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TRUST on the LINE a Philosophical Exploration of Trust in the Networked Era

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TRUST on the LINE a Philosophical Exploration of Trust in the Networked Era TRUST ON THE LINE A philosophical exploration of trust in the networked era. ONLINE VERTROUWEN ONDER DRUK Een filosofisch onderzoek naar vertrouwen in het netwerktijdperk. Thesis to obtain the degree of Doctor from the Erasmus University Rotterdam by command of the rector magnificus Prof.dr. H.A.P. Pols and in accordance with the decision of the Doctorate Board. The public defense shall be held on Thursday, 21 April 2016 at 13.30 hours by Esther Lieve Omer Keymolen born in Sint-Niklaas, Belgium. Doctoral Committee Promotors: Prof.dr. J. de Mul Prof.dr. V.A.J. Frissen Other members: Prof.dr. M. Hildebrandt Prof.dr. S. van der Hof Prof.dr. P.P.C.C. Verbeek TRUST ON THE LINE A philosophical exploration of trust in the networked era. This research was supported by TNO Printing CPI Koninklijke Wöhrmann Design Tiemen Seinstra © Esther Keymolen Dankwoord Dit proefschrift heeft niet alleen mij, maar ook een heleboel andere mensen bezig gehouden. Mijn dank gaat uit naar de oud-collega’s van de WRR die mijn wens om te doctoreren altijd hebben gesteund. In het bijzonder dank ik Anne-Greet voor de aanmoedigingen en Corien die niet alleen de praktische proefschriftmolen in gang zette, maar mij ook inspireert als vrouw in de academie. Dennis, die de categorie van oud-collega al lang is ontstegen, dank ik voor de vriendschap, de gesprekken aan de keukentafel, niet te vergeten samen met Linnet –dank Linnet!-, en voor het vakkundig schrappen van de helft van een hoofdstuk. Ik dank TNO voor het mogelijk maken van dit proefschrift en de faculteit Wijsbegeerte, in het bijzonder de vakgroep Mens en Cultuur waarbinnen ik de ruimte en tijd kreeg om mijn eigen onderzoek vorm te geven. Ik dank al mijn Rotterdamse collega’s voor hun interesse en hulp en zeker ook de promovendi-groep waarin ik mijn werk mocht presenteren. In het bijzonder dank ik mijn kamergenoot Rolf voor de immer inspirerende gesprekken én voor het verzinnen van de titel van dit boek! Zo ook dank ik Awee voor de filosofische gesprekken die mijn denken hebben gescherpt en om mij de kans te geven de liefde voor de techniekfilosofie te delen met studenten. Dat mijn twee promotoren Jos en Valerie een proefschrift over vertrouwen relevant genoeg vonden is enigszins verwonderlijk aangezien zij daarover–zo heb ik mogen ondervinden- duidelijk alles al weten! Dank jullie wel voor het onwrikbaar vertrouwen in mij, de vrijheid die ik heb gekregen om mijn ideeën vorm te geven en de begeleiding daar vervolgens bij. Dank voor jullie ontspannenheid die mijn innerlijke controle-freak enigszins wist te sussen (niet volledig, natuurlijk) en voor de gezamenlijke congresbezoeken en projecten. Ik kijk al uit naar nieuwe samenwerkingsverbanden in de toekomst! Van het ene warme bad in het andere! Wat een geluk. Ik dank al mijn eLaw collega’s aan de Universiteit Leiden voor het hartelijke welkom anderhalf jaar geleden. Met jullie samenwerken is enorm inspirerend en het was een ontzettend goede stimulans om er bij het schrijven de vaart in te houden. Ik dank in het bijzonder Simone voor de kans om samen het Advanced master programma verder te ontwikkelen en voor de vrijheid om mijn eigen academische weg te vinden. Dit boek was bijna op losse A4’tjes in Comic Sans bij elkaar geniet tot jullie gekomen, ware het niet dat Lisa daar een stokje voor stak en de lay-out van de tekst voor haar rekening nam. Dank! De prachtige cover en dito boeklegger dank ik aan Tiemen. Het oog wil tenslotte ook wat. Shazade Jameson dank ik voor het nalopen van het Engels. ‘Oude’ vriendinnen die zich niet lieten afschrikken door mijn filosofische aspiraties: Mieke, Jurith, Jona en Sonja, dank jullie wel voor jullie vriendschap, steun, koffie, wijntjes, chocolade en taart op zijn tijd. Als ik weer eens mezelf aan het voorbij rennen was, kon ik me bij jullie altijd terugvinden. Hoewel het proefschrift een heel groot deel van mijn aandacht heeft opgeslokt de afgelopen jaren, bleken er toch mensen te zijn die zich daar niet door lieten weerhouden en nu deel uitmaken van mijn leven. Hulde! Ik ben ontzettend blij en vereerd jullie tot mijn vrienden te mogen rekenen. Anna, Petra en Jacqueline; zonder jullie was het een stuk minder leuk geweest. Het stelt me enorm gerust dat ik tijdens de verdediging hen aan mijn zijde heb als paranimfen: Sem en Bibi! Sems kritisch meedenken –al dan niet onder de geneugten van een hapje en een drankje- en humor bleken een noodzakelijke voorwaarde voor het slagen van dit boek. Bibi is ‘buiten categorie’ en aan haar zou een heel dankwoord gewijd kunnen worden. Vriendin, collega en zo vertrouwd als familie. Ik kijk uit naar alles wat nog op ons pad komt (‘en hunnie zijn @#$%’ ;-). Ik dank mijn familie die –over de landsgrenzen heen- altijd in mij geloofd heeft: mijn moeder Karin en zus Ellen. Dichterbij huis, de familie Hemmes en familie Naaborg en dan zeker opa Fred die trouw door weer en wind kleinkinderen ophaalt en natuurlijk ook tante Jacqueline voor haar sprankelende zelf. Tenslotte draag ik dit proefschrift op aan de liefste mensen ter wereld: Rogier, Hannah en Nina. Niemand kent mij beter dan Rogier. Ik heb het boek dan wel geschreven, zijn liefde en vertrouwen hebben het mogelijk gemaakt. Hannah en Nina, met jullie ontdek ik de wereld helemaal opnieuw. Daar kan geen boek tegenop. Contents 1 Introduction: Philosophy begins in wonder. 10 1.1 Research on trust: Pandora’s box 13 1.2 Guido Möllering. Trust: reason, routine, reflexivity 15 1.3 e-Trust 19 1.4 The Internet 23 1.5 Outline 26 2 The concept of trust. 30 2.1 Introducing Niklas Luhmann 31 2.2 Luhmann’s theory of trust 33 2.3 Trust: bridging the hiatus 45 2.4 Helmuth Plessner and philosophical anthropology 48 2.5 Three times in a row: Positionality 51 2.6 An anthropological perspective on trust 58 3 System trust in late modernity. 61 3.1 Introducing: system trust 63 3.2 System trust and late modernity 66 3.3 Trust: The interaction between system trust, interpersonal trust, and familiarity in late modernity 74 3.4 Conclusion 85 4 The Internet: A familiar world? 87 4.1 A short history of the Internet 89 4.2 The Internet as a layered infrastructure 95 4.3 A new online reality 101 4.4 Conclusion 115 5 Trust in context: a theory of mediation. 117 5.1 Human beings, technology, and environment 119 5.2 The networked era 124 5.3 Artificial by nature in the networked era 131 5.4 Artificial by nature in the networked era: some challenges for trust 142 5.5 Mediated immediacy in the networked era 144 5.6 Mediated immediacy in the networked era: some challenges for trust 152 5.7 Utopian standpoint 155 5.8 Utopian standpoint: Challenges for trust in the networked era 158 5.9 Conclusion: challenges for trust 162 6 Open Sesame. When your phone becomes your key. 166 6.1 The hotel key and a cumbersome but handy key chain 168 6.2 When a key becomes a card 174 6.3 When a keycard becomes a smartphone 178 6.4 Conclusion 195 7 Interpersonal system trust in Airbnb. 197 7.1 What is collaborative consumption? 200 7.2 Airbnb 205 7.3 Context 207 7.4 Construction 211 7.5 Curation 214 7.6 Codification 218 7.7 Conclusion: Why the sharing economy is not just about you and me 224 8 A too familiar world. 226 8.1 Construction 229 8.2 Curation 232 8.3 Codification 234 8.4 Context 238 8.5 A familiar world 242 8.6 Profiling 244 8.7 A too familiar world online 246 8.8 Challenges for trust 247 9 Epilogue 252 10 Bibliography 257 11 Samenvatting 287 12 About the author 291 1 Introduction: Philosophy begins in wonder. You wake up and for another 5 minutes you stay in the warmth of your bed to check the latest news on your smartphone. You see the headline about the Snowden revelations and read that the NSA –the U.S.A.’s National Security Agency- has compromised the backbone of the Internet, constructing secret back doors to enable them to eavesdrop on literally everybody. Although the scope of the surveillance seems to be much bigger than most experts had expected, you cannot say you are surprised –this is what secret intelligence services do, right? - You leave the news app to look at today’s weather forecast. In the tube, on your way to work, you check your Facebook page and like a few of the messages some of your 436 friends have posted. Next, you go to your Linkedin- app and accept the pending requests to connect. Some of these people you only know vaguely, but they can become an interesting connection, you never know. At work, you log in on the company’s network. Before starting your busy day in the office, you quickly go to the website of your bank. You want to wire the money for a theatre ticket your friend has bought for you in advance. You log in with your username and password and verify if the green icon is visible in your browser to ascertain the trustworthiness of the connection. To be honest, you feel pretty good about doing that. You will not be fooled by any smart-ass cybercriminal pretending he –they are often male- is your bank, filching your log-in credentials. Also, the e-mails from the Nigerian prince who regularly contacts you to ask for your help with his enormous inheritance, you delete without a second thought.
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