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Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Ichnocarpus Frutescens

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Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Ichnocarpus Frutescens Chinese Journal of Natural Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines 2012, 10(4): 0241−0246 Medicines doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1009.2012.00241 Phytochemistry and pharmacology of Ichnocarpus frutescens Narendra Kumar Singh*, V. P. Singh Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India Available online 20 July 2012 [ABSTRACT] Ichnocarpus frutescens R. Br. (Apocynaceae), is a woody climbing shrub, found almost in all parts of India. In India, tribes used this plant as a substitute of Indian Sarsaparilla (Hemidesmus indicus) for the treatment of atrophy, convulsions, cough, delirium, dysentery, measles, splenomegaly, tuberculosis, tumor, diabetes as a lactogogue, antipyretic, demulcent, diaphoretic and in skin diseases. Phytochemical investigations indicate that 28 compounds reported from the plant belong to various chemical category viz. phytosterol, triterpenes, flavonoids and various other phenolic compounds. Pharmacological activities of different parts of the plant reported include antiurolithiatic, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antihyperlipi- demic and antitumor activity. In the present review the literature data on the phytochemical and biological investigations on the I. frutescens are summarized up to March 2011. [KEY WORDS] Ichnocarpus frutescens; Antitumor; Anti-inflammatory; Hepatoprotective [CLC Number] R93, R965 [Document code] A [Article ID] 1672-3651(2012)04-0241-06 1 Introduction linear lobes, longer than the hairy ovary. Follicles 10−15 cm. by 4 mm, straigit or slightly curved, very slender, cylindric, Ichnocarpus frutescens R. Br. (Apocynaceae), commonly rusty pubescent at first, afterwards glabrous. Seeds 1.3−2 cm known as Krishna Sariva, is a red woody climber, found al- long, linear, black, not beaked, coma as long as the seed, most in all parts of India, ascending to an altitude of 4 000 scanty and white[2]. ft[1]. Leaves of the plant are characterized by 4.5−7.5 by 2.0−3.8 cm, elliptic–oblong, acute or acuminate, glabrous 2 Ethnopharmacology above, glabrous or slightly pubescent and pale beneath, base Because of its good fragrance, it is known as Sugandha. usually rounded, main nerve 5−7 pairs with finely reticulate This plant is used by tribes as a substitute of Indian Sarsapa- venation, petiole 3−6 mm long. Flowers are greenish white, rilla (Hemidesmus indicus), for the treatment of atrophy, numerous, in axillary and terminal rusty-pubescent trichoto- convulsions, cough, delirium, dysentery, measles, splenome- mous pedunculate cymes, pedicles 3−4 mm long, often tree galy and tuberculosis. It is also used in the abdominal and together, rusty pubescent. Calyx fulvous–hairy, divided glandular tumors and its roots are used as alterative, anti- 1/2-way down, lobes ovate, acute, without glands inside. dysentric, antipyretic, demulcent, diaphoretic and hypogly- Corolla-tube is 2.5−3.0 mm long with a narrow portion below cemic[3-5]. Four different plant materials viz. Decalepis ham- about 0.85 mm long, the middle portion of the tube is much iltonii, Cryptolepis buchananii, Ichnocarpus frutescens and inflated (almost globular) over the stamens; the upper portion Hemidesmus indicus are indiscriminately sold in the local is constricted below the lobes, lobes 5 mm long pubescent on crude drug market under the name Sariva. Sariva is tradition- the upper side with white hairs, broad and oblong at the base, ally being given to pregnant women who have a tendency of produced at the apex into a long falcate slender twisted acu- abortion as this help to secure their fetal growth with advan- men which is deflexed in bud and flower. Disks of 5 erect tage. I. frutescens is used in the indigenous system of medi- cine in the treatment of fever, gout, rheumatism, arthritis, [6-7] [Received on] 30-June-2011 epilepsy, venereal diseases, herpes and skin diseases . [8] [*Corresponding author] Narendra Kumar Singh: M. Pharm., Tel: The roots of I. frutescens are given to treat rheumatic pain . [9] 91-9956749674, E-mail: narendra_ [email protected] Decoction of roots is used as blood purifier . The Gond These authors have no any conflict of interest to declare. tribes use the roots as remedy for jaundice[10]. The roots of I. 2012 年 7 月 第 10 卷 第 4 期 Chin J Nat Med July 2012 Vol. 10 No. 4 241 Narendra Kumar Singh, et al. /Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines 2012, 10(4): 241−246 frutescens along with roots of Cissampelos pareira, Bauhinia isolation of α-L-sarbopyranoside (1)[20], α-L-ramnopyra- vahlii and Ardisia solanacea are processed together and giv- nosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-amyrin (2)[21], 6, en orally to cure stomach cancer[11]. Dried root powder of I. 8, 8, trimethylpentacosan-7-one (3), α-amyrin (4a) and its frutescens is used as lactogogue and is administered about 10 acetates (4b), lupeol (5a) and its acetates (5b), friedelin (6), g twice a day with a glass of fresh water after the meals[12]. epi-friedelinol (7) β-sitosterol (8)[22], n-butyl oleate (9), The leaf is given to treat fever[13] and root paste is applied in n-octyl tetracontane (10), tetratriacontadiene (11), the rat bites and skin diseases[14]. The roots of the plant are n-nonadecanyl benzoate (12) and benzocosanyl arachidate used as diuretic and diaphoretic[15]. The stalks and leaves are (13) from its stem[23]. used in the treatment of skin eruptions and fever[16]. The Leaves of the plant reported to contain apigenin (14), tribal’s of Madhya Pradesh and Siddis of Uttara Kannada luteolin (14b), vanillic acid, syringic acid, protocatechuic district of Karnataka use the roots and flowers as a cure for acid, sinapic acid[24], ursolic acid acetate (15a), kaempferol diabetes[17-18]. Leaf of the plant is used by the tribes of Chi- (16a), kaempferol-3-galactoside (17) and mannitol[25]. Flow- trakoot, Madhya Pradesh on cuts to stop bleeding[19]. ers of I. frutescens contain quercetin ( 16b ) and quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (18)[26]. Only one com- 3 Phytochemistry pound ursolic acid (15b) reported from the roots of the Phytochemical investigation on I. frutescens led to the plants[27]. roots of I. frutescens on nephrolithiasis induced in the rats 4 Pharmacology was investigated. Nephrolithiasis in the rats were induced by 4.1 Antiurolithiatic activity the administration of aqueous solution of ethylene glycol The inhibitory effect of the ethyl acetate extract of the (0.75%) for 28 d. Ethylene glycol feeding resulted in hyper- 242 Chin J Nat Med July 2012 Vol. 10 No. 4 2012 年 7 月 第 10 卷 第 4 期 Narendra Kumar Singh, et al. /Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines 2012, 10(4): 241−246 oxaluria as well as increased renal excretion of calcium and nolic extract of leaves of I. frutescens in a dose of 200 phosphate. Urinary excretion of oxalate, calcium and phos- mg·kg−1 to carbon tetrachloride and tamoxifen-intoxicated phate are significantly increased in calculi-induced rats [(2.10 rats produced significant increment in the reduced glu- ± 0.08), (8.15 ± 0.33) and (7.2 ± 0.06) mg·dL−1, respectively] tathione levels with significant decrement in malondialde- as compared with normal control (saline) rats [(0.34 ± 0.02), hyde and lever transaminases levels. Histopathological (2.916 ± 0.17) and (3.64 ± 0.04) mg·dL−1, respectively]. changes of liver sections showed that prophylactic and cura- When standard drug (Cystone 750 mg·kg−1 p.o.) administered tive treatments with polyphenolic extract resulted in a rela- to calculi-induced rats, the excretion levels of oxalate, cal- tively good protection against both carbon tetrachloride and cium and phosphate were significantly decreased to (1.00 ± tamoxifen intoxicated rats. The extract inhibits CYP 0.05), (3.916 ± 0.25) and (3.18 ± 0.09) mg·dL−1 respectively. monooxygenase aminopyrine-N-demethylase and aniline Ethyl acetate extracts of the roots of I. frutescens were used hydroxylase, suggesting a plausible hepatoprotective mecha- −1 nism. The normalization of phenobarbitone induced sleeping in three different concentrations 250, 500 and 1 000 mg·kg time suggests the restoration of liver CYP enzymes. The p.o. on calculi-induced rats to determine the efficacy of the study shows that hepatoprotective effect of polyphenolic test drugs. It was observed that all the three concentrations of extract is by regulating the level of hepatic microsomal drug ethyl acetate extracts of I. frutescens decreased excretion metabolizing enzymes[29]. levels of oxalate and calcium significantly as compared to In another experiment chloroform and methanolic extract standard drugs, whereas excretion level of phosphate was of entire part of I. frutescens were conducted for their hepa- significantly less at the dose of 250 and 500 mg·kg−1 p.o. but toprotective effect on paracetamol (750 mg·kg−1)-induced almost equal to standard drug at the dose of 1 000 mg·kg−1 acute liver damage on Wister albino rats. The degree of pro- p.o. The deposition of crystalline components in the renal tection was measured using biochemical parameters such as tissues, namely oxalate, calcium and phosphate were in- serum glutamate oxalate transaminase (SGOT), serum glu- creased in calculi-induced rats [(1.650 ± 0.06), (5.216 ± 0.14) tamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase −1 and (3.74 ± 0.10) mg·dL , respectively] as compared to (ALP), bilirubin and total protein. Chloroform and methanol normal (Saline) rats [(0.191 ± 0.02), (4.783 ± 0.38) and (2.35 extracts at a dose of 250 and 500 mg·kg−1 produce significant −1 ± 0.03) mg·dL , respectively]. The deposition levels of ox- hepatoprotection by decreasing the activity of serum enzymes alate, calcium and phosphate were significantly decreased and bilirubin but methanolic extract at the same dose showed [(0.500 ± 0.05), (3.633 ± 0.15) and (2.52 ± 0.07) mg·dL−1, better effect than chloroform extract.
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