Floristic Inventory of the Cooper Woods— Skinner Woods Complex and a Comparison of the Woodland Structure and Composition Between the Two Sites

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FLORISTIC INVENTORY OF THE COOPER WOODS— SKINNER WOODS COMPLEX AND A COMPARISON OF THE WOODLAND STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION BETWEEN THE TWO SITES

A THESIS

SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE DEGREE

MASTER OF SCIENCE

AHMED HUBINI

DR. DON RUCH – ADVISOR

BALL STATE UNIVERSITY

MUNCIE, INDIANA

MAY 2017

ABSTRACT

THESIS: Floristic Inventory of the Cooper Woods—Skinner Woods Complex and a

Comparison of the Woodland Structure and Composition between the Two Sites

STUDENT: Ahmed Hubini

DEGREE: Master of Science

COLLEGE: Sciences and Humanities

DATE: May 2017

PAGES: 90

Both Cooper woods (CW) and Skinner Woods (SW) are owned and managed by Ball

State University and are located in Muncie IN, Delaware County. The two sites are approximately 18.8 hectares. Floristic quality analysis: For the two woodlands combined, 356 taxa representing 225 genera in 90 families were reported. The four families with the highest number of species were Poaceae (45), Asteraceae (38), Cyperaceae (28), and Rosaceae (20). Of the 356 documented species, 276 were native and 80 were exotic. A physiognomic analysis was provided. The FQI and mean C were 55.0 and 3.4, respectively, and the FQI and mean C for total species (native and exotic) were 48.6 and 2.6, respectively. The FQI and mean C indicated that the complex is of nature preserve quality, but the decreased in the value for the mean C suggests that the exotics are having a negative impact on the native flora. No species occur on the Indiana

Department of Natural Resources list of endangered, threatened or rare plants, but two species,

Rudbeckia fulgida var. fulgida and Spiranthes ovalis var. erostellata, are on the state watch list.

Similar results were obtained for CW and SW individually. Woody plant analysis: Twenty-four

15 m plots were established in SW; plot centers were 30 m apart. Data collected at each plot included species name, distance from the plot center in m, azimuth, diameter at breast height

(dbh), and tree health. Trees were placed in three size classes (dbh > 20 cm, dbh > 10 cm but ≤

20 cm, and dbh > 5 cm but ≤ 10 cm. Results indicate that prior to the introduction of the emerald ash borer, SW was a Midland hardwood forest dominated by ash, oak, and hickory, but following its introduction, the ash are nearly gone. Similar results were found in CW (data provided by Dr. Kem Badger). Currently, the RIV for all species of Carya and Quercus combined was nearly identical for both sites, i.e., 72 for SW versus 69 for CW. However, Carya spp. had a higher RIV at SW (29) then at CW (17). Analysis of the two smaller size classes suggests that the forest will change composition over time from the current oak-hickory dominated woodland to a sugar maple-hickory dominated forest.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to express my sincere appreciation and gratitude to my advisor Dr. Don

Ruch for his patience, motivation, knowledge, and guidance that has helped me during my studies and my writing. I would also like to give a special thanks to John Taylor and Megan

Crecelius for all their help and support in the field. I would like to thank my committee members, Dr. Kem Badger and Dr. David LeBlanc, for their encouragement, insightful comments, and patience. I would especially like to thank my family: my parents, my brothers and sisters, for supporting me throughout my life. Last but not the least, I am thankful to all my friends for their kind supports.

Ahmed Hubini

March 30, 2017

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract ...... ii

Acknowledgements ...... iv

Introduction ...... 1

Site Description ...... 2

The study site ...... 2

Site characteristics ...... 4

History of the Site ...... 5

The Cooper Property ...... 5

The Skinner Field Area ...... 5

Materials and Methods ...... 6

Floristic quality study ...... 6

Woody plant analysis ...... 8

Results ...... 9

Floristic quality of Cooper Woods and Skinner Woods combined ...... 9

Floristic quality Cooper Woods ...... 10

Floristic quality Skinner Woods ...... 11

Woody structure and composition of Skinner Woods ...... 16

Discussion ...... 22

Inventory and floristic quality index ...... 22

Woody structure and composition of Skinner Woods ...... 24

Woody structure and composition of Cooper Woods ...... 25

Comparison of Cooper and Skinner Woods ...... 26

Conclusion ...... 35

Appendix 1: Catalog of Vascular Flora ...... 36

Appendix 2: Background Information for Tree Analysis ...... 66

Appendix 3: Stand Table of Raw Data ...... 68

Literature Cited ...... 77

List of Tables

1. Physiognomic analysis of the vascular flora documented in Cooper Woods and Skinner

Woods combined ...... 12

2. Floristic quality matrices Cooper Woods & Skinner Woods...... 13

3. Physiognomic analysis of the vascular flora documented in Cooper Woods ...... 14

4. Physiognomic analysis of the vascular flora documented in Skinner Woods ...... 15

5. Stand table for all trees with a dbh ≥ 20 cm, Skinner Woods ...... 19

6. Stand table for all trees without Fraxinus spp. with a dbh ≥ 20 cm, Skinner Woods ...20

7. Stand table for trees with a dbh < 20 cm and ≥ 5 cm, Skinner Woods ...... 21

8. Stand table for all living trees with a dbh ≥ 20 cm, Cooper Woods ...... 28

9. Sub-Set Chi-Square Analysis ...... 29

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List of Figures

1. Map of Indiana showing the location of Delaware County (left), and within the city of

Muncie the location of Cooper Woods and Skinner Woods ...... 30

2. An aerial overview of the Cooper Woods-Skinner Woods complex with emphasis on

vegetational communities ...... 31

3. Map illustrating the distribution of soil types at the Cooper–Skinner Woodland Area .32

4. Skinner Woods permanent plots ...... 33

5. Comparison of Skinner Woods permanent plots and Cooper Woods permanent plots .34

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INTRODUCTION

Located in central Delaware County, Indiana, the Cooper-Skinner Area is owned by Ball

State University and managed by the Ball State University Field Station and Environmental

Education Center (FSEEC). FSEEC documents describe the site as follows: “The Cooper-

Skinner Area is comprised of many distinct microenvironments with each habitat rich in diversity for field research and environmental education purposes. History, habitat, and land use of the Cooper Field Area mirror the diverse habitats located in east-central Indiana. Some of the areas have undergone restoration, such as prairie, wetlands, and forests, while others are left to develop naturally. The site is managed to provide on environmental laboratory for environmental education. To date, the major theme of environmental education programs and restoration efforts has been the enhancement of the regional biodiversity of a human-dominated landscape. Located within the Area (Cooper-Skinner) are permanent monitoring stations, including a weather station, vegetation plots, and quality water sensors.” (John Taylor, Land Manager of FSEEC,

Pers. Comm.). Despite the heavy use of the two property complex in both teaching and research, there have been no publications concerning the flora and fauna.

As stated by Ruch et al. (2008a, 2008b, 2009, 2012), an inventory of resources is the necessary first step in developing a long-term resource management plan. An inventory is the simplest means to document species diversity and is a fundamental step in monitoring changes that may occur in species composition. Additionally, measures of diversity, i.e., species richness, are frequently seen as indicators of the well-being of ecological systems (Magurran 1988).

(Species richness is simply a count of species and does not take into account the abundances of the species or their relative abundance distributions.) Although a list of the tree species occurring at Cooper Woods exists (Badger, Pers. Comm.), no such list of the trees at Skinner

Woods exists. Additionally, there are no complete inventories of the flora occurring at either site.

Thus, the overall goal of this project is to produce a vouchered list of the flora within Cooper

Woods and Skinner Woods. In addition, the structure and composition of Skinner Woods will be determined and compare to that of Cooper Woods. The specific objectives of this research are (1) to identify and voucher all vascular plant taxa in the study site, i.e., (a) to create a list of all plant taxa occurring in the entire study area; and (b) to create individual species lists for Cooper

Woods and Skinner Woods. (2) To use the species lists to calculate the Floristic Quality Index

(FQI) and the average Coefficient of Conservatism (mean C) for the entire site and for the two separate woodlands. The FQI and mean C for the entire study area will be used for comparison to other nature preserves studied in Indiana, especially east-central Indiana. (3) To identify areas of special concern, e.g., areas with rare or threatened plants, if any, and communities sensitive to disturbance. (4) Analyze the structure and composition of the woodland on the Skinner property, e.g., Skinner Woods, and establish permanent plots. Analysis will include frequency, relative frequency, density, relative density, basal area (dominance), relative dominance, and relative importance value (RIV) of both the overstory and understory. The RIV of the overstory will be used to compare species structure and composition of this woodland to Cooper Woods. (5)

Finally, to recommend some possible future management practices for Skinner Woods.

SITE DESCRIPTION

The study site.—The Cooper-Skinner Area is located in Delaware County, specifically northwest from Muncie, Indiana (Fig. 1). The Cooper-Skinner Field Area comprises three adjacent properties, i.e., the Cooper Natural Area, the Cooper Woodland Area, and the Skinner

Field Area. The following information comes from documents maintained by the FSEEC and

John Taylor, Land Manager of FSEEC (Pers. Comm.).

Cooper Natural Area: The Cooper Natural Area, 23 ha (57 acres), covers the southern portion of the Cooper Property, i.e., from the southern edge of Cooper Woodland south to Bethel

Pike (Fig. 2). Prior to 2002 this land was use to grow row crops and hay. However, since 2002 most of the land was redirected to the establishment of restored native prairie vegetation. This section of the Cooper Property was not included in the current study.

Cooper Woodland Area: This woodland has two units that differ in land use history, current legal ownership, and dates of acquisition. Ball State University [for the Department of

Biology] acquired ownership of the Esther L. Copper and Dr. Robert H. Copper’s Memorial

Woodland Area in 1969. The area covers 13 ha (31.5 acres), divided into Cooper Woods (7 ha), a succession area (5 ½ ha) containing wildlife plantings and succession vegetation (Fig. 2). Eagle

Branch, a tributary of Jakes Creek, begins on the eastern edge of this woodland and flows west and north through the woodland (Fig. 2).

Skinner Field Area: This 19 ha (47 acres) of land was donated to Ball State University by

William (Bill) Skinner in 2002. The area is bounded on the west by Nebo Road (CR 400 W),

Cooper Woodland on the south, and Heron Pointe on the east and north. Eugene Duncan III has a stable located on the northern boundary (Fig. 2). Lying adjacent to Cooper Woods, the woodland at Skinner appears to have a similar structure to Cooper Woodland, having both a more mature area and a successional area. The later area includes a small, young succession woodland and a larger successional old-field. Overall, the Skinner woodland is drier than the Cooper woodland, especially as one more northward.

Site characteristics:—The Cooper-Skinner Field Area drains into Eagle Branch, a tributary of Jakes Creek. Jakes Creek flows west to Killbuck Creek, which flows south eventually emptying into the White River. Thus, the Cooper-Skinner Field Area lies within the

Upper White River Watershed (USGS Cataloging Unit: 05120201; USGS 2017).

Cooper-Skinner Field Area lies near the northern border of the Tipton Till Plain Section or the New Castle Till Plains and Drainageways (IUPUI 2013), of the Central Till Plain Region of Indiana (Homoya et al. 1985; Hedge et al. 1997). The Tipton Till Plain is a flat to gently rolling surface produced as a result of the continental glaciation during the Ice Age, particularly the Wisconsinan glacial age (Hedge et al. 1997). Sediments borne by the ice sheets were deposited as till (an unsorted mixture of sand, silt, clay and boulders) when the glaciers advanced into Indiana and as outwash sand and gravel when the ice melted. Thick accumulations of till and outwash filled the bedrock valleys and covered the bedrock hills of northern Indiana to produce the flat to gently rolling landscape (Hedge et al. 1997; Hill 2015).

The soil at Cooper-Skinner consists primarily of silt loams, clay loams, and silty clay loam (WSS 2017). The three groups making up approximately 89% of the soil at the site are

Glynwood silt loam, Pewamo silty clay loam, and Blount-Del Rey silt loam (Fig. 3). Glynwood silt loam has a 1-4 percent slope, is moderately well drained, and is considered prime farmland.

Pewamo silty clay loam has a 0-1 percent slope, is poorly drained, and is considered prime farmland if drained. Blount-Del Rey silt loam has 0-1 percent slope, is somewhat poorly drained, and is considered prime farmland if drained.

HISTORY OF THE SITE

The Cooper Property:—In 1951, the Cooper’s purchased the land comprising the current Cooper Woodland and Cooper Natural Area as part of a 50 ha (123.3 acre) farm. In 1957 at the request of Dr. Cooper, the USDA Soil Conservation Service (SCS) designed a management plan to help drain water from the farm. In 1958 an SCS-engineered waterway

(drainage ditch) was constructed along the west edge of the property that drained water into

Eagle Branch. Beginning in 1959, the northern part of the Cooper property, including the woodland, was placed in the USDA Soil Reserve Program for a period of five years. Dr. Cooper cleared 610 m of footpaths in the woods in 1960. Between 1961 and 1962, timber, especially white oak (Quercus alba), was harvested from the woods, but a number of large mature trees remained. In addition, wildlife plantings were established in the springs of 1971, 1972, and 1974 in the area designated as the old-field successional area today. The wildlife plantings included many exotic and invasive herbs and shrub species, such as autumn olive (Eleagnus umbellata), sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata), and reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea). In 1993, trail clearing in the wooded section ended and in 2004, most of the exotic wildlife plantings were removed. Lastly, prairie restoration activities began in the old fields of the Cooper property that comprise today’s Cooper Natural Area, i.e., the southern two-thirds of the Cooper property.

Prairie restoration and maintenance continues today.

The Skinner Field Area:—Ball State University received this parcel of land as a donation from William (Bill) Skinner in 2002. A point worth mentioning is Mr. Skinner was elected chairman of the BSU Foundation Board of Directors in 2004. The Skinner Field Area was mainly used for environmental education by Natural Resources and Environmental

5 management 101 field trips. There is limited access to the Skinner Field Area. There have been no detailed studies of the flora and floral communities of this property.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Floristic quality study.—During the 2015 growing season [March through October], at least one foray per week was made into the study area; forays were made into every major habitat type and an effort was made to cover all areas within these habitats. Voucher specimens for each species were collected and deposited in the Ball State University Herbarium (BSUH).

Notes on vegetation consisted of a species list with visual estimates of distribution and relative abundance (see catalog of vascular plants, Appendix 1). (Relative abundance for species is defined as follows: rare = < 5 sites although a species may be abundant at one site; infrequent = occasional, not widespread throughout its potential habitats, but may be locally abundant at a site; frequent = common throughout its potential habitats and may be locally abundant at one or more sites; and abundant = common and numerous throughout its potential habitats.)

Additionally, seasonal changes in the dominant vegetation (based on time of flowering) were noted for each major habitat.

Nomenclature follows the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (FNA 2008; Angiosperm

Phylogeny Group 2009; Stevens 2016). List preparation and sources used to identify plant taxa included Deam (1940), Gleason & Cronquist (1991); Swink & Wilhelm (1994), Jackson (2004),

Weeks et al. (2005), FNA (2008), Voss & Reznicek (2012), Weakley et al. (2012), BONAP

(2014), USDA (2016), and Kay Yatskievych (Pers. Comm.). Dr. Donald Ruch, Department of

Biology, Ball State University, verified the identification of each taxon.

Using the program developed by the Conservation Design Forum in conjunction with

Rothrock (2004), the Floristic Quality Index (FQI) and the mean Coefficient of Conservatism

(mean C) were determined not only for Cooper Woods and Skinner Woods individually, but for the two sites combined. In addition, the program was used to generate a detailed physiognomic analysis of the flora, both native and exotic, for the entire study site, as well as Cooper Woods and Skinner Woods separately.

For a detailed description of how the FQI is determined and an explanation of C-values, see Swink & Wilhelm (1994), Rothrock (2004), and Rothrock & Homoya (2005). Following is a short description of the Coefficient of Conservatism (C) and FQI. C-values, which range from zero to ten, are an index of the fidelity of an individual species to undisturbed plant communities characteristic of the region prior to European settlement. The higher the C-value the more conserved the species is to an undisturbed habitat. All non-native taxa are given a C-value of 0.

The FQI is determined by multiplying the mean C for all species present by the square root of the total number of species. [For native FQI and mean C, only the native species are used.] FQI values less than 20 indicate the site has no significance from a natural area perspective. An FQI greater than 35 suggests that a site has remnant natural quality and contains some noteworthy remnants of natural heritage of the region. Areas registering FQIs in the 50’s and higher are extremely rare and are of paramount importance (Swink & Wilhelm 1994; Rothrock & Homoya

2005).

Potential Delaware County plant species records were determined from the following sources: Indiana Natural Heritage Data Center’s records for Delaware County (available from the

Indiana Division of Nature Preserves), Deam (1940), Overlease & Overlease (2007), BONAP

(2014), USDA Plant Database (USDA 2016), and the list of species published for Ginn Woods

(Ruch et al. 1998, 2004), Munsee Woods Nature Preserve (Prast et al. 2014), and Dutro Woods

Nature Preserve (Ruch et al. 2015). State listed species, i.e., endangered, rare threatened, or of special concern, were determined from the list provided by the Indiana Division of Nature

Preserves (IDNR Nature Preserves 2016).

Woody plant analysis.— To analyze the structure and composition of the forest in

Skinner Woods, twenty-four 15 m radius plots were laid out in four rows [running south to north] with six plots per row [plots running east to west] (Fig. 4). Plots were numbered consecutively from the southeast plot [number 1] to the northwest plot [number 24] (Fig. 4). A comparison of the permanent plots at Cooper Woods and Skinner Woods is seen in (Fig. 5). All standing stems within each plot, whether dead or alive, were measured and recorded. For each stem the data collected included species name, distance from the plot center in m, the azimuth, diameter at breast height (dbh; measured at 1.37 m above ground), specifics notes of interest, if any, and the health of the tree. Tree health was scored on a 0–2 scale, 0 = dead and 2 = no observed health problems. Stems were placed in three size classes, i.e., dbh ≥ 20 cm, dbh ≥ 10 cm but < 20 cm, and dbh ≥ 5 cm but < 10 cm, and each size class analyzed. For the larger trees

(dbh ≥ 20 cm), both Haglöf Aluminum Tree Calipers and standard dbh tapes were used to measure the dbh to nearest 0.1 cm. For the smaller diameter categories, wooden molds were employed. Molds had three cutouts, 4.9 cm across, 9.9 cm across, and 19.9 cm across. Using these molds, the number of trees falling into the two smaller dbh categories was determined for each plot. Since the actual dbh of these trees was not taken, the midpoint of each category, i.e.,

7.5 cm and 15 cm respectively, was used for basal area. Calculation in each plot trees were measured clockwise starting at the cardinal direction north. Once a tree was measured, it was marked with chalk to prevent it being measured a second time. After obtaining the data the

8 following parameters were calculated for each species in the study site: basal area (m2/ha), relative basal area (% basal area of one species compared to the total), density per hectare, relative density (% density of one species compared to the total), frequency (number of plots one species occurs in divided by the total number of plots), relative frequency (% frequency of one species compared to the total), importance value (sum of the relative dominance, relative density, and relative frequency), and the relative importance value for each species (importance value divided by three) (see Appendix 2 for details). Once the matrices were determined, the relative values for Skinner Woods were analyzed and compared to Cooper Woods. Similar matrices for

Cooper Woods were provided by Dr. Badger.

RESULTS

Floristic quality of Cooper Woods and Skinner Woods combined.—The vascular flora of Cooper Woods-Skinner Woods (CW-SW) combined consisted of 356 taxa representing

225 genera in 90 families. Thirty-nine families had only one species [43.3%] and fourteen families had only two species [13.3%]. The ten families with the highest number of taxa were [in order] Poaceae (45 species, 12.6%), Asteraceae (38 species, 10.6%), Cyperaceae (28 species,

7.9%), Rosaceae (20 species, 5.6%), Fabaceae (12 species, 3.4%), Fagaceae (nine species,

2.5%), Brassicaceae (nine species, 2.5%), Lamiaceae (nine species, 2.5%), Polygonaceae (seven species, 2%), and Ranunculaceae (seven species, 2%). These ten families had 184 species or

51.6% of the total taxa documented (Appendix 1).

The physiognomic summary of the flora in CW-SW has provided some interesting data on the composition of the plants present (Table 1). Of the 356 species documented, 276 were native species and 80 were exotic or non-native species. Of the 356 total species, 77 species were

9 woody (i.e., 49 trees species, 21 shrub species, and seven woody vine species), 202 species were herbaceous species (i.e., three herbaceous vines, 138 perennial forbs, 14 biennial forbs, and 47 annual forb species), 74 species were graminoid (i.e., 28 perennial grass species, 17 annual grass species, 28 perennial sedge species, and one annual sedge species), and three species were ferns or fern allies (Table 1).

The Floristic Quality Index (FQI) and mean C for the combined CW-SW complex are seen in Table 2. For the combined native species in both sites, the FQI and mean C was 55.0 and

3.4, respectively, and the FQI and mean C for total species (native and non-native) was 48.6 and

2.6, respectively.

Floristic quality Cooper Woods.—The vascular flora of Cooper Woods (CW) consisted of 332 taxa representing 214 genera in 85 families. The ten families with the highest number of taxa were [in order] Poaceae (42 species, 12.7%), Asteraceae (38 species, 11.5%), Cyperaceae

(25 species, 7.5%), Rosaceae (19 species, 5.7%), Fabaceae (11 species, 3.3%), Fagaceae (nine species, 2.7%), Lamiaceae (nine species, 2.7%), Apiaceae (seven species, 2.1%), Polygonaceae

(seven species, 2.1%), and Ranunculaceae (seven species, 2.1%). These ten families had 174 species or 52.4% of the total taxa documented (Appendix 1).

The physiognomic summary of the flora in CW is seen in Table 3. Of the 332 species documented, 255 were native species and 77 were exotic or non-native species. Of the 332 total species (native and non-native), 73 species were woody (i.e., 47 trees species, 19 shrub species, and seven woody vine species), 145 were herbaceous species (i.e., two herbaceous vines, 108 perennial forbs, five biennial forbs, and 30 annual forb species), 49 species were graminoid (i.e.,

19 perennial grass species, five annual grass species, 24 perennial sedge species, and one annual sedge species), and two species were ferns or fern allies.

The Floristic Quality Index (FQI) and mean C for CW are seen in Table 2. For the native species in CW, the FQI and mean C was 51.9 and 3.2, respectively, and the FQI and mean C for total species (native and non-native) was 45.4 and 2.5, respectively.

Floristic quality Skinner Woods.—The vascular flora of Skinner Woods (SW) consisted of 272 taxa representing 174 genera in 78 families. The ten families with the highest number of taxa were [in order] Poaceae (32 species, 11.7%), Asteraceae (26 species, 9.5%),

Cyperaceae (23 species, 9.1%), Rosaceae (19 species, 6.9%), Fabaceae (10 species, 3.6%),

Brassicaceae (nine species, 3.3%), Fagaceae (seven species, 2.5%), Lamiaceae (six species,

2.2%), Polygonaceae (six species, 2.2%), and Juglandaceae (four species, 1.4%). These ten families had 142 species or 52.2% of the total taxa documented (Appendix 1).

The physiognomic summary of the flora in SW is seen in Table 4. Of the 272 species documented, 222 were native species and 50 were exotic or non-native species. Of the 272 total species (native and non-native), 60 species were woody (i.e., 36 trees species, 18 shrub species, and six woody vine species), 152 were herbaceous species (i.e., one herbaceous vines, 105 perennial forbs, 11 biennial forbs, and 35 annual forb species), 58 species were graminoid (i.e.,

16 perennial grass species, four annual grass species, 23 perennial sedge species, and one annual sedge species), and two species were ferns or fern allies.

The FQI and mean C for SW are seen in Table 2. For the native species in SW, the FQI and mean C was 47.6 and 3.2, respectively, and the FQI and mean C for total species (native and non-native) was 43.0 and 2.6, respectively.

Table 1.—Physiognomic analysis of the vascular flora documented in Cooper Woods and Skinner Woods combined,

Delaware County, Indiana. A = annual, B = biennial, H = herbaceous, P = perennial, W = woody. * = % of total = native plus non-native species.

Native Species Summary Exotic Species Summary

Number % of Total* Number % of Total*

# of species 276 77.5% 80 22.5%

Tree 43 12.1% 6 1.7%

Shrub 14 3.9% 7 2.0%

W-Vine 6 1.7% 1 0.3%

H-Vine 3 0.8% 0 0.0%

P-Forbs 115 32.3% 23 6.5%

B-Forbs 5 1.4% 9 2.5%

A-Forbs 34 9.6% 13 3.7%

P-Grass 19 5.3% 9 2.5%

A-Grass 5 1.4% 12 3.4%

P-Sedge 28 7.9% 0 0.0%

A-Sedge 1 0.3% 0 0.0%

Ferns & Allies 3 0.8% 0 0.0%

Table 2.—Floristic quality matrices for Cooper Woods and Skinner Woods combined and separate, Delaware

County, Indiana. All species = native species + non-native species.

Site Number of Species FQI Mean C

Cooper + Skinner Combined

Native species 276 55.0 3.4

All species 356 48.6 2.6

Cooper Woods Only

Native species 255 51.9 3.2

All species 332 45.4 2.5

Skinner Woods Only

Native species 222 47.6 3.2

All species 272 43.0 2.6

Table 3.—Physiognomic analysis of the vascular flora documented in Cooper Woods, Delaware County, Indiana. A

= annual, B = biennial, H = herbaceous, P = perennial, W = woody. * = % of total = native plus non-native species.

Native Species Summary Exotic Species Summary

Number % of Total* Number % of Total*

# of species 255 76.8% 77 23.2%

Tree 41 12.3% 6 1.8%

Shrub 12 3.6% 7 2.1%

W-Vine 6 1.8% 1 0.3%

H-Vine 2 0.6% 0 0.0%

P-Forbs 108 32.5% 23 6.9%

B-Forbs 5 1.5% 9 2.7%

A-Forbs 30 9.0% 13 3.9%

P-Grass 19 5.7% 9 2.7%

A-Grass 5 1.5% 9 2.7%

P-Sedge 24 7.2% 0 0.0%

A-Sedge 1 0.3% 0 0.0%

Ferns & Allies 2 0.6% 0 0.0%

Table 4.—Physiognomic analysis of the vascular flora documented in Skinner Woods, Delaware County, Indiana. A

= annual, B = biennial, H = herbaceous, P = perennial, W = woody. * = % of total = native plus non-native species.

Native Species Summary Exotic Species Summary

Number % of Total* Number % of Total*

# of species 222 81.6% 50 18.4%

Tree 34 12.5% 2 0.7%

Shrub 13 4.8% 5 1.8%

W-Vine 6 2.2% 0 0.0%

H-Vine 1 0.4% 0 0.0%

P-Forbs 91 33.5% 14 5.1%

B-Forbs 5 1.8% 6 2.2%

A-Forbs 26 9.6% 9 3.3%

P-Grass 16 5.9% 7 2.6%

A-Grass 4 1.5% 7 2.6%

P-Sedge 23 8.5% 0 0.0%

A-Sedge 1 0.4% 0 0.0%

Ferns & Allies 2 0.7% 0 0.0%

Woody structure and composition of Skinner Woods.—Tables 5 & 6 reveal the results of the plot analysis for all trees with a dbh ≥ 20 cm. Table 5 includes result for all trees including

Fraxinus spp. that are dead but still standing, and Table 6 includes results for all tree minus the dead but still standing Fraxinus spp. Eighteen species were documented. Table 7 discloses the results of the plot analysis for all trees with a dbh < 20 cm and ≥ 5 cm. Fifteen species were documented.

Analysis including Fraxinus spp. (Table. 5): Prior to the invasion of the Emerald Ash

Borer (Agrilus planipennis), Fraxinus spp., including both green and white ash, were the most important species of the site, having a RIV = 22.9%. In addition, Fraxinus spp. had the highest number of stems (88, 26.5%) and the highest relative frequency, relative density, and relative basal area. The next four most important species based on RIV were Quercus rubra (17.8),

Carya ovata (13.5), Q. shumardii (8.0), and Q. macrocarpa (7.1). Of the 332 stem measures, these four species included 144 (43.4%). Although the remaining 13 species have a combined

RIV = 30.7, all had RIVs lower than 6.3 individually. These 13 species accounted for only 100

(30.1%) of the 332 stems measured, with nine species have three or less stems. Quercus rubra was the second most important species based on its high relative density and relative basal area, while Carya ovata rated third due to equal importance of its relative density, frequency, and basal area.

All Quercus species have a combined RIV = 34.8, and all Carya species have a combined

RIV = 23.8. Thus, together Quercus and Carya have a total RIV = 58.6. Lastly, if Fraxinus species are considered, then the total Quercus-Carya-Fraxinus RIV = 81.5. Clearly, these data indicate that the woodland at Skinner Woods is a mixed deciduous forest dominated by oak, hickory, and ash. The remaining nine species have a total RIV = 18.5, and of these nine species

Acer saccharum (6.2) and Juglans nigra (5.7) account for two-thirds of it. The remaining seven species each have a RIV ≤ 1.3 and only two or three stems each.

Analysis excluding dead but still standing Fraxinus spp. (Table. 6): Removing the 76 dead but still standing Fraxinus spp. stem, this portion of the study included 256 stems from eighteen species. Fraxinus spp. remain on the site (13 living stems), but now it is only the eighth most important species with an RIV = 6.6. The five most important species based on RIV were

Q. rubra (21.9), C. ovata (15.5), Q. shumardii (8.8), Q. macrocarpa (8.6), and C. cordiformis

(7.8). As expected, these are the same five species listed in Table 5. However, when all Fraxinus spp. stems were considered, these five species had a total RIV = 52.7. With the dead Fraxinus spp. stems removed, these five species now have a total RIV = 64.6. Thus, the other 13 species have a combined RIV =35.4, with A. saccharum (RIV = 7.0), J. nigra (6.8), Fraxinus spp. (6.6), and Carya glabra (4.8) accounting for 25.2 (~ 71%) of the remaining 35.4 RIV. For the remaining nine species, each has an RIV ≤ 1.5 for a total RIV = 10.2.

All Quercus species have a combined RIV = 42.6, and all Carya species have a combined

RIV = 29.1 (Table 6). Thus, together Quercus and Carya have a total RIV = 71.7. Clearly, these data indicate that the woodland at Skinner Woods, with the removal of all non-living stems of

Fraxinus spp., is a mixed deciduous forest dominated by oak and hickory. The rest of the “mixed deciduous forest” includes 10 species having a total RIV = 28.3, and of these 10 species, A. saccharum (7.0), J. nigra (6.8), and Fraxinus spp. (6.6) account for nearly three-fourth of RIV.

Analysis of all stems with a dbh < 20 cm and ≥ 5 cm (Fig. 7): One hundred and sixty- nine stems with a dbh < 20 cm and ≥ 5 cm were measured in the 24 plots at Skinner Woods.

These stems represented 15 woody species. The five most important species based on RIV were

A. saccharum (27.0), Ulmus rubra (18.9), C. ovata (16.8), C. cordiformis (8.9), and Ulmus

17 americana (5.8). These five species had a combined RIV = 77.4. Additionally, these five species accounted for 138 of the 169 stems measured. The remaining 10 species had a combined RIV =

22.6 and 31 stems. Among these 10 species, Q. rubra, Aesculus glabra, and Q. macrocarpa account for approximately 58% of the combined RIV (13.2) and 20 of the remaining 31 stems.

All Quercus species have a combined RIV = 9.8, and all Carya species have a combined

RIV = 27.2 (Table 6). Thus, together Quercus and Carya have a total RIV = 37.0. When comparing the results in Table 7 to those in Table 6, it is obvious that the composition of the sub- canopy is different from the forest canopy. In the older trees, Quercus ssp. (RIV = 42.6) were clearly the dominant species. In the trees anticipated to replace the canopy, Quercus spp. (RIV =

9.8) are dominated by A. saccharum (RIV = 27.0) and Carya spp. (RIV = 27.2). Thus, it appears that the forest will change composition over time from the current oak-hickory dominated woodland to a sugar maple-hickory dominated forest. When comparing the results in Tables 5 and 6, it is easy to see that the site has undergone a significant change in the last ten years from oak-hickory-ash dominated woodland to an oak-hickory dominated forest.

Table 5.—Stand table for all trees with a dbh ≥ 20 cm, Skinner Woods, Delaware County, Indiana. This table includes dead but still standing Fraxinus spp. Species are listed in descending order based on relative importance values (RIV). DEN (density) is the number of stems per hectare. RDEN (relative density) is the percent density of one species compared to all other species. FRE (frequency) refers to the number of plots (out of 24 plots) in which each species occurs. RFRE (relative frequency) is the frequency of occurrence of each species relative to all species.

BA (basal area) is in meters squared per hectare (m2/ha) for each species. RBA (relative basal area) is the percent basal area for one species compared to the total basal area for all species. IV (importance value) is the sum of

RDEN, RFRE, and RBA. RIV is the average of RDEN, RFRE, and RBA, expressed in percent. (Raw data is in

Appendix 3.)

Species Number FRE RFRE DEN RDEN BA RBA IV RIV

Fraxinus spp. 88 22 17.6 51.8 26.5 5 24.5 68.6 22.9 Quercus rubra 60 17 13.6 35.3 18.1 4.4 21.6 53.3 17.8

Carya ovata 44 17 13.6 25.9 13.3 2.8 13.7 40.6 13.5

Quercus shumardii 19 9 7.2 11.2 5.7 2.3 11.1 24.1 8

Quercus macrocarpa 21 9 7.2 12.3 6.3 1.6 7.7 21.2 7.1

Carya cordiformis 27 8 6.4 15.9 8.1 0.9 4.4 18.9 6.3

Acer saccharum 25 8 6.4 14.7 7.5 0.9 4.7 18.6 6.2

Juglans nigra 18 10 8 10.6 5.4 0.7 3.6 17 5.7

Carya glabra 11 8 6.4 6.5 3.3 0.5 2.4 12.1 4

Populus deltoides 3 3 2.4 1.8 0.9 0.1 0.5 3.8 1.3

Quercus bicolor 2 2 1.6 1.2 0.6 0.3 1.3 3.5 1.2

Fagus grandifolia 2 1 0.8 1.2 0.6 0.4 1.8 3.2 1.1

Ulmus rubra 3 2 1.6 1.8 0.9 0.1 0.3 2.8 0.9

Aesculus glabra 2 2 1.6 1.2 0.6 0.1 0.4 2.6 0.9

Celtis occidentalis 2 2 1.6 1.2 0.6 0.1 0.3 2.5 0.8

Malus sp. 2 2 1.6 1.2 0.6 0 0.2 2.4 0.8

Ulmus americana 2 2 1.6 1.2 0.6 0 0.2 2.4 0.8

Quercus alba 1 1 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.2 1.2 2.3 0.7

Total 332 125 100 195.3 100 20.4 100 300 100

Table 6.—Stand table for all trees with a dbh ≥ 20 cm, Skinner Woods, Delaware County, Indiana. Dead but still standing Fraxinus spp. have been removed. Species are listed in descending order based on relative importance values (RIV). DEN (density) is the number of stems per hectare. RDEN (relative density) is the percent density of one species compared to all other species. FRE (frequency) refers to the number of plots (out of 24 plots) in which each species occurs. RFRE (relative frequency) is the frequency of occurrence of each species relative to all species.

RDEN, RFRE, and RBA. RIV is the average of RDEN, RFRE, and RBA, expressed in percent. (Raw data is in

Appendix 3.)

Species Number FRE RFRE DEN RDEN BA RBA IV RIV Quercus rubra 60 17 15 35.3 23.4 4 27 66 22 Carya ovata 44 17 15 25.9 17.2 3 17 50 17

Quercus shumardii 19 9 8 11.2 7.4 2 14 29 10

Quercus macrocarpa 21 9 8 12.4 8.2 2 10 26 9 Carya cordiformis 27 8 7 15.9 10.6 2 6 23 8 Acer saccharum 24 7 6 14.1 9.4 2 6 21 7 Juglans nigra 18 10 9 10.6 7 1 5 20 7 Fraxinus spp. 13 10 9 7.7 5.1 1 6 20 7 Carya glabra 11 8 7 6.5 4.3 1 3 14 5 Populus deltoides 3 3 3 1.8 1.2 0.1 1 5 2 Quercus bicolor 2 2 2 1.2 0.8 0.3 2 4 1

Fagus grandifolia 2 1 1 1.2 0.8 0.4 2 4 1

Ulmus rubra 3 2 2 1.8 1.2 0.1 0 3 1

Aesculus glabra 2 2 2 1.2 0.8 0.1 1 3 1

Celtis occidentalis 2 2 2 1.2 0.8 0.1 0 3 1 Malus sp. 2 2 2 1.2 0.8 0 0 3 1 Ulmus americana 2 2 2 1.2 0.8 0 0 3 1 Quercus alba 1 1 1 0.6 0.4 0.2 2 3 1 Total 256 112 100 150.7 100 16.3 100 300 100

Table 7.—Stand table for trees with a dbh < 20 cm and ≥ 5 cm, Skinner Woods, Delaware County, Indiana. Species are listed in descending order based on relative importance values (RIV). DEN (density) is the number of stems per hectare. RDEN (relative density) is the percent density of one species compared to all other species. FRE

(frequency) refers to the number of plots (out of 24 plots) in which each species occurs. RFRE (relative frequency) is the frequency of occurrence of each species relative to all species. BA (basal area) is in meters squared per hectare

(m2/ha) for each species. RBA (relative basal area) is the percent basal area for one species compared to the total basal area for all species. IV (importance value) is the sum of RDEN, RFRE, and RBA. RIV is the average of

RDEN, RFRE, and RBA, expressed in percent. (Raw data is in Appendix 3.)

Species Number FRE RFRE DEN RDEN BA RBA IV RIV

Acer saccharum 54 14 19.8 284.2 32 2.5 29 81 27

Ulmus rubra 32 16 22.6 168.4 18.9 1.3 15 56.7 19

Carya ovata 29 10 14.2 152.6 17.2 1.7 19 50.5 17

Carya cordiformis 14 4 5.6 73.7 8.3 1.1 13 26.7 9 5.3 Ulmus americana 9 4 5.6 47.4 0.6 7 17.5 6

Quercus rubra 6 5 7 31.6 3.6 0.4 5 15.5 5

Aesculus glabra 9 4 5.6 47.4 5.3 0.3 3 14.2 5

Quercus macrocarpa 5 4 5.6 26.3 3 0.1 1 10 3

Juglans nigra 2 2 2.8 10.5 1.2 0.2 2 6.2 2

Celtis occidentalis 2 2 2.8 10.5 1.2 0.1 1 5.4 2

Carya glabra 2 2 2.8 10.5 1.2 0.1 1 4.5 2

Acer negundo 2 1 1.4 10.5 1.2 0.1 1 4 1

Ostrya virginiana 1 1 1.4 5.3 0.6 0.1 1 3.1 1

Crataegus mollis 1 1 1.4 5.3 0.6 0.1 1 2.5 1

Quercus palustris 1 1 1.4 5.3 0.6 0.1 0 2.3 1

Total 169 71 100 889.5 100 8.8 100 300 100

DISCUSSION

Inventory and floristic quality index.— The vascular plant taxa documented in CW and

SW combined were typical of other floristic inventories of vegetation in east-central Indiana

(Prast et al. 2014; Rothrock et al. 1993; Rothrock 1997; Ruch et al. 1998, 2002, 2004, 2007,

2008a, b, 2009, 2012, 2014a, b, 2015; Stonehouse et al. 2003, Tungesvick 2011). Twelve plant families, which include approximaterly 55% of the taxa reported at the CW-SW complex (e.g.,

197 of 357 documentated taxa (Apendix 1)) and 53‒65% of taxa reported in the studies cited above, were the Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Cyperaceae, Fabaceae,

Lamiaceae, Plantaginaceae, Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Ranunculaceae, and Rosaceae. Based on variations between the Cronquist system used by the USDA Plant Database (USDA 2016) and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG 2009; Stevens 2016), the noted variations between earlier studies and the current one is the absence of the Liliaceae and Scrophulariaceae and the addition of the Plantaginaceae.

For the combined woodland complex, the floristic quality index (FQI) for the native flora was 55.0 and the mean C (mean coefficient of conservatism) was 3.4 (Table 2). The FQI and mean C for all plants, native plus non-native, was 48.6 and 2.6, respectively (Table 2). Analysis of these matrices provides an understanding about the floral community at these sites. Swink &

Wilhelm (1994) have suggested that sites with FQIs higher than 35 possess “sufficient conservatism and richness to be of profound importance from a regional perspective.” Ruch and collegues have been using a FQI ≥ 45 for designating a site as nature preserve quality (Ruch,

Pers. Comm.). With a FQI = 55.0, clearly the CW-SW complex is of nature preserve quality and contains sufficient conservatism and richness to be of profound importance from a regional perspective. In fact, Swink & Wilhelm (1994) have suggested that areas registering in the 50s

22 and higher are rare and of “paramount importance.” This conclusion is reinforced by the fact that the average C-values for Indiana are 1.2 units lower than those of the Chicago region (Rothrock

& Homoya 2005).

When comparing the FQI and mean C for 28 reference sites in Indiana, Rothrock &

Homoya (2005) noted that the best natural woodland sites in the Central Till Plain, whether for historical or for innate biological reasons, have a limited number of species from the highest fidelity categories. Although the best mean C for native species in the low 4 range, most fall below this (Rothrock & Homoya 2005). Of the 276 native taxa documented from the CW-SW complex, only 22 species (8.0%) had C-values ≥ 7, while 146 native species (52.9%) had C- values ≤ 3 and 108 native species (39.1%) had C-values of 4‒6 (Appendix 1). Thus, the native mean C = 3.4 is typical for sites in central Indiana (see Ruch et al. 2014a).

Determining the floristic quality of a site typically entails first calculating the site’s metrics with only native species and then with all species, native and non-native. The difference between these can be used to document the impact that exotic species are having upon the site.

Rothrock & Homoya (2005) have suggested that the natural quality of a site has been compromised when non-native diversity lowers the mean C by more than 0.7 units. In the CW-

SW complex, the mean C was lowered 0.8 units. Thus, it can be presumed that the non-native flora is having a negative impact on the native flora. However, it should be pointed out that one cannot rely completely on the difference between the mean C-values when assessing the affect of the non-native species. In addition visual assessments must be included. A visual examination of the CW-SW complex revealed that the diversity of non-native species was concentrated on the margins of the site or in successional communities, such as old fields, that were only a part of the overall property. The interior woodlands at both sites contained very few species, or even total

23 numbers, of non-natives. Similar observations were reported previously at Botany Glen

(Stonehouse et al. 2003), Fall Creek Gorge (Rothrock & Homoya (2005), Ginn Woods (Ruch et al. 1998, 2004), Mounds State Park (Rothrock et al. 1993; Tungesvick 2011), and Lick Creek

Summit Nature Preserve (Ruch et al. 2008a). In all these studies, even though the non-native species lowered mean C by at least 0.8 units, all reported that the integrity of the sites was not compromised. It is best summarized by Rothrock & Homoya (2005), “this amount of ‘exotics load,’ while of concern, may not be sufficient to detract from the preservation potential of a site.”

Woody structure and composition of Skinner Woods.—Based on the current structure and composition of Skinner Woods (Table 6), the woodlands at Cooper Woods (Table 8) falls within the Eastern Deciduous Forest category, and more specifically within Midland Hardwood

Forest type as defined by Society of American Foresters (2010). According to the Society of

American Foresters (2010), “The midland hardwood forest is the western-most forest in the eastern United States and provides the transition from open grasslands to the eastern deciduous forest. It covers a zone from southern Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan south across Indiana,

Illinois, Arkansas, Oklahoma and central Texas. It is characterized by a patchwork of closed forest and open grasslands, low precipitation and high evaporation. This forest type is composed primarily of oak and hickory species, typical of the mixed mesophytic forest.” Of all 256 stems measured in Skinner Woods, 72% (185) are Quercus and Carya species. Additionally, the five

Quercus species have a combined RIV = 42.6, and the three Carya species have a combined RIV

= 29.1 (Table 6). Thus, for Skinner Woods Quercus and Carya have a total RIV = 71.7. These matrices unmistakably indicate that the Skinner woodland is a Midland hardwood forest dominated by oak and hickory as defined by the Society of American Foresters (2010). This conclusion is supported further by the work of Nix (2015) and Lindsey & Schmelz (1970). Nix

(2015) defines an oak-hickory forest as a forest in which “upland oaks or hickories, singly or in combination, comprise a plurality of the stocking.” Based on the number of oak and hickory stems counted (72%), as well as their combined RIV (71.7), Skinner Woods meets the conditions of this definition. Lastly, according to Lindsey & Schmelz (1970), for a wooded area to be classified as oak-hickory, the total RIV of Quercus spp. + Carya spp. must be double that of

Acer saccharum + Fagus grandifolia. Respectively, their RIVs are 71.7 and 8.3, giving a ratio of

8.6 (Table 6). These matrices clearly meet the requirements set down by Lindsey & Schmelz

(1970), thus allowing the woodland at Skinner to be classified as oak-hickory.

Woody structure and composition of Cooper Woods.—The 2014 tree data for Cooper

Woods is presented in Table 8. This information was kindly provided by Dr. Kemuel Badger and

Mr. John Taylor. (These data were obtained from 30 permanent plots, similar in size and layout to those in Skinner Woods (Fig. 5). Data has been collected from these plots on a bi-yearly basis since 2004. The data presented in Table 8 is from 2014, the most recent year of monitoring prior to my collection of data at Skinner Woods.) It should be noted that in the past, the most important woody species at Cooper Woods based on RIV was Fraxinus spp., but due to the invasion of the emerald ash borer, all Fraxinus spp. with a dbh ≥ 20 cm have been eliminated

(Kem Badger, Pers. Comm.). Based on the information in Table 8, the woodlands at Cooper

Woods falls within the Eastern Deciduous Forest category, and more specifically it is best described as a Midland Hardwood Forest type as defined by Society of American Foresters

(2010). Of all 190 stems measured in Cooper Woods, 72.1% (137) are Quercus and Carya species. Additionally, the seven Quercus species have a combined RIV = 52, and the three Carya species have a combined RIV = 17 (Table 8). Thus, for Cooper Woods Quercus and Carya have a total RIV = 69. These matrices plainly indicate that the Cooper woodland is a Midland

25 hardwood forest dominated by oak and hickory as defined by the Society of American Foresters

(2010) and Nix (2015). Lastly, total RIV for Quercus spp. + Carya spp. and for Acer saccharum

+ Fagus grandifolia are 69 and 10, respectively, giving a ratio of 6.9 (Table 8). These numbers clearly meet the requirements set forth by Lindsey & Schmelz (1970), thus allowing woodland at

Cooper to be classified as oak-hickory.

Comparison of Cooper and Skinner Woods.—From the discussion above, it is clear that both properties should be classified as a Midland hardwood forest dominated by oak and hickory. The RIV for all species of Carya and Quercus combined was nearly identical for both sites, 72 for Skinner Woods (SW) versus 69 for Cooper Woods (CW). However, Carya spp. and

Juglans nigra (Juglandaceae) were significally different between the two woodlands as determined by Chi-square analysis (p = .001) (Table 9). The same three species of Carya were found at both sites. Likewise, five species of Quercus were found at both sites. Quercus palustris and Q. velutina were only recorded at CW. Between the non-Carya and non-Quercus species

(henceforth referred to as others), CW had a lower diversity (six species) then SW (ten species).

Among the other species, four occurred at both sites, i.e., Acer saccharum, Aesculus glabra,

Ulmus Americana, and U. rubra (Tables 6 & 8). Gleditsia triacanthos and Acer rubrum were found only in CW, while Celtis occidentalis, living Fraxinus spp., Juglans nigra, and Malus sp. were found only in SW.

At both sites, A. saccharum was the most important species in the understory (Tables 6 &

8). Although data on the smaller trees was not available for CW, for SW A. saccharum was the most important species among trees with a dbh < 20 cm and ≥ 5 cm, RIV = 27 (Table 7). As stated earlier, it appears that the forest at SW will change composition over time from the current oak-hickory dominated woodland to a sugar maple-hickory dominated forest. A similar trend has

26 been recorded in the upland mesic woods of Mounds State Park in Madison County, Indiana, where A. saccharum appears to be replacing the oak-dominated woodlands (Rothrock et. al.

1993). Similarly, in the upland mesic woods at Yuhas Woods in Randolph County, A. saccharum was documented as the most important species with an RIV = 25.5, more than doubling the second most important species, Q. alba with an RIV = 12.5 (Baltzer 2007). There may be a couple of reasons why A. saccharum is beginning to dominate these sites and potentially at SW.

First, Parker & Sherwood (1986) have illustrated that A. saccharum will out compete Quercus spp. in small canopy gaps due to logging or windfall. However, probably more important, is the suppression of fire in this region, and many other regions of the United States, since European settlement (Abrams 1992; McClain 1993). Oak-hickory forests are considered an early to mid- stage of succession, eventually to be replaced with more shade-tolerant trees such as A. saccharum. However, A. saccharum is very intolerant to fire and it is postulated that due to the activity of Native Americans, frequent fires in the Great Lakes Region prevented many forests from reaching a climax community. When Europeans colonized the area, they suppressed wildfires to protect their towns and agriculture (Abrams 1992), and the suppression of fire by settlers would have freed the forest from its stasis in succession, allowing A. saccharum and other shade-tolerant, but fire-sensitive trees, to begin replacing the oaks.

Table 8.—Stand table for all living trees with a dbh ≥ 20 cm, Cooper Woods, 2014 data. Species listed in descending order based on relative importance values (RIV). FRE (frequency) is the number of plots (out of 30 plots) in which each species occurs. RFRE (relative frequency) is the frequency of occurrence of each species relative to all species. DEN (density) is the number of stems per hectare. RDEN (relative density) is the percent density of one species compared to all other species. BA (basal area) is in meters squared per hectare (m2/ha) for each species. RBA (relative basal area) is the percent basal area for one species compared to the total basal area for all species. RIV is the average of RDEN, RFRE, and RBA, expressed in percent. Information was provided by Dr.

Kemuel Badger and Mr. John Taylor, Ball State University.

Species FRE RFRE DEN RDEN BA RBA RIV Quercus rubra 16 15 23.6 26 4.4 34 25 Quercus alba 13 13 9 10 1.5 11 11 Acer saccharum 12 12 9 10 1.2 9 10 Carya ovata 9 9 8.5 9 0.8 6 8 Quercus palustris 8 8 6.6 7 0.7 5 7 Carya cordiformis 6 6 6.6 7 0.7 5 6 Ulmus americana 7 7 5.7 6 0.6 5 6

Aesculus glabra 8 8 4.2 5 0.4 3 5

Acer rubra 5 5 2.4 3 1 7 5

Quercus macrocarpa 4 4 4.2 5 0.4 3 4 Ulmus rubra 4 4 2.8 3 0.3 2 3 Carya glabra 2 2 1.9 2 0.5 4 3

Quercus bicolor 3 3 1.9 2 0.3 2 2

Quercus shumardii 3 3 1.4 2 0.3 2 2

Quercus velutina 2 2 0.9 1 0.1 1 1

Gleditsia triacanthos 2 2 0.9 1 0.1 1 1

Totals: 104 100 89.6 100 13.2 100 100

Table 9.—Tabulated Statistics: Genus, Workseet Sites. Genus in bold (Carya and Juglans) font were significantly deferent between the two sites as determend by sub-set chi-square analysis.

Rows: Genus Columns: Sites

Skinner Cooper All

Quercus 43 52 95 47.78 53.06 50.53 0.135 0.124

Carya 30 17 47 33.33 17.35 25.00 2.500 2.296

Acer 7 15 22 7.78 15.31 11.70 1.184 1.088

Juglans 7 0 7 7.78 0.00 3.72 3.973 3.649

Ulmus 2 9 11 2.22 9.18 5.85 2.026 1.860

Aesculus 1 5 6 1.11 5.10 3.19 1.220 1.121

All 90 98 188 100.00 100.00 100.00

Cell Contents: Count % of Column Contribution to Chi-square

Pearson Chi-Square = 21.177, DF = 5, P-Value = 0.001 Likelihood Ratio Chi-Square = 24.567, DF = 5, P-Value = 0.000

Figure 1.—Map of Indiana showing the location of Delaware County (left), and within the city of Muncie the location of Cooper Woods and Skinner Woods.

Figure 2.—An aerial overview of the Cooper Woods-Skinner Woods complex with emphasis on vegetational communities. (Figure courtesy of John Taylor, Land Manager of FSEEC.)

Figure 3.—Map illustrating the distribution of soil types at the Cooper–Skinner Woodland Area. BdhAH =

Bellcreek silty clay loam; BmIA = Blount-Del Rey silty loams; GlpC3 = Glynwood clay loam; GlrB2 = Glynwood silty loam; PkkA = Pewamo silty clay loam. (From WWS 2017)

Figure 4.—Skinner Woods permanent plots, i.e., twenty-four 15 m radius plots were laid out in four rows (running south to north) with six plots per row (plots running east to west). Plots were numbered consecutively from the southeast plot (number 1) to the northwest plot (number 24). (Figure courtesy of John Taylor, Land Manager of

FSEEC.)

Figure 5.—Comparison of Skinner Woods permanent plots (24 blue squares top right) and Cooper Woods permanent plots (30 blue squares center right). (Figure courtesy of John Taylor, Land Manager of FSEEC.)

CONCLUSION

The final objective of this research was to provide some recommendations to the FSEEC staff for property improvement and future management of Skinner Woods (SW). The first major problem encountered is access to SW from Cooper Woods. Currently, anyone going to SW must cross the creek, Eagle Branch, which requires waterproof boots and is problematic at various times throughout the year due to volume of water flow. Thus, it is recommended that a bridge be built over the creek. I recommend that it be built on the path lying between the mature and the successional woodlands in Cooper Woods. This will allow entrance to the Skinner property on the west side of the woodland and the east side of the old-field.

Secondly, based on data presented in Tables 6 and 8, the structure and composition of the mature woodland at SW will change from oak-hickory dominated mesic woodland to hickory- sugar maple dominated woodland. To suppress the expansion of the sugar maple population, it is recommended that they be removed. This can be done in part by periodic prescribed burns to remove the smaller seedlings. However, it will also require removal of the large sugar maples that are serving as seed sources.

Lastly, if the old-field at SW is to be maintained, and I recommend that it should be, it is recommended that the field receive periodic prescribed burns. Currently, much of the field, especially around the periphery, is heavily infested with exotic woody species such as Elaeagnus umbellata, Lonicera maackii, and Rhamnus cathartica. In addition, the open areas of the field are heavily infested with exotic grass such as Festuca arundinacea and Poa pratensis. These grasses are growing so thickly that they are crowding out other non-graminoid herbaceous species.

Burning will not only remove the woods plants, but it will open up the habitat for herbaceous plants.

APPENDIX 1

CATALOG OF VACULAR FLORA AT COOPER WOODS AND SKINNER WOODS,

DELAWARE COUNTY, INDIANA

Species are listed alphabetically by family, then genera, under major plant groups. Non- native (exotic) species are capitalized. Nomenclature follows the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group

III (APG 2009; Stevens 2015). Each species report contains the following information: (1) current scientific name; (2) location (CW = Cooper Woods, SW = Skinner Woods); (3) vegetation association (CB = creek bank, MWL = mature woodland, OF = old-field, SUCWL = successional woodland, OF = old-field, VP = vernal pool, and WE = woodland edge); (4) a visual estimate of its relative abundance (see below); (5) the Indiana Coefficient of Conservation,

C-value (Rothrock 2004); and (6) the Ball State University Herbarium (BSUH) number(s). The relative abundance for species is defined as follows; rare = ≤ 5 sites although a species may be abundant at one site; infrequent = occasional, not widespread throughout its potential habitats, but may be locally abundant at a site; common = frequent throughout its potential habitats and may be locally abundant at one or more sites; and abundant = common and numerous throughout its potential habitats. Potential Delaware County records are indicated by a pound-symbol in parentheses (#) immediately preceding a species. Species were deemed unreported for Delaware

County, and hence considered a county record, if they did not appear in the Indiana Natural

Heritage Data Center’s records for Delaware County [this is the same plant list in the computer database of Keller et al. (1984)], the USDA Plant Database (2015), The Biota of North America

Program (BONAP): Maps by States and Provinces (2014), Overlease & Overlease (2007), Deam

(1940), the species listed at Dutro Woods Nature Preserve (Ruch et al. 2014b), Ginn Woods

(Ruch et al. 1998, 2004), and Munsee Woods Nature Preserve (Prast et al. 2013). There are five

Delaware County records. Lastly, no species documented at CW-SW occur on the Indiana

Department of Natural Resources list of endangered, threatened or rare plants, but two species,

Rudbeckia fulgida var. fulgida and Spiranthes ovalis var. erostellata, are on the state watch list

(IDNR Nature Preserves 2016).

MONILOPHYTA

CYSTOPTERIDACEAE

Cystopteris protrusa (Weath.) Blasdell – CW, SW; MWL, SUCWL; Common; C = 4; BSUH

19775, 19667.

EQUISETACEAE (Horsetail Family)

Equisetum arvense L. – CW; MWL; Rare; C = 1; BSUH 20050.

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE (Adder's-tongue Family)

Sceptridium dissectum (Spreng.) Lyon forma obliquum – SW; MWL- near trash pile; Rare; C =

3; BSUH 19990.

CONIFEROPHYTA

CUPRESSACEAE (Redwood or Cypress Family)

Juniperus virginiana L. var. virginiana – CW, SW; OF; Rare; C = 2; BSUH 19549.

PINACEAE (Pine Family)

PINUS RESINOSA Aiton – CW; SUCWL; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19953.

Pinus strobus L. – CW; WE, SUCWL; Rare; C = 5; BSUH 19703.

PINUS SYLVESTRIS L. – CW; WE; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19944, 19484.

MAGNOLIOPHYTA

MAGNOLIOPSIDA (Dicotyledons)

ACANTHACEAE (Acanthus Family)

Ruellia strepens L. – CW, SW; MWL, WE; Common; C = 4; BSUH 20037.

ADOXACEAE (Moschatel Family)

Sambucus canadensis L. – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 2; BSUH 20035.

AMARANTHACEAE (Goosefoot or Pigweed Family)

AMARANTHUS RETROFLEXUS L. – CW; WE/OF; Infrequent but locally common; C = 0;

BSUH 20068.

Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moquin-Tandon) J.D. Sauer – CW; CB, WE/OF; Infrequent; C = 1;

BSUH 19884.

CHENOPODIUM ALBUM L. – CW, SW; OF, WE, SUCWL, VP; Infrequent; C = 0; BSUH

20054.

ANACARDIACEAE (Cashew Family)

Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze var. negundo (Greene) Reveal – CW, SW; All habitats;

Common; C = 1; BSUH 20049.

ANNONACEAE (Custard apple Family)

Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal – CW; SUCWL; Rare; C= 6; BSUH 19989.

APIACEAE (Carrot or Parsley Family)

Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. – CW, SW; MWL; Abundant; C = 3; BSUH 20046.

DAUCUS CAROTA L. – CW, SW; WE, OF; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19733.

Erigenia bulbosa (Michx.) Nutt. – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 5; BSUH 19742.

Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) C.B. Clarke – CW, SW; MWL; Common; C = 3; BSUH 20009.

Sanicula odorata (Raf.) K.M. Pryer & L.R. Phillippe – CW, SW; MWL; Common and locally abundant; C = 2; BSUH 19995.

Thaspium trifoliatum (L.) A. Gray var. aureum (L.) Britton – CW, SW; MWL; C = 5; BSUH

20019.

Zizia aurea (L.) W.D.J. Koch – CW; WE; C = 7; BSUH 20010.

APOCYNACEAE (Dogbane and Milkweed Family)

Apocynum cannabinum L. – CW, SW; OF, WE; Infrequent; C = 2; BSUH 19772.

Asclepias incarnata L. var. incarnata – CW, SW; CB near pond; Rare; C = 4; BSUH 19734.

Asclepias syriaca L. – CW, SW; WE/OF; C = 1; BSUH 19751.

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE (Birthwort Family)

Aristolochia serpentaria L. (= Endodeca serpentaria (L.) Raf.) – CW; MWL; Rare; C = 8;

BSUH 19786.

ASTERACEAE (Aster or Sunflower Family)

Ageratina altissima (L.) R.M. King & H. Rob. var. altissima – CW; MWL; Rare; C = 2; BSUH

19074, 19718.

Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. var. elatior (L.) Descourt. – CW, SW; OF, SUCWL; Infrequent ; C =

0; BSUH 19708.

Ambrosia trifida L. – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent but locally common; C = 0; BSUH 20061.

Bidens bipinnata L. – CW; WE/OF; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19722, 19821.

Bidens frondosa L. – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 1; BSUH 20065.

Bidens vulgata Greene – CW; MWL, SUCWL; Common and locally abundant; C = 0; BSUH

19832.

CICHORIUM INTYBUS L. – CW, SW; WE, OF; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19767.

CIRSIUM ARVENSE (L.) Scop. – CW, SW; OF, WE; C = 0; BSUH 19770.

Cirsium discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Spreng. – CW, SW; OF; Infrequent; C = 3; BSUH 20064.

Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist var. canadensis – CW, SW; OF, WE; Common; C = 0; BSUH

19706.

Erechtites hieraciifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC. – CW; SUCWL; Rare; C = 2; BSUH 19817.

Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 0; BSUH 20047.

Erigeron philadelphicus L. var. philadelphicus – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 3; BSUH

19997.

Eupatorium altissimum L. – CW,SW; OF; Common; C = 1; BSUH 19714.

Eupatorium perfoliatum L. – CW; SUCWL; Rare; C = 4; BSUH 20059.

Eupatorium serotinum Michx. – CW, SW; WE, OF; Common; C = 0; BSUH 19723.

Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. – CW, SW; OF; Common; C = 3; BSUH 20058.

Helianthus decapetalus L. – CW; WE, MWL; Infrequent; C = 5; BSUH 19827, 19874.

Helianthus tuberosus L. – CW; WE, MWL; Rare but locally common; C = 2; BSUH 19826.

Lactuca floridana (L.) Gaerth. – CW, SW; MWL, SUCWL; Infrequent; C = 5; BSUH 20062.

LACTUCA SERRIOLA L. – CW; WE; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19715.

Packera glabella (Poir.) C. Jeffrey – CW, SW; MWL, WE; Infrequent; C = 0; BSUH 19994.

Packera obovata (Willd.) W.A. Weber & Á. Löve – CW, SW; MWL; Common; C = 7; BSUH

19803.

Ratibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnhart – CW; OF; Rare; C = 5; BSUH 19798.

(#) Rudbeckia fulgida Aiton var. fulgida – CW; MWL; Infrequent but locally common; C = 5;

BSUH 19843. (State Watch List; S2 = imperiled in state)

Rudbeckia hirta L. – CW, SW; OF, SUCWL; Common; C = 2; BSUH 19795.

Rudbeckia triloba L. var. triloba – CW; WE; Rare; C = 3; BSUH 19878.

Solidago altissima L. – CW, SW; OF, SUCWL, WE; Abundant; C = 0; BSUH 19719.

Symphyotrichum cordifolium (L.) G.L. Nesom – CW, SW; MWL, WE; Common; C = 5; BSUH

19823.

Symphyotrichum lanceolatum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom var. lanceolatum – CW; OF (west ditch bank); Rare; C = 3; BSUH 20067.

Symphyotrichum lateriflorum (L.) Á. Löve & D. Löve var. lateriflorum – CW, SW; All habitats;

Abundant; C = 3; BSUH 19717.

Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (L.) G.L. Nesom – CW, SW; OF; Common; C = 3; BSUH

19738.

Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom var. pilosum – CW, SW; OF; Common; C = 0;

BSUH 19716.

TARAXACUM OFFICINALE G.H. Weber ex F.H. Wiggers – CW, SW; CB, OF, MWL, WE;

Infrequent; C = 0; BSUH 19690.

TRAGOPOGON PRATENSIS L. – CW, MWL, Rare C = 0; BSUH 20025.

Verbesina alternifolia (L.) Britton ex Kearney – CW, SW; SUCWL, WE; Infrequent; C = 3;

BSUH 19986.

Vernonia gigantea (Walter) Trel. – CW, SW; OF; Common; C = 2; BSUH 19701.

Xanthium strumarium L. – CW, SW; OF, WE; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19837.

BALSAMINACEAE (Touch-me-not Family)

Impatiens capensis Meerb. – CW, SW; MWL, SUCWL; Abundant; C = 2; BSUH 19756.

BERBERIDACEAE (Barberry Family)

Jeffersonia diphylla (L.) Pers. – CW; MWL; Rare but locally abundant; C = 7; BSUH 19688.

Podophyllum peltatum L. – CW, SW; MWL; Abundant; C = 3; BSUH 19765.

BETULACEAE (Birch Family)

Carpinus caroliniana Walter ssp. virginiana (Marshall) Furlow – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C

= 5; BSUH 20041.

Corylus americana Walter – SW; MWL; Rare; C = 4; BSUH 19813.

Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch – CW, SW; MWL; Common; C = 0; BSUH 20042.

BIGNONIACEAE (Trumpet-Creeper Family)

Catalpa speciosa (Warder) Engelm. – CW; SUCWL; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19984.

BORAGINACEAE (Borage Family)

Hackelia virginiana (L.) I.M. Johnst. – CW, SW; MWL; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19791.

Mertensia virginica (L.) Link – CW, SW; MWL; Rare; C = 6; BSUH 19678.

BRASSICACEAE (Mustard Family)

ALLIARIA PETIOLATA (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 0;

BSUH 19692.

BARBAREA VULGARIS W.T. Aiton – CW, SW; OF, SUCWL; Infrequent; C = 0; BSUH 19806.

Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb. ex Muhl.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. – CW, SW; MWL, SUCWL;

Common; C = 4; BSUH 19693.

Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) O. Schwarz – CW, SW; MWL; Abundant; C = 4; BSUH

19750.

Cardamine douglassii Britton – CW, SW; MWL; Common; C = 5; BSUH 19694.

(#) Cardamine parviflora L. var. arenicola (Britton) O.E. Schulz – SW; WE/OF; Common; C =

4; BSUH 19863.

Cardamine pensylvanica Willd. – CW, SW; MWL; Rare; C = 2; BSUH 19777.

Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser ssp. fernaldiana (Butters & Abbe) Jonsell – CW, SW; OF, WE;

Rare but locally frequent; C = 2; BSUH 19920.

Rorippa sessiliflora (Nutt.) A.S. Hitchc. – SW; WE/OF; Infrequent; C = 3; BSUH 19864.

CAMPANULACEAE (Bellflower Family)

Campanula americana L. (= Campanulastrum americanum (L.) Small) – CW; MWL; Rare; C =

4; BSUH 19957.

Lobelia inflata L. – CW, SW; MWL, OF, WE; Common and locally abundant; C = 3; BSUH

19705, 19861.

Lobelia siphilitica L. – CW, SW; WE; Common; C = 3; BSUH 19705.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE (Honeysuckle Family)

LONICERA MAACKII (Rupr.) Maxim. – CW, SW; MWL; Abundant; C = 0; BSUH 19675.

LONICERA MORROWII A. Gray – CW, SW; OF; Common; C = 0; BSUH 19941.

Triosteum aurantiacum E.P. Bicknell var. aurantiacum – SW; MWL; Rare; C = 5; BSUH 19812.

VIBURNUM OPULUS var. OPULUS – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 0; BSUH 19993.

Viburnum prunifolium L. – CW, SW; MWL; Common and locally abundant; C = 4; BSUH

19800, 19663.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE (Pink Family)

CERASTIUM FONTANUM Baumg. ssp. VULGARE (Hartm.) Greuter & Burdet – CW, SW; OF;

Abundant; C = 0; BSUH 19938, 20005.

DIANTHUS ARMERIA L. – CW; MWL; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 20052.

Silene stellata (L.) W.T. Aiton – CW, SW; MWL; Rare but locally common; C = 5; BSUH

19959.

Silene virginica L. – CW, SW; MWL; Rare; C = 7; BSUH 19980.

STELLARIA MEDIA (L.) Vill. – CW; SUCWL, WE; C = 0; BSUH 20069.

CELASTRACEAE (Bittersweet Family)

CELASTRUS ORBICULATUS Thunb. – CW; MWL; Infrequent [to rare]; C = 0; BSUH 20036.

Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. var. atropurpureus – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 5; BSUH

19696.

Euonymus obovata Nutt. – CW, SW; MWL; Common; C = 0; BSUH 19797.

CONVOLVULACEAE (Morning-Glory Family)

Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. – CW, SW; MWL, WE; Infrequent but locally common; C = 1;

BSUH 19769.

IPOMOEA HEDERACEA Jacq. – CW; WE; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 20063.

CORNACEAE (Dogwood Family)

Cornus drummondii C.A. Mey. – CW, SW; MWL/WE; Common; C = 2; BSUH 19983.

Cornus obliqua Raf. – CW; OF, SUCWL; Infrequent; C = 5; BSUH 19882.

DIPSACACEAE

DIPSACUS FULLONUM L. – CW, SW; OF, SUCWL, WLE; Infrequent; C = 0; BSUH 19965.

ELAEAGNACEAE (Oleaster Family)

ELEAGNUS UMBELLATA Thunb. – CW, SW; OF, WE; Infrequent; C = 0; BSUH 20004.

EUPHORBIACEAE (Spurge Family)

Acalypha rhomboidea Raf. – CW, SW; All habitats; Abundant; C = 0; BSUH 19828.

Euphorbia dentata Michx. – CW; WE; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19815.

Euphorbia maculata L. – CW; OF, WE; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19699.

Euphorbia nutans Lag. – CW, SW; OF; Infrequent; C = 0; BSUH 19814.

FABACEAE (Legume Family)

Cercis canadensis L. – CW, SW; MWL, SUCWL; Infrequent; C = 3; BSUH 19684, 19808.

Desmodium canadense (L.) DC. – CW, SW; OF; Infrequent but locally common; C = 3; BSUH

19834.

Desmodium paniculatum (L.) DC. var. paniculatum – CW, SW; OF; Infrequent to common in the fields; C = 2; BSUH 19713.

Gleditsia triacanthos L. – CW, SW; MWL; Rare to infrequent; C = 1; BSUH 19937.

(#) LATHYRUS LATIFOLIUS L. – CW; OF; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19793.

MEDICAGO LUPULINA L. – CW, SW; MWL, SUCWL; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 20039.

MELILOTUS OFFICINALIS (L.) Lam. – CW, SW; MWL, WE; Infrequent but locally common;

C = 0; BSUH 19782.

SECURIGERA VARIA (L.) Lassen – CW; OF; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 20057.

TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM L. – CW, SW; OF, SUCWL, WE; Common; C = 0; BSUH 20038.

TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE L. – CW, SW; OF, SUCWL, WE; Common; C = 0; BSUH 19763.

TRIFOLIUM REPENS L. – CW, SW; OF; Infrequent; C = 0; BSUH 19982.

FAGACEAE (Beech Family)

Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 8; BSUH 20028.

Quercus bicolor Willd. – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 7; BSUH 19730, 19973.

Quercus imbricaria Michx. – CW; MWL, WE; Rare; C = 3; BSUH 19726.

Quercus macrocarpa Michx. var. macrocarpa – CW, SW; MWL, WLE; Abundant; C = 5;

BSUH 19663.

Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. – CW, SW; SUCWL; Infrequent; C = 4; BSUH 20012.

Quercus palustris Münchh. – CW, SW; MWL; Rare; C = 3; BSUH 20027.

Quercus rubra L. – CW, SW; MWL; Abundant; C = 4; BSUH 19974.

Quercus shumardii Buckley – CW, SW; MWL; Abundant; C = 7; BSUH 19975.

Quercus velutina Lam. – CW; MWL; Rare; C = 4; BSUH 19819.

FUMARIACEAE (Fumitory Family)

Dicentra cucullaria (L.) Bernh. – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 6; BSUH 19744.

GERANIACEAE (Geranium Family)

Geranium maculatum L. – CW, SW; MWL; Common; C = 4; BSUH 19781.

GROSSULARIACEAE (Gooseberry Family)

Ribes cynosbati L. – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 4; BSUH 19801.

HYPERICACEAE (St. John’s-wort Family)

Hypericum mutilum L. – SW; WE/OF; Infrequent but locally common; C = 4; BSUH 19709.

HYPERICUM PERFORATUM L. – CW, SW; MWL; Rare C = 0; BSUH 19784.

Hypericum punctatum Lam. – CW, SW; OF; Common; C = 3; BSUH 19729.

HYDROPHYLLACEAE (Waterleaf family)

Hydrophyllum macrophyllum Nutt. – CW, SW; MWL; Rare; C = 7; BSUH 19996.

Hydrophyllum virginianum L. – CW, SW; MWL; Abundant; C = 4; BSUH 19999.

JUGLANDACEAE (Walnut Family)

Carya cordiformis (Wangenh.) K. Koch – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 5; BSUH 19787.

Carya glabra (P. Miller) Sweet – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 4; BSUH 19788.

Carya laciniosa (Michx. f.) G. Don – CW, SW; MWL; Abundant; C = 8; BSUH 19846.

Carya ovata (P. Miller) K. Koch – CW, SW; MWL, SUCWL; Common; C = 4; BSUH 19960.

Juglans nigra L. – CW, SW; MWL, SUCWL, WE; Infrequent to common C = 2; BSUH 20013.

LAMIACEAE (Mint Family)

Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Benth. – CW, SW; MWL; Rare but locally common; C = 5; BSUH

19905, 19724.

(#) CHAITURUS MARRUBIASTRUM (L.) Rchb. – CW; WE; Rare but locally common; C = 0;

BSUH 19721, 19876.

GLECHOMA HEDERACEA L. – CW, SW; MWL; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19761.

Lycopus americanus Muhl. ex W.P.C. Barton – CW, SW; CB, OF; Common to abundant; C = 3;

BSUH 19704.

Monarda fistulosa L. var. fistulosa – CW; OF; Infrequent; C = 3; BSUH 19792.

PRUNELLA VULGARIS L. – CW, SW; OF, SUCWL; Common; C = 0; BSUH 19736.

Scutellaria lateriflora L. – CW, SW; MWL, VP; Common; C = 4; BSUH 19789.

Stachys tenuifolia Willd. – CW; MWL, VP; Common; C = 4; BSUH 19880, 19954.

Teucrium canadense L. – CW, SW; MWL, WE; Infrequent but locally common; C = 3; BSUH

19735.

LAURACEAE (Laurel Family)

Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume var. benzoin – CW, SW; WE, VP; Rare; C = 5; BSUH 19683,

19711.

LIMNANTHACEAE (False Mermaid Family)

Floerkea proserpinacoides Willd. – CW; MWL; Common; C = 5; BSUH 19691.

LINDERNIACEAE (False Pimpernel Family)

Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell var. anagallidea (Michx.) Cooperr. – CW, SW; OF; Rare but locally frequent; C = 3; BSUH 19727.

MAGNOLIACEAE (Magnolia Family)

Liriodendron tulipifera L. – CW; OF, SUCWL; Rare; C = 4; BSUH 19697.

MALVACEAE (Mallow Family)

ABUTILON THEOPHRASTI Medik. – CW, SW; OF (disturbed soil near soil pit), WE; Rare; C =

0; BSUH 19702, 19720.

HIBISCUS TRIONUM L. – CW, SW; WE, CB near pond; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19707, 19839.

SIDA SPINOSA L. – CW, SW; OF, WE; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19879.

Tilia americana L. var. americana – CW; MWL; Rare but locally frequent; C = 5; BSUH 19820.

MENISPERMACEAE (Moonseed Family)

Menispermum canadense L. – CW, SW; MWL; Common; C = 3; BSUH 19670.

MONTIACEAE (Blinks Family)

Claytonia virginica L. var. virginica – CW, SW; MWL; Abundant; C = 2; BSUH 19749.

MORACEAE (Mulberry Family)

MORUS ALBA L. – CW, SW; MWL, SUCWL, WE; C = 0; BSUH 20031.

Morus rubra L. – SW; MWL; Rare; C = 4; BSUH 19732.

MYRSINACEAE

Lysimachia ciliata L. – CW, SW; OF; Rare but locally common; C = 4; BSUH 19966.

OLEACEAE (Olive Family)

Fraxinus americana L. – SW; WE; Rare; C = 4; BSUH 19886.

Fraxinus nigra Marshall – CW, SW; MWL around vernal pools; Infrequent; C = 7; BSUH

19731.

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall – CW, SW; MWL, SUCWL; Infrequent; C = 1; BSUH 19662,

19961. [NOTE: prior to the emeral ash bore invasion, this was the most abundant tree species in both woodlands]

LIGUSTRUM OBTUSIFOLIUM Siebold & Zucc. – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 0; BSUH

20040.

ONAGRACEAE (Evening Primrose Family)

Circaea lutetiana L. ssp. canadensis (L.) Asch. & Magnus – CW, SW; MWL; Abundant; C = 2;

BSUH 19783.

Epilobium coloratum Biehler – CW, SW; CB near pond, WE; Infrequent; C = 3; BSUH 19829.

Ludwigia palustris (L.) Elliott – SW; VP; Rare but locally abundant; C = 3; BSUH 19867,

19971.

Oenothera biennis L. – CW, SW; OF, WE; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19773.

OXALIDACEAE (Wood Sorrel Family)

Oxalis dillenii Jacq. – CW, SW; MWL; Abundant; C = 0; BSUH 19955.

Oxalis stricta L. – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 0; BSUH 19728.

PAPAVERACEAE (Poppy Family)

Sanguinaria canadensis L. – CW, SW; MWL; Common; C = 5; BSUH 19677, 19762.

Stylophorum diphyllum (Michx.) Nutt. – CW,SW; MWL; Rare; C = 7; BSUH 19810.

PENTHORACEAE (Ditch stonecrop Family)

Penthorum sedoides L. – CW, SW; SUCWL, VP; Rare but locally common; C = 8; BSUH

19831.

PHRYMACEAE (Lopseed Family)

Mimulus alatus Ait. – CW, SW; MWL, VP; Infrequent but locally common; C = 4; BSUH

19700.

Phryma leptostachya L. – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 4; BSUH 20053.

PLANTAGINACEAE (Plantain Family)

Gratiola neglecta Torr. – CW, SW; SUCWL, WE/OF; Infrequent but locally common; C = 4;

BSUH 19757.

Penstemon calycosus Small – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 4; BSUH 20023.

PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA L. – CW, SW; OF, WE; Common; C = 0; BSUH 19753.

Plantago rugelii Decne. – CW, SW; MWL, SUCWL, WE; Abundant; C = 0; BSUH 19768.

Veronica peregrina L. var. peregrina – SW; WE/OF; Infrequent but locally common; C = 0;

BSUH 19848, 19862.

PLATANACEAE (Plane-Tree Family)

Platanus occidentalis L. – CW; MWL, SUCWL; Rare; C = 3; BSUH 20030.

POLEMONIACEAE (Phlox Family)

Phlox divaricata L. ssp. divaricata – CW, SW; MWL; Abundant; C = 5; BSUH 19802.

Polemonium reptans L. var. reptans – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 5; BSUH 19804.

POLYGONACEAE (Smartweed Family)

Fallopia scandens (L.) Holub – CW,SW; MWL/CB; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19740.

PERSICARIA LONGISETA (de Bruijn) Kitag. – CW, SW; MWL, SUCWL; Common; C = 0;

BSUH 20060.

PERSICARIA MACULOSA Gray – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 0; BSUH 19836.

Persicaria punctata (Elliott) Small – CW, SW; SUCWL, VP; Infrequent; C = 3; BSUH 19847.

Persicaria virginiana (L.) Gaertn. – CW, SW; MWL; Abundant; C = 3; BSUH 19790.

POLYGONUM AVICULARE L. – CW, SW; WE; Common; C = 0; BSUH 19962.

RUMEX CRISPUS L. – CW, SW; MWL, SUCWL; Common; C = 0; BSUH 20045.

PORTULACACEAE (Purslane Family)

PORTULACA OLERACEA L. – CW; MWL; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19838.

RANUNCULACEAE (Buttercup Family)

ERANTHIS HYEMALIS (L.) Salisb. – CW; MWL [planted and naturalized]; Rare but locally abundant; C = 0; BSUH 19747.

Hepatica acutiloba D.C – CW; MWL near vernal pool; Rare; C = 8; BSUH 19746.

Ranunculus abortivus L. – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 0; BSUH 19669, 19796.

Ranunculus hispidus Michx. var. caricetorum (Greene) T. Duncan – CW, SW; VP; Abundant; C

= 10; BSUH 19902, 19807.

Ranunculus hispidus Michx. var. hispidus – CW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 7; BSUH 19875.

Thalictrum revolutum DC. – CW; WE; Rare; C = 5; BSUH 19741.

Thalictrum thalictroides (L.) Eames & B. Boivin – CW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 7; BSUH 19664.

RHAMNACEAE (Buckthorn Family)

RHAMNUS CATHARTICA L. – CW; MWL, SUCWL, WE; Infrequent; C = 0; BSUH 20014.

ROSACEAE (Rose Family)

Agrimonia parviflora Aiton – CW, SW; OF; Infrequent but locally abundant; C = 4; BSUH

19794.

Agrimonia pubescens Wallr. – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 5; BSUH 19956.

Crataegus crus-galli L. – CW, SW; OF; Rare; C = 4; BSUH 19943.

Crataegus mollis (Torr. & A. Gray) Scheele – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 2; BSUH 19991,

20020.

Crataegus phaenopyrum (L. f.) Medik. – SW; OF; Rare (one tree); C = 0; BSUH 19856.

Crataegus punctata Jacq. – CW, SW; MWL; Rare; C = 2; BSUH 20044.

Fragaria virginiana P. Miller – CW, SW; OF; Infrequent but locally common; C = 2; BSUH

19940.

Geum canadense Jacq. var. canadense – CW, SW; MWL; Abundant; C = 1; BSUH 19764.

Geum laciniatum Murray – CW, SW; CB, OF, MWL; Abundant; C = 3; BSUH 20055.

Geum vernum (Raf.) Torr. & A. Gray – CW, SW; CB; OF, MWL, SUCWL; Abundant; C = 1;

BSUH 19766, 19809, 19758.

MALUS PUMILA P. Miller – CW, SW; OF; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19811.

Potentilla norvegica L. – CW, SW; OF; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19833.

Potentilla simplex Michx. – CW, SW; MWL; Common but locally abundant; C = 2; BSUH

19666.

Prunus americana Marshall – CW, SW; MWL; Rare; C = 4; BSUH 20029.

Prunus serotina Ehrh. – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 1; BSUH 19936, 20001.

PYRUS CALLERYANA Decne. – CW; OF, SUCWL; Infrequent; C = 0; BSUH 20033.

ROSA MULTIFLORA Thunb. ex Murray – CW, SW; OF, SUCWL; C = 0; BSUH 20018.

Rosa setigera Michx. – CW, SW; OF, SUCWL, WE; Infrequent; C = 4; BSUH 19752.

Rubus occidentalis L. – CW, SW; CB, OF; Infrequent; C = 1; BSUH 19942, 20003.

Rubus pensilvanicus Poir. – CW, SW; CB; SUCWL; Commom; C = 5; BSUH 20011.

RUBIACEAE (Madder Family)

Galium aparine L. – CW, SW; CB; MWL, SUCWL; Common; C = 1; BSUH 19779.

Galium circaezans Michx. – CW, SW; CB, MWL; Common; C = 7; BSUH 20022.

Galium concinnum Torr. & A. Gray – CW, SW; MWL; Common; C = 5; BSUH 20048.

Galium obtusum Bigelow var. obtusum – CW,SW; MWL around vernal pools; Common; C = 5;

BSUH 19903.

RUTACEAE (Citrus Family)

Zanthoxylum americanum P. Miller – CW, SW; SUCWL; Infrequent but locally common; C = 3;

BSUH 20015.

SALICACEAE (Willow Family)

Populus deltoides Marshall – CW, SW; SUCWL; Infrequent; C = 1; BSUH 20017.

SAPINDACEAE (Soapberry Family)

Acer negundo L. var. negundo – CW, SW; MWL near vernal pools; Rare; C = 1; BSUH 19890.

Acer rubrum L. var. rubrum – CW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 5; BSUH 19976.

Acer saccharum Marshall – CW, SW; MWL; Abundant; C = 4; BSUH 19661, 19776.

Acer saccharinum L- CW, SW; Common; C = 1; BSUH 19998.

Aesculus glabra Willd. var. glabra –CW, SW; MWL; Abundant; C = 5; BSUH 19799.

SOLANACEAE (Nightshade Family)

DATURA STRAMONIUM L. – CW; OF - distured area; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19698.

Solanum carolinense L. var. carolinense –CW, SW; OF; Infrequent; C = 0; BSUH 19710.

Solanum ptycanthum Dunal – CW, SW; MWL; Rare but locally common; C = 0; BSUH 20056.

STAPHYLEACEAE (Bladdernut Family)

Staphylea trifolia L. – SW; MWL; Rare but locally common; C = 5; BSUH 19737.

THEOPHRASTACEAE

Samolus parviflorus Raf. – CW, SW; SUCWL, WE/OF; Rare but locally abundant; C = 5;

BSUH 19981.

ULMACEAE (Elm Family)

Celtis occidentalis L. – CW, SW; MWL; Common; C = 3; BSUH 20032.

Ulmus americana L. –CW, SW; MWL; Common; C = 3; BSUH 19816, 19668.

ULMUS PUMILA L. – CW, SW; OF, SUCWL; Infrequent; C = 0; BSUH 19755.

Ulmus rubra Muhl. – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 3; BSUH 20026.

URTICACEAE (Nettle Family)

Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. – CW, SW; VP; Common; C = 3; BSUH 19774, 19877.

Laportea canadensis (L.) Wedd. – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent but locally common; C = 2;

BSUH 19958.

Pilea pumila (L.) A. Gray var. pumila – CW, SW; MWL, SUCWL; Infrequent but locally common; C = 2; BSUH 19739.

VALERIANACEAE

Valerianella umbilicata (Sull.) Alph. Wood – CW, SW; OF; Infrequent; C = 5; BSUH 19939.

VERBENACEAE (Vervain Family)

Verbena urticifolia L. – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 3; BSUH 19785.

VIOLACEAE (Violet Family)

Viola sororia Willd. – CW, SW; SUCWL; Infrequent; C = 1; BSUH 19780.

Viola striata Aiton – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 4; BSUH 19689.

VITACEAE (Grape Family)

Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. – CW, SW; MWL; Abundant; C = 2; BSUH 19671.

Vitis riparia Michx. – CW, SW; SUCWL; Common; C = 1; BSUH 19934.

Vitis vulpina L. – CW, SW; WE Infrequent; C = 3; BSUH 19695.

MAGNOLIOPHYTA

LILIOPSIDA (Monocotyledons)

ALISMATACEAE (Water-plantain Family)

Alisma subcordatum Raf. – SW; VP; Rare; C = 2; BSUH 19712.

AMARYLLIDACEAE (Amaryllis Family)

Allium canadense L. var. canadense –CW, SW; MWL; Rare but locally abundant; C = 1; BSUH

19665.

Allium tricoccum Aiton [SYN: Allium burdickii (Hanes) A.G. Jones] – CW; MWL; Infrequent but locally common; C = 6; BSUH 19835.

ALLIUM VINEALE L. – CW, SW; MWL; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19686.

GALANTHUS NIVALIS L. – CW; MWL; Rare but locally abundant [naturalized]; C = 0; BSUH

19676.

NARCISSUS POETICUS L. – CW; MWL; Infrequent but local abundant [naturalized]; C = 0;

BSUH 19681.

NARCISSUS PSEUDONARCISSUS L. – CW; MWL; Infrequent but locally common

[naturalized]; C = 0; BSUH 19748.

ARACEAE (Arum Family)

Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott – CW, SW; MWL; Common, especially in Skinner; C = 5;

BSUH 19674.

Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott ssp. triphyllum – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 4; BSUH

19805.

ASPARAGACEAE (Asparagus Family)

ASPARAGUS OFFICINALIS L. – CW; WE/OF; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19771.

Camassia scilloides (Raf.) Cory – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent but locally common; C = 5;

BSUH 19673.

CHIONODOXA LUCILIAE Boiss. – CW; MWL; Rare but locally abundant; naturalized; C = 0;

BSUH 19745.

Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link ssp. racemosum – CW; MWL; Infrequent but locally common; C = 4; BSUH 20024.

ORNITHOGALUM UMBELLATUM L. – CW; MWL; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19664.

Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott var. biflorum – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 4;

BSUH 19778.

Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott var. commutatum (Schult. & Schult. f.) Morong – CW;

MWL; Rare; C = 4; BSUH 20034.

COMMELINACEAE (Spiderwort Family)

Tradescantia subaspera Ker Gawl. – SW; MWL; Common; C = 4; BSUH 19754.

Tradescantia virginiana L. – SW; WE; Rare; C = 7; BSUH 20043.

CYPERACEAE (Sedge Family)

Carex blanda Dewey – CW, SW; MWL; Abundant; C = 1; BSUH 19948.

Carex cephalophora Muhl. ex Willd. – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 3; BSUH 19929.

Carex cristatella Britton – CW; MWL; Rare but locally abundant; C = 3; BSUH 19851.

Carex davisii Schwein. & Torr. – CW, SW; MWL; Abundant; C = 3; BSUH 19931.

Carex gracillima Schwein. – SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 7; BSUH 19910.

Carex granularis Muhl. ex Willd. – CW, SW; MWL; Abundant; C = 2; BSUH 19912, 19927.

Carex grayi Carey – CW, SW; SUCWL; Rare; C = 5; BSUH 19915.

Carex grisea Wahlenb. –CW, SW; MWL; Abundant; C = 3; BSUH 19853, 19947.

Carex hirtifolia Mack. – CW, SW; SUCWL; Infrequent; C = 5; BSUH 19899, 19917.

Carex hystericina Muhl. ex Willd. – CW; CB near pond; Rare; C = 5; BSUH 19913.

Carex jamesii Schwein. – CW, SW; MWL; Common; C = 4; BSUH 19945.

Carex lacustris Willd. – CW, SW; VP; Common; C = 7; BSUH 19946.

Carex laxiculmis Schwein. var. laxiculmis – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent but locally common; C

= 7; BSUH 19911.

Carex leavenworthii Dewey – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 1; BSUH 19852.

Carex lupulina Muhl. ex Willd. – CW; MWL around vernal pools; C = 4; BSUH 19892.

Carex molesta Mack. ex Bright – CW, SW; OF; Abundant; C = 2; BSUH 19922.

Carex radiata (Wahlenb.) Small – CW, SW; MWL; Abundant; C = 4; BSUH 19930, 20008,

19901.

Carex shortiana Dewey – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 3; BSUH 19894, 19924.

Carex sparganioides Muhl. ex Willd. – SW; MWL; Rare; C = 4; BSUH 19916.

(#) Carex squarrosa L. – CW; VP; Rare; C = 4; BSUH 19979.

Carex stipata Muhl. ex Willd. var. stipata – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 2; BSUH 19928.

Carex tribuloides Wahlenb. var. tribuloides – CW, SW; MWL around vernal pools; Abundant; C

= 5; BSUH 19896, 19978, 19988.

Carex vulpinoidea Michx. – CW, SW; SUCWL; Infrequent; C = 2; BSUH 19895, 19923.

Cyperus esculentus L. var. leptostachyus Böckler – CW, SW; OF; Infrequent; C = 0; BSUH

19949.

Cyperus strigosus L. – CW; MWL, SUCWL; Infrequent; C = 0; BSUH 19859.

Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schult. – CW, SW; OF, WE/OF; Infrequent but locally abundant; C =

1; BSUH 19333.

Scirpus atrovirens Willd. – SW; WE/OF; Rare; C = 4; BSUH 19969.

Scirpus pendulus Muhl. – CW, SW; CW; MWL; Infrequent but locally common; C = 2; BSUH

19893, 19985.

DIOSCOREACEAE (Yam Family)

Dioscorea villosa L. – SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 4; BSUH 19914.

IRIDACEAE (Iris Family)

Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill. – CW, SW; CW; MWL; Infrequent but widespread; C = 3;

BSUH 20051.

JUNCACEAE (Rush Family)

Luzula multiflora (Ehrh.) Lej. var. multiflora – CW; SUCWL; Rare but locally abundant; C = 6;

BSUH 19672.

Juncus tenuis Willd. – CW, SW; MWL, SUCWL; Common; C = 0; BSUH 19925.

Juncus torreyi Coville – CW,SW; WE near creek; Rare; C = 3; BSUH 19967.

LEMNACEAE (Duckweed Family)

Lemna minor L. – SW; VP; Common; C = 3; BSUH 19972.

LILIACEAE (Lily Family)

Erythronium albidum Nutt. – CW, SW; MWL; Common and locally abundant; C = 3; BSUH

19743.

Erythronium americanum Ker Gawl. ssp. americanum – CW; MWL; Rare; C = 5; BSUH 19687.

Lilium michiganense Farw. – SW; MWL; Rare; C = 5; BSUH 20016.

MELANTHIACEAE (Bunchflower Family)

Trillium recurvatum Beck – CW, SW; MWL; Abundant; C = 4; BSUH 19680, 19759.

Trillium sessile L. – CW, SW; MWL; Abundant; C = 4; BSUH 19679, 19760.

ORCHIDACEAE (Orchid Family)

Spiranthes ovalis Lindl. var. erostellata Catling – CW; OF; Rare; C = 3; BSUH 20066. (State

Watch List)

POACEAE (Grass Family)

AGROSTIS GIGANTEA Roth –CW, SW; OF; Common; C = 0; BSUH 19849.

Agrostis perennans (Walter) Tuck. – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent but locally abundant; C = 2;

BSUH 19871.

Alopecurus carolinianus Walter – CW, SW; WE/OF; Rare but locally common; C = 0; BSUH

19926.

Andropogon gerardii Vitman – CW, SW; OF; Rare but locally common; C = 5; BSUH 19881.

BROMUS COMMUTATUS Schrad. – CW, SW; SUCWL; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19909.

BROMUS INERMIS Leyss. –CW, SW; MWL; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19897, 19908.

BROMUS JAPONICUS Murray – SW; WE; Infrequent; C = 0; BSUH 19951.

Cinna arundinacea L. CW, SW; MWL; Abundant; C = 4; BSUH 19845.

DACTYLIS GLOMERATA L. – CW, SW; OF, WE; Infrequent; C = 0; BSUH 20007.

Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & Clark var. fasciculatum (Torr.) Freckman – CW,

SW; Infrequent but widespread; C = 2; BSUH 19857, 19866, 19891.

DIGITARIA ISCHAEMUM (Schreber) Muhl. – CW; SUCWL, WE; Infrequent but locally common; C = 0; BSUH 19873.

DIGITARIA SANGUINALIS (L.) Scop. – CW; SUCWL, WE; Infrequent but locally common; C

= 0; BSUH 19872.

ECHINOCHLOA CRUSGALLI (L.) P. Beauv. – CW; MWL, SUCWL; Infrequent; C = 0; BSUH

19841.

Echinochloa muricata (P. Beauv.) Fernald var. muricata – CW, SW; SUCWL; Common; C = 1;

BSUH 19870.

ELEUSINE INDICA (L.) Gaertn. – CW; WE; Infrequent; C = 0; BSUH 19885.

Elymus hystrix L. – CW, SW; MWL, SUCWL; Common, locally abundant; C = 5; BSUH 19888.

Elymus macgregorii R. Brooks & J.J.N. Campb. – CW, SW; MWL; Infrequent; C = 3; BSUH

19854.

Elymus villosus Muhl. ex Willd. – CW, SW; MWL; Common; C = 4; BSUH 19887.

Elymus virginicus L. – CW, SW; MWL; Common; C = 3; BSUH 19977.

ERAGROSTIS PILOSA (L.) P. Beauv. var. PILOSA – CW, SW; WE; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19883.

Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (=SCHEDONORUS ARUNDINACEUS (Schreb.) Dumort) – CW,

SW; OF; Abundant; C = 0; BSUH 19824, 19970.

Festuca subverticillata (Pers.) Alexeev – CW, SW; MWL; Common; C = 4; BSUH 19919.

Glyceria striata (Lam.) Hitchc. – CW, SW; MWL; Common; C = 4; BSUH 19907.

HORDEUM JUBATUM L. ssp. JUBATUM – CW; WE; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19850.

Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. – CW, SW; MWL, SUCWL; C = 2; BSUH 19952.

Leersia virginica Willd. – CW, SW; MWL, SUCWL; Abundant; C = 4; BSUH 19830.

Panicum capillare L. – CW; OF; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19869.

Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. var. dichotomiflorum – CW, SW; OF, WE; Infrequent but locally common; C = 0; BSUH 19825.

Panicum virgatum L. var. virgatum – CW; OF; Rare but locally common; C = 4; BSUH 19844.

Phalaris arundinacea L. – CW; OF; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19906. (Native, K. Yatskievych, Pers.

Comm.).

PHLEUM PRATENSE L. – CW, SW; OF, WE; Infrequent; C = 0; BSUH 19889.

POA ANNUA L. – CW, SW; OF, SUCWL, WE; Infrequent; C = 0; BSUH 19921.

POA COMPRESSA L. – CW, SW; MWL; Common; C = 0; BSUH 19898.

POA PRATENSIS L. ssp. PRATENSIS – CW, SW; OF, SUCWL, WE; Common; C = 0; BSUH

19992.

Poa sylvestris A. Gray – CW, SW; MWL; Common; C = 5; BSUH 19918.

POA TRIVIALIS L. – CW; MWL especially around vernal pools; Infrequent but locally abundant; C = 0; BSUH 19900.

Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash var. scoparium – CW; OF; Infrequent but locally abundant; C = 4; BSUH 19818.

SETARIA FABERI Herrm. – CW, SW; OF, WE; Common; C = 0; BSUH 19860.

SETARIA PUMILA (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. – CW, SW; OF, WE; Common; C = 0; BSUH

19858.

SETARIA VIRIDIS (L.) P. Beauv. var. VIRIDIS – SW; WE/OF; Infrequent; C = 0; BSUH 19950.

Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash – CW; OF; Infrequent but locally common; C = 4; BSUH 19868.

SORGHUM BICOLOR (L.) Moench – SW; OF/WE; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19822.

Sphenopholis intermedia (Rydb.) Rydb. – CW, SW; Infrequent but locally common; C = 3;

BSUH 19932.

Tridens flavus (L.) Hitchc. – CW, SW; OF, WE; Infrequent; C = 1; BSUH 19865.

TRITICUM AESTIVUM L. – CW; CB near the pond; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19968.

SMILACACEAE (Greenbrier Family)

Smilax ecirrhata (Engelm. ex Kunth) S. Watson – CW, SW; MWL; Common; C = 5; BSUH

19855.

Smilax hispida Raf. (= Smilax tamnoides L.) – CW, SW; MWL; Common; C = 3; BSUH 20021.

Smilax lasioneura Hook. – CW; MWL; Rare; C = 4; BSUH 19935, 20000.

TYPHACEAE (Cattail Family)

TYPHA ANGUSTIFOLIA L. – CW; OF in soil pit; Rare; C = 0; BSUH 19760.

APPENDIX 2

Background Information for Tree Analysis

Depicted below is a description of how the data was analyzed for Skinner Woods.

Area of Plots: area of one plot was determined by using the formula A = πr2. Area of all plots will be added together. This area is in m2 since r is in meters. To convert to hectares (ha), the total area of all plots was multiplied by 1 ha/10000 m2.

Frequency (FREQ) and Relative Frequency (RFRQ): Frequency is the number of plots in which one species occurs divided by the total number of plots. Relative frequency is the percent frequency of one species compared to all species. It is calculated as follows:

RFRQ = (FREQ per species / total FREQ for all species) x 100

Density (DEN) and Relative Density (RDEN): Stem density for a species is the number of stems per ha and is determined by dividing the total number of stems counted for one species in all plots by the total area of all plots. Relative density is the percent density of one species per ha compared to all species. It is calculated as follows:

RDEN = (DEN per species / total DEN for all species) x 100

Basal Area and Relative Basal Area: Basal area for a species is the total basal area for all stem of that species in m2/ha. First, the dbh in cm for each tree is converted to a basal area in m2 using the following equation:

Basal area per stem = π(dbh/2)2 / 10,000

Next, the basal area of all stems of one species is added together, then divided by the total area of the plots to give m2/ha. RBA (relative basal area) for a species is determined by the following:

RBA = (BA per species / total BA for all species) x 100

Importance Value (IV) and Relative Importance Value (RIV): IV for a species is calculated by summing the RDEN, RFRQ, and RBA; and the RIV (percent IV of one species compared to all species) for each species is calculated by dividing the IV for each species by three.

APPENDIX 3

Raw Tree Data – Skinner Woods

Acsa = Acer saccharum, Aegl = Aesculus glabra, Caco = Carya cordiformis, Cagl = C. glabra, Caov = C. ovata, Ceoc = Celtis occidentalis, Fagr = Fagus grandifolia; Frax = Fraxinus americana and F. pensylvanica, Juni = Juglans nigra, Malu = Malus sp., Pode = Populus deltoides, Qual = Quercus alba, Qubi = Q. bicolor, Quma = Q. macrocarpa, Quru = Q. rubra, Qush = Q. shumardii, Ulam = Ulmus americana, and Ulru = U. rubra.

Notes: Tree health was scored on a 0–2 scale, 0 = dead and 2 = no observed health problems.

Tree_Num Point Species Dist_m Azim DBH_cm Notes 101 1 Caov 13.1 32 36.4 2 103 1 Frax 12.2 65 57.1 0 104 1 Frax 1.8 65 47.2 0 105 1 Quma 3.9 90 63.9 2 106 1 Caov 9.2 105 38.2 2 107 1 Caov 13.6 123 35 2 111 1 Caov 14.1 191 30.4 2 114 1 Qubi 12.3 234 71.2 2 115 1 Frax 12.2 254 49 0 116 1 Frax 9.2 261 43.5 0 117 1 Caov 9 280 24.2 2 119 1 Caov 6.3 288 27.8 2 120 1 Caov 11.5 316 52.2 1 121 1 Caov 13.2 331 34.7 2 122 1 Caov 6.3 331 26.7 2 123 1 Caov 4 334 30.9 2 124 1 Frax 3.5 353 38.4 0 201 2 Acsa 4.5 2 30.5 2 202 2 Acsa 10.7 22 20.7 2 206 2 Acsa 10.2 34 22.6 2 209 2 Acsa 10.8 101 20 2 210 2 Acsa 4.2 93 23.8 2 211 2 Pode 6.4 124 21.9 2 217 2 Ulru 9 230 21.1 1 218 2 Acsa 11.8 253 23.8 2 220 2 Acsa 13.7 283 26.3 2 221 2 Acsa 7.9 282 25.7 2 222 2 Acsa 4.3 294 23.1 2 223 2 Acsa 5.8 312 21 2

224 2 Frax 9.9 327 44.5 0 225 2 Ulru 13.7 319 20.9 2 226 2 Quru 9.7 340 30 2 227 2 Acsa 2.7 336 27.9 2 301 3 Acsa 4.2 52 24.3 2 302 3 Acsa 6.4 32 24.9 2 303 3 Acsa 10.2 41 31 2 305 3 Acsa 14.5 55 20.8 2 306 3 Acsa 1.1 84 26.3 2 307 3 Qush 8.1 129 23.5 2 308 3 Caov 14.5 131 25.4 2 309 3 Quru 10.5 149 25.2 2 310 3 Quru 14 158 42.6 2 314 3 Ceoc 9.8 215 23 2 315 3 Frax 12.5 219 23.1 0 319 3 Quru 10.4 246 41.3 2 320 3 Qush 13.7 296 102.3 2 401 4 Acsa 10.2 8 72.1 2 402 4 Caov 9.3 47 41 2 405 4 Quru 13.5 73 65.3 2 406 4 Frax 13.2 114 27.3 0 407 4 Frax 13.6 130 25 0 409 4 Frax 9 121 20.7 0 414 4 Aegl 10.5 165 27.8 2 415 4 Frax 8.4 179 29.6 0 419 4 Acsa 2.5 193 20.9 2 420 4 Qush 8.8 179 28.7 2 421 4 Caco 14.9 284 22.3 2 423 4 Frax 9.9 313 81.6 0 427 4 Acsa 12 336 23.1 2 501 5 Frax 14.5 12 24.8 0 503 5 Quru 12.5 39 33.5 2 504 5 Quru 10 41 32.2 2 505 5 Cagl 6 84 53.4 2 506 5 Juni 9 157 24.4 2 507 5 Acsa 10.9 154 20.7 2 515 5 Quru 14.9 190 36.3 2 516 5 Ceoc 9.1 190 27.7 2 517 5 Juni 5.7 188 26.2 2 518 5 Frax 7.3 226 39.4 0 526 5 Acsa 12.5 246 20.9 2 527 5 Frax 9.4 246 26.6 0

528 5 Caco 14.1 268 26.7 2 529 5 Caov 13.7 280 20.3 2 530 5 Quru 3.9 269 27.4 2 531 5 Caco 3.5 268 28.7 2 532 5 Caov 9.9 298 39.3 2 533 5 Caov 14.8 301 22.2 2 604 6 Caov 6.5 41 51.9 2 605 6 Frax 6.5 105 79.3 0 616 6 Juni 14.6 177 24.9 2 617 6 Quma 5.2 174 22.7 2 625 6 Quma 9.1 243 76.3 2 626 6 Quma 9.7 245 68.6 2 627 6 Cagl 10.3 281 26 2 628 6 Caov 13.4 311 27.8 2 629 6 Acsa 9.3 324 35.4 0 630 6 Quma 7.7 345 26.9 2 631 6 Quma 14.1 346 28.5 2 701 7 Frax 11.8 16 31.3 0 704 7 Caov 14.3 35 34.1 2 711 7 Frax 11.5 77 24.3 0 712 7 Quma 5.3 54 38.2 2 713 7 Frax 5.2 95 32.8 0 714 7 Qubi 12.5 105 26.3 2 722 7 Quru 8.2 141 24.4 2 723 7 Quma 12 169 43.9 2 724 7 Frax 14 173 21.7 0 725 7 Quru 9.7 159 38.4 2 726 7 Quma 6 160 28.5 2 727 7 Quma 4.5 173 31.1 2 728 7 Frax 2.3 166 21.5 0 729 7 Quma 1.8 249 41.3 2 730 7 Frax 3.4 218 28.4 0 731 7 Frax 8 212 32 0 734 7 Frax 7.8 276 31.5 0 735 7 Quru 10.5 297 36.3 2 736 7 Ulam 13.1 302 22.4 2 738 7 Frax 7.3 316 30.5 0 739 7 Quru 10.4 339 36 2 741 7 Frax 14.6 354 25.9 0 801 8 Juni 14 347 23.7 2 804 8 Pode 12.7 45 25.9 2

805 8 Caov 7.5 223 47.8 2 806 8 Caov 6.8 267 45.4 2 808 8 Caov 9.6 319 47.4 2 901 9 Frax 8.5 0 29.9 0 902 9 Frax 8.6 88 52.8 0 903 9 Acsa 9.1 131 20.5 2 904 9 Frax 10.5 146 50.8 0 905 9 Caov 7 168 32.7 2 906 9 Frax 11.3 216 49.3 0 907 9 Quru 2.5 241 70 2 908 9 Frax 10.5 343 20 1 1001 10 Frax 8.7 359 20.3 1 1002 10 Caov 11.2 53 57 2 1003 10 Quru 5.1 34 45.5 2 1004 10 Quru 5.5 103 43.3 2 1005 10 Frax 9.7 87 21.4 0 1006 10 Quru 7.8 121 31.9 2 1007 10 Quru 7 156 30.9 2 1008 10 Acsa 4.3 166 24.9 2 1009 10 Quru 14.9 247 42.5 2 1010 10 Quru 14.5 251 29.8 2 1012 10 Frax 9.7 286 23.3 0 1014 10 Ulru 9.2 344 22 2 1101 11 Fagr 11.7 11 57.8 1 1102 11 Fagr 11.5 49 68.7 2 1103 11 Quru 12.1 131 25 2 1104 11 Quru 13.5 138 30.1 2 1106 11 Qush 10.7 202 96.4 2 1109 11 Qush 5 258 32.2 2 1110 11 Qush 9.3 286 43.7 2 1111 11 Qush 9.3 294 35.9 2 1201 12 Quru 4.6 19 60.4 2 1202 12 Quru 10.5 31 31.4 2 1205 12 Caco 11.8 53 25.4 2 1206 12 Quru 10.5 87 24 2 1207 12 Cagl 10 116 53.5 2 1208 12 Cagl 7.9 116 20.2 2 1209 12 Frax 10.8 201 21 0 1210 12 Malus 8.7 233 20.1 1 1211 12 Frax 13.7 233 28 0 1214 12 Qush 14.1 249 53.2 2

1215 12 Frax 11.8 292 20.8 2 1216 12 Qush 10.5 292 57.3 2 1219 12 Frax 12.1 326 38.1 0 1220 12 Qush 13.3 332 30.2 2 1301 13 Caov 14.2 32 22.6 2 1302 13 Caov 3.2 52 23.7 2 1303 13 Caov 12.7 57 48.1 2 1317 13 Frax 12.3 122 23.5 0 1318 13 Frax 9.5 97 21.9 1 1319 13 Frax 4.6 202 97 1 1320 13 Quru 6.5 191 30.9 2 1321 13 Quru 5.1 218 21.7 2 1322 13 Quru 5.8 231 21.5 2 1323 13 Caov 8.8 277 25.2 2 1324 13 Cagl 9.6 327 22.6 2 1325 13 Quru 14.5 320 29.5 2 1326 13 Quru 4.6 307 25.4 2 1401 14 Caov 10.3 14 24.4 2 1402 14 Quru 13.3 16 35.6 2 1403 14 Quru 14.2 17 34.4 2 1404 14 Quru 13.7 109 47.4 2 1405 14 Frax 14.5 113 24.1 0 1406 14 Quma 11.2 120 25.9 2 1407 14 Caov 14 136 45.5 2 1410 14 Quru 3.5 193 49.3 2 1411 14 Ulam 12 202 20.3 2 1412 14 Frax 12.5 228 29.5 1 1413 14 Frax 13.1 237 34.1 0 1416 14 Caov 2.8 256 38.7 2 1417 14 Caov 13.7 272 22.1 2 1421 14 Quru 13 315 36.6 2 1422 14 Quru 11.5 309 23.2 2 1423 14 Frax 11 302 24.2 0 1424 14 Quru 5.5 342 37.2 2 1501 15 Frax 11.9 3 43.3 0 1503 15 Caov 5.2 11 42.2 2 1504 15 Quru 9.5 43 25 2 1506 15 Quru 10.3 86 36.5 2 1507 15 Frax 8.3 83 20.6 0 1508 15 Quru 5.8 83 21.6 2 1509 15 Frax 5 106 25.7 1

1510 15 Caov 9.5 126 33.4 2 1512 15 Frax 8.3 154 35.5 2 1514 15 Caov 14.9 227 42.8 2 1516 15 Caov 2.1 228 46.2 2 1517 15 Caov 10.9 275 36.4 2 1518 15 Frax 10.7 328 38.7 0 1519 15 Aegl 14.6 322 31.6 2 1520 15 Quru 14.1 346 30.4 2 1601 16 Caco 10.3 3 28.5 2 1603 16 Juni 13.5 41 27.2 2 1605 16 Quru 13.8 102 35.2 2 1606 16 Frax 12.5 97 33.9 1 1607 16 Juni 9.5 100 25.7 2 1608 16 Quru 1.5 77 42 2 1609 16 Frax 3.9 146 24.5 0 1610 16 Frax 13.6 134 32.7 0 1613 16 Caov 5.5 279 41 2 1701 17 Quru 12.9 47 127.4 2 1703 17 Caco 8.1 129 50.5 2 1704 17 Caov 13.7 141 64.8 2 1705 17 Qual 14.1 225 72 2 1707 17 Caov 6.7 257 30.4 2 1708 17 Qush 1.8 256 23.4 1 1709 17 Caco 3.7 295 25 2 1710 17 Quru 5.5 303 24 2 1711 17 Quru 10.4 269 24.3 2 1712 17 Caco 11.4 293 29.2 2 1713 17 Frax 1.2 278 21 0 1715 17 Caco 9.3 325 22.9 2 1801 18 Qush 9.3 11 43 2 1802 18 Frax 9.3 22 31.9 0 1803 18 Frax 14.1 21 30.8 0 1804 18 Caco 7.5 64 25.9 2 1805 18 Caco 12.3 68 22.1 2 1806 18 Caco 14.8 66 23.6 2 1807 18 Quru 12.5 92 23.7 2 1808 18 Caco 6 92 22.9 2 1809 18 Caco 8 116 25 2 1810 18 Caov 14 132 24.2 2 1811 18 Quru 13.8 151 43.8 2 1813 18 Caco 7 172 25.5 2

1814 18 Caco 5.4 123 24.3 2 1815 18 Caov 14.5 194 39.4 2 1816 18 Caov 14.5 192 32.9 2 1817 18 Caco 13.8 217 23 2 1821 18 Quru 7.4 236 54.3 2 1822 18 Caco 3.3 258 23.9 2 1824 18 Juni 12.6 284 21 2 1827 18 Caco 9.7 318 24.8 2 1828 18 Caco 10.2 324 27.7 2 1829 18 Caco 7.5 328 28.9 2 1830 18 Caco 12 342 28.6 2 1831 18 Caco 12.9 359 34.7 2 1907 19 Frax 8.8 44 25.4 0 1908 19 Quru 6.9 58 47.6 2 1909 19 Frax 10.7 60 32.4 0 1910 19 Quru 12.4 75 32 2 1916 19 Frax 14.3 104 23.1 0 1920 19 Frax 6 110 25 0 1922 19 Frax 13.5 124 28.9 2 1923 19 Frax 9.2 110 24.3 0 1924 19 Frax 7.7 110 27 0 1925 19 Frax 8.3 122 24.9 0 1926 19 Frax 8.5 132 22.5 0 1927 19 Quru 13.5 177 30.7 2 1928 19 Quru 10.5 182 27.8 2 1929 19 Quru 8.7 219 24 2 1930 19 Quru 8 227 29.8 2 1931 19 Cagl 14.8 234 25 2 1933 19 Quru 2 255 44.9 2 1934 19 Quma 2.5 308 35.7 2 1935 19 Qush 8.7 329 68 2 1937 19 Acsa 13.2 281 36.2 2 2001 20 Quru 4.7 23 30 2 2002 20 Frax 11 15 21.9 0 2007 20 Juni 11.1 41 24.1 2 2009 20 Quma 10.7 79 37.4 2 2010 20 Cagl 4.7 85 21.4 2 2011 20 Quru 10.9 109 26.7 2 2012 20 Cagl 13.9 108 21 2 2013 20 Frax 13 123 45.3 1 2014 20 Caov 7 131 24.4 2

2015 20 Quru 12.1 266 39.5 2 2016 20 Frax 14.3 275 37 1 2017 20 Juni 13.9 288 21.8 2 2018 20 Juni 14.8 310 24 2 2025 20 Quru 8.4 308 38.3 2 2101 21 Frax 11.8 14 29.9 0 2103 21 Frax 10.9 26 33.1 0 2104 21 Frax 13 71 31 0 2105 21 Juni 13.5 105 20.3 2 2106 21 Frax 10.1 135 25.6 0 2107 21 Frax 10.1 149 27.7 0 2108 21 Frax 7.6 130 26.5 0 2109 21 Frax 1 91 30 0 2110 21 Cagl 2.4 218 24.3 2 2111 21 Frax 12.1 213 42.3 0 2112 21 Cagl 12.9 244 20.9 2 2113 21 Frax 13.5 296 29.4 0 2120 21 Frax 12.5 323 23.2 0 2122 21 Frax 14 351 39.8 0 2123 21 Juni 4.6 351 27.6 2 2201 22 Quma 6.6 1 41.5 2 2202 22 Frax 13.1 10 23.3 0 2203 22 Quma 9.8 28 20.5 2 2204 22 Quma 7.1 43 32.3 2 2205 22 Caov 8.8 79 23.5 2 2206 22 Qush 8.3 94 41.3 2 2212 22 Juni 3.8 161 37.8 1 2213 22 Qush 11 195 42.7 2 2214 22 Qush 10.6 208 35.6 2 2215 22 Quma 5.6 242 24.2 2 2216 22 Frax 9.5 270 39.6 0 2217 22 Qush 10.4 269 50.1 2 2224 22 Frax 9.8 341 33 0 2301 23 Frax 14.8 18 38.4 0 2302 23 Quma 11.4 99 40.8 2 2306 23 Caco 9.9 159 24.4 2 2307 23 Frax 11.1 179 23.9 0 2308 23 Cagl 11.8 193 21.4 2 2309 23 Caco 13.6 201 21.2 2 2310 23 Qush 5.4 148 31 2 2311 23 Juni 4 254 20.7 2

2312 23 Quma 10.3 269 29 2 2313 23 Qush 14.6 282 33.4 2 2314 23 Malus 11 326 22.7 0 2315 23 Frax 13.7 323 27.8 0 2318 23 Frax 14.5 340 23.8 0 2401 24 Pode 9.8 4 35 2 2407 24 Quma 13.6 14 22.7 2 2408 24 Juni 13.2 131 69.6 2 2409 24 Caco 10.3 223 20.7 2 2410 24 Caco 12.3 227 22.2 2 2411 24 Juni 8.8 227 20 2 2412 24 Frax 4.5 235 24.2 1 2415 24 Frax 12.7 311 30.7 0 2416 24 Juni 7.8 316 30.4 2 2417 24 Juni 4.4 26 22.4 2

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