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"The Weak Are Meat, and the Strong Do Eat"; Representations of the Slaughterhouse in Twentieth and Twenty-First Century Literature

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University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School November 2019 "The weak are meat, and the strong do eat"; Representations of the Slaughterhouse in Twentieth and Twenty-First Century Literature Stephanie Lance University of South Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Literature Commons, and the Environmental Law Commons Scholar Commons Citation Lance, Stephanie, ""The weak are meat, and the strong do eat"; Representations of the Slaughterhouse in Twentieth and Twenty-First Century Literature" (2019). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/8045 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “The weak are meat, and the strong do eat”: Representations of the Slaughterhouse in Twentieth and Twenty-First Century Literature by Stephanie Lance A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of English College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: John Lennon, Ph.D. Ylce Irizarry, Ph.D. Gurleen Grewal, Ph.D. Quynh Nhu Le, Ph.D. Date of Approval: November 1, 2019 Keywords: slaughterhouses, human-animal relationship, critical animal studies, ecocriticism Copyright © 2019, Stephanie Lance ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project would not have been possible without many people supporting me over the past few years. The graduate course on American Modernism I took with Dr. Lennon during my first year as a Ph.D. student motivated me to write on issues I care deeply about and pushed me to tackle difficult subject matters. I am grateful for Dr. Lennon’s support throughout the writing process; he reviewed multiple drafts of the dissertation and offered advice to help me work through complex ideas. My committee, Dr. Gurleen Grewal, Dr. Ylce Irizarry, and Dr. Quynh Nhu Le has been crucial to the development of specific theoretical views that are part of this dissertation, such as ecocriticism and postcolonialism. I also appreciate the individual time spent with me reviewing earlier drafts of the chapters. I am thankful for friends and family who supported me during this time as well. My closest colleagues: Megan Stowe, Dr. Haili Alcorn, Dr. Heather Fox, Rachel Tanski, Shauna Maragh, and Kimber Wiggs: thank you for listening and providing a space for us to discuss our ideas. I would especially like to thank Liz Kicak, as she has been a tremendous support system for me, Dr. Taylor Hagood for believing in me, and for Dr. Sarah Beth Hopton for taking time to tell me about her farming project. I thank my husband for giving me honest feedback about my writing and for putting up with me as I was trying to meet (sometimes unrealistic) deadlines; I would not have made it this far without you. I am eternally grateful for my mother as she looked after my son while I worked for countless hours on this project; I love you. And finally, I am grateful to my son Elyas for bringing such joy into my life. His presence motivated me to keep going and to fulfill my potential as a mother and role model as teacher and scholar. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... iii Preface..............................................................................................................................................1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Reformation of the Slaughterhouse: A Brief History ................................................................... 13 Theoretical Framework ................................................................................................................. 17 Chapter Summaries ....................................................................................................................... 21 Chapter One: A Butchered Existence: HumAn/imal Labor in Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle ........24 Introduction ........................................................................................................................24 Historical Context ..............................................................................................................27 Inside The Jungle: Theoretical Engagements with the Human-Animal Relationship .......30 The Slaughterhouse Spectacle ...........................................................................................35 Animal as “Absent Referent” .............................................................................................38 The Slaughterhouse as an Extension of Place................................................................... 41 Entangled Spaces ...............................................................................................................43 Ecological Damage ............................................................................................................46 The Slaughterhouse and Gender ........................................................................................47 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................49 Chapter Two: Tillie Olsen’s Yonnondio: From the Thirties: The Shared Suffering of Women and Other Animals in Meatpacking .................................................................................51 Introduction ........................................................................................................................51 Tillie Olsen: Family, Activism, and Writing .....................................................................53 Economic Realities of the Great Depression .....................................................................56 Dangling Bodies: Mechanization and Identification .........................................................58 Invisibility and Oppression in the Home ...........................................................................66 Resistance Efforts: A Hope for the Future? .......................................................................71 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................73 Chapter Three: Human-Animal Hybrids and the Genetic Modifications of the Slaughterhouse in Margaret Atwood’s Oryx and Crake................................................................75 Introduction ........................................................................................................................75 Technological Advancements in Contemporary Slaughter Production ............................ 79 The Post-Animal ................................................................................................................83 i Genetic Engineering...........................................................................................................84 Lab-grown Meat.................................................................................................................90 Gendered Violence.............................................................................................................96 Conclusion: Reality versus Simulation: What is Real Meat? ............................................98 Chapter Four: Human Foodstuff: David Mitchell’s Cloud Atlas and the Dystopian Transformation of the Slaughterhouse .........................................................................................101 Introduction ......................................................................................................................101 Dystopian Fiction and Narrative Form ............................................................................102 Imperialism, Colonialism, and Enlightenment Thinking .................................................106 Sonmi-451: She What’s For Dinner ................................................................................108 The Slaughter-ship: Emergence of the Ultimate Slaughterhouse ....................................110 Objectification of the Cloned Asian Female Body ..........................................................114 Conclusion: Hope for an Egalitarian Future? ..................................................................116 Conclusion: Combatting Industrial Slaughter ............................................................................. 120 References ................................................................................................................................... 128 ii ABSTRACT This dissertation explores how literary representations of the slaughterhouse predict the trajectory of human greed that is fueled by capitalist economic practices that shape environmental policies. I argue that literature brings attention to what is generally hidden from public view: the way humans and animals are erased in the production of food, which includes the inhumane treatment of humans and other animals in the slaughterhouse. The literature in this dissertation provides an avenue through which we can investigate the entangled oppression of humans and other animals in an
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