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The NHTSA Highway Safety Desk Book

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The NHTSA Highway Safety Desk Book The Highway Safety Desk Book Acknowledgements This publication was made possible through the generous financial contribution of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). The Advisory Committee on Highway Safety of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) also acknowledges the hard work and creativity of the following people and their staffs who contributed articles or information for this deskbook: We thank Commissioner Maurice J. Hannigan (retired) and Commissioner Dwight O. Helmick, California Highway Patrol; Director Richard L. Cade (retired) and Chief Legal Counsel Margaret P. White, Idaho Department of Law Enforcement; Superintendent Thomas J. Constantine (retired) and Superintendent James W. McMahon, New York State Police; Director Earl M. Sweeney, New Hampshire Police Standards and Training Council; Colonel Charles M. Robinson (retired), Virginia State Police; Ted Schelenski, 3-M Corporation; Carl Spurgeon, the Motorcycle Safety Foundation; Lt. Colonel Larry N. Thompson (retired), Arizona Department of Public Safety; William Franey, the National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances/NBSI; Major Ronald P. Miner (retired) and Officer Robert Wall, Fairfax County, Virginia, Police Department; Lt. Colonel Richard N. Curtis (retired), Ohio State Highway Patrol; J. Michael Sheehan, Chief, Police Traffic Services Division, NHTSA; Director Russell M. Arend of the Institute for Police Technology and Management; Captain Douglas Hancock and Lieutenant Barry L. Peck, Delaware State Police; Colonel Charles W. Henderson, Massachusetts State Police; Major Robert J. Huss (deceased), Lieutenant Richard J. Phillips and Trooper William W. Messing, Washington State Patrol; Roy Lucke and Robert L. Reeder, The Traffic Institute, Northwestern University; the California Department of Trans-portation; and many other contributors. We also express our appreciation to former Director Ron Sostkowski, Jack Grant, Chuck Peltier, E.J. Kelley, and Carolyn Cockroft of the IACP Division of State and Provincial Police for their work in editing, proofreading, and otherwise bringing this project to fruition; and to the members of the Advisory Committee on Highway Safety whose advice was invaluable at all times during the project. Introduction This book is intended for police leaders. After all, that's what you are—whether you call yourselves commanders, administrators, executives, or supervisors, you are, first and foremost, leaders. It is intended as a quick and practical compendium of information to assist you in asserting your leadership in one of policing's most important functions, Police Traffic Services.It has been fashionable for some time to emblazon the fenders and doors of police vehicles with slogans calling attention to such aspects of law enforcement as SERVICE and PROTECTION. But how often do we, as leaders, stop and think about how to serve and protect most effectively? Over 188 million motor vehicles and more than 170 million licensed drivers travel over two trillion miles a year on our streets and highways. Hazardous materials in sufficient quantities to blow a small country off the map if stored, transported, or handled improperly pass our doorsteps every day. More people are killed in crashes on our streets and highways in a single year than in the nation's last major war. In today's mobile society the motor vehicle is the primary tool used by criminals to reach the scene of the crime, and to elude the police. Carjacking, motor vehicle theft, drive-by shootings, drug deals, burglaries, and armed robberies—all involve the use of a motor vehicle. Our entire nation is, indeed, a "nation on wheels," and traffic backups and delays during rush hour result in millions of dollars and hundreds of thousands of productive hours lost to the economy and unnecessary environmental pollution each year. As drivers, citizens are more likely to have direct contact with a police officer than in any other aspect of their lives, and those contacts, both pleasant and unpleasant, shape the community's view of the police, one by one. All of this adds up to the fact that few areas exist in law enforcement that affect the quality of life for our citizens as significantly as in the rendering of quality police traffic services. The authors of this deskbook, all members or special consultants to the IACP Advisory Committee on Highway Safety, know from firsthand experience just how confusing and difficult are the problems you face. The many acronyms that describe various traffic safety programs, the myriad of federal agencies that set standards in this area, and the need to devise new and effective means of stretching your limited patrol resources—all add up to headaches for the new police leader as well as the veteran. We hope that this deskbook, in looseleaf form to facilitate periodic updating, will provide you with a ready source of ideas and information as you go about your duties. Table of Contents Part One: Traffic Safety Systems and Terminology Common Abbreviations and Acronyms Used in Law Enforcement Associations and Committees Part Two: Community-Oriented Traffic Policing Are Effective Traffic Officers an Endangered Species? • Two for the Price of One • Community-Oriented Traffic Policing • Community Policing and Traffic Enforcement: Not Mutually Exclusive Part Three: Setting Policy for Successful Traffic Enforcement Setting Policy for Successful Traffic Enforcement • The Motorcycle as a Traffic Enforcement Tool • Unmarked vs Marked Vehicles • Use of Aircraft for Traffic Enforcement Part Four: Allocation, Deployment and Evaluation of Traffic Personnel • Performance Measures for Police Traffic Services Part Five: Alcohol and Drugs • Alcohol and Drug-Impaired Driving • Standardized Field Sobriety Testing • Roadside Checkpoints • Highway Drug Interdiction • Drug Recognition Experts • DWI Breath Testing Instruments Part Six: Speed Enforcement • Speed Enforcement Programs • The National Maximum Speed Limit • Speed Measurement Devices Part Seven: Collision Investigation Part Eight: Commercial Vehicle and Hazardous Materials Regulation Commercial • Vehicle Safety • Hazardous Materials • Transportation Enforcement Part Nine: The Driver Licensing System Driver Licensing • Digital Image Photo Licenses • Detecting Suspended and Revoked Driver's Licenses • The National Driver Register • Motorcycle Licensing Requirements Part Ten: Protection of Automobile and Motorcycle Occupants and Riders Occupant Protection and Enforcement • Motorcycle Safety Helmets Part Eleven: Registration, Title and Inspection Enforcement Motor Vehicle Registration • Title Enforcement • Periodic Motor Vehicle Inspection • Rebuilt and Specially Constructed Vehicles Part Twelve: Roadway Management through Engineering and Enforcement Enforcement and Engineering Liaison • Freeway Incident Management: • Strategies for Relieving Congestion • The Incident Command System • Abandoned Vehicle and Shoulder Collisions • Reducing Crime in Rest Areas • Preventing Wrong-Way Accidents on Freeways • Highway-Rail Grade Crossing Safety Part Thirteen: Pedestrian Safety Part Fourteen: Public Information and Education Programs Part Fifteen: Uniformity, Reciprocity and Federal Programs • Uniformity and Reciprocity of Federal Programs • Federal Agencies and Grants • NHTSA Regional Offices • FHWA Regional Offices Part Sixteen: Legal Issues U.S. Constitution and Traffic Law: • Decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court PART ONE Traffic Safety Systems and Terminology Common Abbreviations and Acronyms Used in Traffic Law Enforcement The following are some of the more prevalent acronyms used in traffic law enforcement, and their meanings: ALR/ALS : Administrative License Revocation or Administrative License Suspension. This is referred to in the context of a state statute that permits a police officer to seize a license of a driver who refuses an alcohol test or tests over the legal alcohol limit. The driver is given a temporary license and scheduled for a prompt administrative hearing before the state driver licensing agency. ALR/ALS does not replace criminal court action for driving while intoxicated. The purpose of ALR/ALS is to remove the hazard of the drinking driver from the road in a speedier fashion. AAMVA : The American Association of Motor Vehicle Admin-istrators. AAMVANET : The American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators' data services network contains the National Driver Register, Commercial Driver License Information System, and other information of interest to licensing, regulatory, and law enforcement agencies. AASHTO : The American Association of State Highway Trans-portation Officials. BAC : Blood Alcohol Concentration. This is measured in driving-while- intoxicated cases. CAMPAIGN SAFE & SOBER : A two-year NHTSA program to reduce alcohol-related fatalities to 15,400 and increase safety belt use to 75 percent by 1997. These goals will be accom-plished through a combination of enforcement, public information and education, and legislative initiatives. CARE : Combined Accident Reduction Effort. Operation CARE, a group of state police and highway patrol agencies who conduct unified and concentrated efforts in traffic law enforce-ment along interstate highways, particularly on holiday weekends. CDL : A Commercial Driver's License issued by a state, entitling a person to operate a commercial motor vehicle weighing in excess of 26,001 pounds manufacturer's gross vehicle weight rating, carries 16 or more passengers including the driver, or carries hazardous materials.
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