, even though it tended to give them a sense of false pride in their past greatness. Annie Besant and Theosophical society ● 1907- Elected as its President. ● Worked for revival of Hinduism -its philosophy & modes of worship. ● Founded the Central Hindu college at Banaras which was later developed by Madan Mohan Malaviya into the Banaras Hindu University. ● Organized Home Rule Movement. Modern History: 7 - Socio-Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century Previous Year Question Annie Besant was 1. Responsible for starting the Home Rule Movement 2. The founder of the Theosophical Society 3. Once the President of the Indian National Congress Select the correct statement/statements using the codes given below. (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Modern History: 7 - Socio-Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century Jyotiba Phule ● Started the Dalit Movement ● Was against upper class Brahminical domination ● Satya Shodhak Samaj is a religion established by him in 1873. ● This was started as a group whose main aim was to liberate the Shudra & Untouchable castes from exploitation and oppression. ● Phule used the symbol of Rajah Bali as opposed to the, Brahmin's symbol of Rama. Modern History: 7 - Socio-Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century Jyotiba Phule (Cont…) ● He openly condemned the inequality in the religious books, orthodox nature of religion, exploitation of masses by the means of it, blind & misleading rituals & hypocrisy in the prevalent religion. ● Advocated the ideals of human well being in broader aspects, human happiness, unity, equality, & easy religious principles & rituals. ● 1851: Phule & his wife started a girls' school at Poona & soon many other schools came up. ● Active promoters of these schools were Jagannath Shankar Seth & Bhau Daji. Modern History: 7 - Socio-Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century Jyotiba Phule (Cont…) ● Through his writings & activities Phule always condemned caste hierarchy & the privileged status of priests in it. ● Wrote Gulamgiri & Sarvajanic Satyadharma. ● Phule was also a pioneer of the widow remarriage movement ● Another prominent worker in this field was Karsandas Mulji who started the Satya Prakash in Gujarati in 1852 to advocate widow remarriage. ● Vishnu Shastri Pandit founded the Widow Remarriage Association in the 1850's. Modern History: 7 - Socio-Religious Reform Movements in 19th Century Previous Year Question Satya Shodhak Samaj organized (a) a
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