Page 80, 2Nd Paragraph
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Page 80, 2nd paragraph: "Alarmed at the growing encroachment, the Modocs began a studied campaign to stop the newcomers." "I thought, if we killed all the white men we saw, that no more would come," Chief Schonchin realated in later days. "We killed all we could; but they came more and more, like new grass in the spring." Pages 96-97: Indian-white relations at Round Mountain. In October of 1863, Richards and men "took justice into their own hands, as frontiersmen often did, and coducted an indiscriminate raid of retaliation against a thieving faction of natives. Innocent Indians were hunted. Captain Mellen had his hands full calming the outraged tribesmen." Richardson warned that they were "jeapordizing the lives and property of other settlers by their reakless conduct, that repetition of the offence would bring quick arrests." Whties cried favoritism of Indians, but feelings that the "military coddled the Indians" were held by others. The "Sage Brush" in Susanville said, "Nearly all murders and depredations committed within the last two years have been within sight, if not within hearing, of some military post." And one week later, "If we desire security from Indian outrage we want to get as far from a military garrison as possible." Pages 105-106: "Identification and punishment of Indian wrongdoes." Two marches to recaptured sizable amounts of livestock stolen from settlers in February of 1866. 70 troops and 30 civilians "followed a trail northeast of Surprise Valley... to a large number of hostile Indians entreanched in the rocks just east of Guano Valley. Seven hours of fighting on the 15th left an estimated eightly of the natives dead." In September of 1866, 20 head of horses were stolen by Indians. Action was taken against Indians up a ravine but whites were driven back to wait for reinforcements. "... the campaign that followed ended in the killing of fourteen Paiutes in southern Oregon." Page 106: Captain Munson's Report. February 16, 1867. At 7 a.m. discovered a trail;...led into a camp of Indians. We charged instantly; killed five, took two prisoners, (Squaw and boy) and captured seven horses. More would have been killed but the cold was so great that it was difficult for the men to use their arms. ...I destroyed the two wickirups with all their contents, and started for those (some six in number) who had escaped..." ... " The Indians were at times made to suffer severely. Understandably, some of them became thoroughly obsessed with the idea of striking back. Page 108: Lt. Col. George Crook, 23rd Infantry discovered an illicit trade among the Indians in stole arms, horses and ammunition. Army action to break up illicit trade in stolen arms. Attacking force of 108 enlisted men and an officer, with warmy spring scouts took on Chief Si-e-ta and 75 Paiutes, 30 Pit Rivers and several Modocs. Battle of Infernal Caverns. The scouts found Indians in arms 17 miles south of the present Modoc city of Alturas. 75 Paiutes, 30 Pit River, and several Modocs, all under Chief Si-e-ta. A fight lasting two days and nights followed. One officer, three on-commissioned and eleven privates lost their lves. This was the battle of Infernal Caverns. The Indians were deep in the caverns and couldn't be hit, while they could see whites to shoot upon them. Then they "effected their escape by means of holes and crevices in the gound. They had availed themselves of one of the sieve-like natural strong holds..." Crock's suspicions regarding the trade of stolen property proved well-founded, for hidden among the nooks were quantities of powder and caps of recent manufacture, and several rifles. The Battle of the Infernal Cavers was the later Battle of the Lava Beds in miniature. Pages 109-110: In 1868, action on Honey Lake Valley. Murder of the Thomas W. Pearsen Family. Blame placed on the Pit River Indians. "The suspected Indians were tracked north to Secret Valley, near which several articles belonging to the murdered settlers were recovered." Indians escaped because the ravine was high and turbulent and dangerous to cross. Later Crook talked with Pit River Indians "in which they confessed that none of their bad Indians ha dmassacred the Pearsen Family last spring..." 350 Page 111: Conference in Big Valley. "The Indians were sternly wanred to cease their depredations, and the headwater's country of the river, the haunt of renegades of many tribes, was placed out of bounds to them. No longer could they range into Paiute territory, there to engage in distructive acts, for which others received the blame." Pages 115-16: Pit River or Maidu women were required to cut their hair to a stubble, and rub pitch tar on their head and face at beginning of widowhood. She also had a ring of string lumps of the tar substance around her neck. She would continue wearing this mask for 1 year or longer. The men of the tribe would also do the same thing to mourn certain deaths. Modocs and Washos usually cremated their dead; Northern Paiutes, Hat Creek, and Pit Rivers buired their dead. A way to explain a person had died by the Maidu was; "His heart has gone away." Page 120: Honey Lake Valley. Protection of the area rested chiefly on the settlers themselves. The valley was surrounded by Indians, Washoes on the south, Pit Rivers on the north, and paiutes on the east. In 1857 Weatherlow, leader of Honey Lake men, with the help of the Paiute Cheif Winemucca, "made several effective expeditions northward against the friendless Pit River Indians, who had turned to stealing livestock in the valley." Page 121: In April of 1858, 15 Honey Lakers, in a retaliation, led a raid against the Pit River Indians who had stolen five horses and three mules. Killed four encamped Hat Creek Indians, three mules, and one man. "The victims were not connected with the party being sough, but it was enough that they were members of the despised race." Pages 121-122: On April 25, 1858, Honey Lakers met a party of Mormons who had just had their horses stolen by Indians. Honey Lakers found the Indians and fought them all afternoon. "The fact that the natives lacked firearms and fought almost entirely with bows and arrows saved the whites from heavey losses, for the Indians were securely entrenched in one of the region's natural fortresses." Eight of the stolen horses were retaken, but they returned "proudly displaying" the scalps of 17 Pit Rivers. Captain Weatherlow "viewed his mission as one of teaching the Pit Rivers fear and respect of the people of Honey lake, and after the matches of 1857 and 1858, the northern Indians made fewer incursions into the southern area." Page 122: October 1857, the Potato War. Some Wahoes helped themselves to a rancher's potato crop and became "belligerent when ehy were immediately brought to task for it." A large force of whites and Paiutes was raced. "The Washoes involved were given a severe lesson, several being killed and many wounded." Page 123: Murder of Denning, January 13, 1860, in Willow Creek Valley "set off a series of skirmishes that led to the long-building Paitue Wars of Man 1860. Weatherlow's company conducted a chase of the assailants, but they escaped. Whites went to Winnemuccah, but he "made a demand of his own. He insisted that for the loss of Honey Lake Valley $16,000 be paid to his people. The white man was not the only possessor of complaints, the chief wanted it known." Page 124: Winnemuccah and the Paiute War. "The heretofore tolerant Winnemuccah, resentful of the malicious acts of irresponsible miners and adventurers recently arrived in the Great Basin, had lost his enthusiasm for close association with the white men. Though he did not want war and continued to advocate peace, the chief had undergone a change of mind that enabled the bellicose element of his tribe to command new prestige. It was a passive attitude that Winnemuccah had adopted. What his fellow tribesmen did in their relations with the other race was their own business." "Governor" Issac Roop was working for peace between whites and Indians. "A man of patience and blessed with a good common-sense philosophy, the 'governor' found his store of optimism rapidly running out. On February 12, 1860, he wrote to military headquarters in San Francisco 'war is now inevitable.'" 351 Pages 125-126: After the massacre of five men of Williams Road Station, militia from Carson City, under the leadership of Major. W. M. Ormsby, decided to attack Paiutes at their base camp on Pyramid Lake. The whites were attacked near the camp and forced to flee in unorganized retreat. Major Ormsby and 45 men were killed. Before the end of May, 800 troops were in the field, 146 of which were regulars. The Pyramid Lake Camps were overrun and the Indians scattered. The troops ranged over a large portion of paiute domain "bent on killing as many of the unruly Indians as possible." Page 128: In July, 1860, fifty soldiers form the Presidio at San Francisco under command of Lt. John Hamilton, 3d Artillery, moved into Honey Lake Valley and set up camp at the north end of Soldier's Bridge on the Susan River. A detachment was maintained there until the following spring. An armistice was arranged with yound Winnemucca's Paiutes. (Angel, Nevada, 164; Bancroft, Nevada, 216; Fairfield's Prowler History, 233,234; F.W. Landu, Report of the Secretary of the Interior, October 31, 1860, 34,35.) When Indian difficulties were next reported in the vicinity of Honey Lake Valley, in April 1862, Captain George F.