ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

ON

40 ST THOMAS’S STREET,

OXFORD, OXFORDSHIRE

NGR SP 50653 06167

FEBRUARY 2021

John Moore HERITAGE SERVICES 40 St Thomas’s Street, Oxford Archaeological Impact Assessment

REPORT PREPARED BY Dr Stephen Yeates, MA, D.Phil, MCIfA, Tom Rose-Jones

ILLUSTRATION BY Tom Rose-Jones

EDITED BY John Moore

AUTHORISED BY John Moore

REPORT ISSUED 9th February 2021

ENQUIRES TO John Moore Heritage Services Unit 16 Wheatley Business Centre Old London Road Wheatley Oxfordshire OX33 1XW

Tel: 01865 358300 Email: [email protected]

JMHS Project No: 4429

John Moore HERITAGE SERVICES 40 St Thomas’s Street, Oxford Archaeological Impact Assessment

CONTENTS Page

SUMMARY

1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Origins or the Report 1 1.2 Location 1 1.3 Description 1 1.4 Geology and Topography 1 1.5 Proposed Development 1

2 RELEVANT LEGISLATION AND PLANNING POICY GUIDANCE 3 2.1 Legislation and Treaties 3 2.2 National Planning Guidelines and Policies 3 2.3 Local Planning Policy 5

3 METHODOLOGY 6 3.1 Archaeological Impact Assessment Aims and Objectives 6 3.2 Archaeological Impact Assessment Sources 6 3.3 Archaeological Impact Assessment Modelling and Analysis 7 3.4 Archaeological Time Periods 7

4 HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND 8 4.1 The Historical Development of St Thomas’ Suburb 8 4.2 Known Archaeology 9 4.3 Cartographic Research 21 4.6 Site Visit 29

5 DISCUSSION 30 5.1 Archaeological Background 30 5.2 The Archaeological Potential of the Proposal Site 31 5.3 The Impact of Previous Development on Potential Archaeological Remains 31 5.4 The Impact of the Proposal on Designated Heritage Assets 32 5.5 The Impact of the Proposal on Non-designated Heritage Assets 33

6 CONCLUSIONS 33

7 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCES CONSULTED 33 7.1 Books and Documents 34 7.2 Historic Maps 35 7.3 Gazetteer of sites 36

APPENDICES

Appendix 1. Grading Heritage Assets and Levels of Impact 43

Appendix 2. Glossary of Historical and Archaeological Terms 46

John Moore HERITAGE SERVICES 40 St Thomas’s Street, Oxford Archaeological Impact Assessment

FIGURES Page

Figure 1: Site location 2

Figure 2: City of Oxford Urban Historic Environment Record Sites: Pre- medieval sites 10

Figure 3: City of Oxford Urban Historic Environment Record Sites: Medieval sites 13 1

Figure 4: City of Oxford Urban Historic Environment Record Sites: Post- medieval and undated sites 17

Figure 5: Agas’s Map of 1566 (NB East is to the left) 21

Figure 6: Agas’s Map of 1578 22

Figure 7: Speed’s Map of 1605 22

Figure 8: Hollar’s Map dated 1643 23

Figure 9: Hollar’s map dated 1650 23

Figure 10: Logan’s Map of 1675 24

Figure 11: Rocque’s Map of 1761 (NB East is to the right) 24

Figure 12: Jefferys’s Map of 1767 25

Figure 13: Davies of Lewknor’s Map of 1797 26

Figure 14: Bryant’s Map of 1824 26

Figure 15: Hoggar’s Map of 1850 27

Figure 16: First Edition Ordnance Survey Map of c 1876 27

Figure 17: Second Edition Ordnance Survey Map of 1900 28

Figure 18: Third Edition Ordnance Survey Map of 1921 29

Figure 19: Fourth Edition Ordnance Survey Map of 1939 29

John Moore HERITAGE SERVICES 40 St Thomas’s Street, Oxford Archaeological Impact Assessment

SUMMARY

The site of 40 St Thomas’s Street, formerly the High Street St Thomas’s, was historically located in the parish of St George in the Castle, which later became the parish of St Thomas’s. The site is located on the Thames floodplain, on the location of a terrace. The site is bounded on the east by the Lodge and a modern apartment building. On the south side there is a historic street, and on the west side the location of a churchyard. There are domestic buildings to the north.

The search area data was obtained from a search with a radius of 0.25km, which still produced a significant number of records that accumulated to 162 sites. Activity was evident in the area from the later Neolithic and early Bronze Age period, with a Bronze Age Beaker Burial associated with this settlement. There was also some Iron Age and Roman activity noted in the search area. Even though these periods produced some artefacts and showed that there was some pre-medieval activity located on the river terrace, amongst the braided channels of the Thames, in this place it is limited. This means that though there is a potential for archaeology from this period it is at present considered to be very low. One possible factor that could alter this is if the site of St Thomas’s Church was chosen because it was an earlier archaeological site. In the early medieval period there is an apparent increase in the amount of activity, which becomes noticeable from the mid-11th century, although the form of the settlement has not been formalised by that date. Archaeological activity from the 12th century onwards appears to show that our historical understanding of the area is correct and that from this time the street system is laid out and that bridges are built across the channels and that tenements are built. Some of these tenements are constructed on areas which have indications of land reclamation. In the Post- medieval period the area is predominantly associated with dwellings, though some industrial sites can be recognised. In the Imperial and Industrial periods the area saw the development of more industrial sites, which were associated with the construction of the canal and the railways. There is a high probability that medieval and later activity will be identified on the site.

The nature of the construction of the modern building on the site and its foundations is not known, but there is the potential for archaeological remains to survive intact. Neighbouring archaeological excavations indicate that remains may extend to at least a meter in thickness, from approximately 57.17m. Any surviving archaeological remains are likely to be subject to impact as a result of the proposed development. There were three scheduled monuments in the search area and three listed buildings adjacent to the site, however all are too far away to be impacted upon physically.

Given the potential for archaeological remains, and potential for impact to these, a suitable mitigation strategy should be put in place prior to and/or during development.

John Moore HERITAGE SERVICES 40 St Thomas’s Street, Oxford Heritage Impact Assessment

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Origins of the Report

This report was requested by Robin Swales Design and is intended to identify any potential impacts to the Archaeological environment caused by proposed development at 40 St Thomas’s Street, Oxford (NGR SP 50653 06167).

1.2 Location

The site lies in what is considered historically to be the parish of St Thomas; however, the Victoria County History (VCH 1979) points out a number of problems with this assumption. For most of the high medieval period this area was probably regarded as the parish Osney, and focused on the abbey of that name, which is known to have had a church dedicated to St Nicholas in 1141 near its precinct, which had some parochial rights. Prior to Osney Abbey obtaining parochial rights and the maintenance of the church this area outside the wall was part of the parish of St George in the Bailey, or in the Castle, which was in existence by 1074 (VCH 1979). This parish is known to have extended either side of the town walls. The location of the church in the castle grounds proved inconvenient, which ultimately led to the establishment of St Thomas as the parish church outside the walls. At the time of the Conquest the area was located in the Hundred of Headington (Morgan 1979); it was later in the Liberty of Oxford, and then the Liberty of Osney. This was located in the historic County of Oxfordshire. The site is now located in Oxford City, and in the modern County of Oxfordshire.

1.3 Description

The site is located on an irregular shaped piece of land that extends north to south. On the northeast side there is a new apartment development, with a listed building (The Lodge) located to the east. On the south side is St Thomas’s Street, formerly the High Street, St Thomas’s.

1.4 Geology and Topography

The site is located on the valley floor between 55 and 60m Ordnance Datum, most likely at a height of 57 to 58m.

The underlying rock strata is the Oxford Clay Formation and West Walton Formation (mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html) a sedimentary bedrock formed in the Cretaceous period. Over this bedrock there is a deposit of Northmoor Sand and Gravel Member a superficial deposit of sand and gravel that was laid down 3 million years in the Quaternary. This would imply that the site was formerly located on the remains of a gravel terrace.

1.5 Proposed Development

The proposal is for the demolition of the existing nursery building and replacement with an office/commercial building, as per: P-04 A Proposed floor plans, P-13 A Proposed Elevations, dated 12/01/2021

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John Moore HERITAGE SE RVICES 40 St Thomas's Street, Oxford Archaeological Impact Assessment

Figure 1: Site location 2 John Moore HERITAGE SERVICES 40 St Thomas’s Street, Oxford Heritage Impact Assessment

2 RELEVANT LEGISLATION AND PLANNING POLICY GUIDANCE

2.1 Legislation and Treaties

United Kingdom

The acts listed below cover the protection of significant heritage remains and as such are relevant to this report. These pieces of legislation cover a number of different areas of the archaeological record, including: burials, Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings and wrecks; aspects of this legislation also call for the creation of Conservation Areas and the registering of Parks and Gardens and also Battlefields. That these archaeological features are have a legal protection means that they are thus Designated Heritage Assets.

The Burial Act” of 1857

The 1979 “Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act”

The “Town and Country Planning Act” of 1947

The “Historic Buildings and Ancient Monuments Act” of 1953, a forerunner of:

The “Planning (Listed Building and Conservation Areas Act)” of 1990.

“The Hedgerow Regulations” of 1997, section 97 of the “Environment Act” of 1995 gives protection to hedgerows determined to be of historic importance.

International

The two most significant pieces of legislation are the “Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage” of 1972 and also the “European Convention on the Protection of the Archaeological Heritage” of 1992. The former treaty is for the creation of a framework for the designation of sites of outstanding universal value that are termed World Heritage Sites. The latter is also known as the Valletta Convention 1992.

2.2 National Planning Guidelines and Policies

Section 16 of the revised National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF 2019) provides current guidance related to heritage issues within the planning process. The chapter is titled Conserving and Enhancing the Historic Environment. This is supported by the Planning Practice Guidance, initially published in 2014 and subsequently updated, which attempts to simplify the explanation of certain aspects of the NPPF. These planning policies should create guidance for standard procedures concerning the treatment of the environment in and around Heritage Assets for planning authorities, property owners, developers, conservationists and researchers.

Annex 2 is a glossary of meanings as used in the policy document. Phrases of particular relevance to this report include:

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John Moore HERITAGE SERVICES 40 St Thomas’s Street, Oxford Heritage Impact Assessment

A Heritage Asset is A building, monument, site, place, area or landscape identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions, because of its heritage interest. It includes designated heritage assets and assets identified by the local authority (including local listing).

A Designated Heritage Asset is A World Heritage Site, Scheduled Monument, Listed Building, Protected Wreck Site, Registered Park and Garden, Registered Battlefield or Conservation Area designated under the relevant legislation.

The Historic Environment is All aspects of the environment resulting from the interaction between people and places through time, including all surviving physical remains of past human activity, whether visible, buried or submerged, and landscaped and planted or managed flora.

Paragraph 184 further defines what Heritage Assets are in that they are ‘sites and buildings of local historic value to those of the highest significance, such as World Heritage Sites which are internationally recognised to be of Outstanding Universal Value.’ The lower designation here is perhaps significant, because it indicates sites and buildings of local significance (entries on a locally produced list of significance or non-designated heritage assets).

The following paragraphs are also relevant to the effects of the proposed development on Heritage Assets:

Paragraphs 189 and 190 state that the significance of a heritage asset, along with the potential impact to the significance, should be described and assessed if it will be affected by a development. This should be undertaken prior to the determination of any application. The need to avoid or minimise conflict between a heritage asset’s conservation and proposed development is set out in paragraph 192.

Policies on the level of harm to a Heritage Asset are set out in paragraphs 193 and 194 of NPPF. In the case of designated heritage assets great weight should be given to the asset’s conservation, irrespective of the level of harm; any harm or loss of significance of a designated heritage asset should require clear and convincing justification. Footnote 63 states that non-designated heritage assets that are of equivalent significance to scheduled monuments should be considered subject to the policies for designated heritage assets.

These are followed by paragraphs 195 and 196 that cover the weighing of this harm:

195. Where a proposed development will lead to substantial harm to or total loss of significance of a designated heritage asset, local planning authorities should refuse consent, unless it can be demonstrated that the substantial harm or loss is necessary to achieve substantial public benefits that outweigh that harm or loss, or all of the following apply:  the nature of the heritage asset prevents all reasonable uses of the site; and  no viable use of the heritage asset itself can be found in the medium term through appropriate marketing that will enable its conservation; and  conservation by grant-funding or some form of charitable or public ownership is demonstrably not possible; and  the harm or loss is outweighed by the benefit of bringing the site back into use.

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John Moore HERITAGE SERVICES 40 St Thomas’s Street, Oxford Heritage Impact Assessment

196. Where a development proposal will lead to less than substantial harm to the significance of a designated heritage asset, this harm should be weighed against the public benefits of the proposal including, where appropriate, securing its optimum viable use

The NPPF makes provisions for protecting the significance of non-designated heritage assets in paragraph 197; while paragraph 198 discusses loss of the whole or part of a heritage asset.

197. The effect of an application on the significance of a non-designated heritage asset should be taken into account in determining the application. In weighing applications that affect directly non designated heritage assets, a balanced judgement will be required having regard to the scale of any harm or loss and the significance of the heritage asset.

198. Local planning authorities should not permit loss of the whole or part of a heritage asset without taking all reasonable steps to ensure the new development will proceed after the loss has occurred.

Paragraph 202 outlines the potential for conflict between enabling development and the preservation of heritage assets.

2.3 Local Planning Policy

Oxford City Council submitted the Oxford Local Plan 2016-2036 to the Planning Inspectorate on 22 March 2019 (an executive agency of the Ministry of Housing, Communities, and Local Government). The Local Plan was adopted formally in June 2020, replacing the Oxford Local Plan 2001-2016, the Core Strategy 2026, the Sites and Housing Plan, and the Policies Map 2013. https://www.oxford.gov.uk/downloads/20264/local_plan

Policies of relevance include:

Policy DH3: Designated heritage assets

Planning permission or listed building consent will be granted for development that respects and draws inspiration from Oxford’s unique historic environment (above and below ground), responding positively to the significance character and distinctiveness of the heritage asset and locality.

Policy DH4: Archaeological remains

Within the City Centre Archaeological Area, on allocated sites where identified, or elsewhere where archaeological deposits and features are suspected to be present (including upstanding remains), applications should include sufficient information to define the character, significance and extent of such deposits so far as reasonably practical.

Policy DH5: Local Heritage Assets

Planning permission will only be granted for development affecting a local heritage asset or its setting if it is demonstrated that due regard has been given to the impact on the asset’s significance and its setting and that it is demonstrated that the significance of the asset and its conservation has informed the design of the proposed development.

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John Moore HERITAGE SERVICES 40 St Thomas’s Street, Oxford Heritage Impact Assessment

3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Archaeological Impact Assessment Aims and Objectives

The primary aim of the Archaeological Impact Assessment is to provide an independent professional appraisal of the archaeological potential of the site and its setting. This follows the Government guidance in NPPF (2019) by presenting a synthesis of the available archaeological and historical data and its significance at an early stage in the planning process.

In accordance with NPPF (2019), the report presents a research based evaluation using existing information. It additionally follows the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists (CIfA) Standard definition of a heritage impact assessment (CIfA 2017). In brief, it seeks to identify and assess the known and potential archaeological resource within a specified area (‘the site’), collating existing written and graphic information and taking full account of the likely character, extent, quantity and worth of that resource in a local, regional and national context. It also aims to define and comment on the likely impact of the proposed development scheme on the surviving archaeological resource.

3.2 Archaeological Impact Assessment Sources

The format and contents of this section of the report are an adaptation of the standards outlined in the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists’ guidance paper for Heritage Impact Assessments or Desk-based Assessments (CIfA 2017). The work has involved the consultation of the available documentary evidence (historical sources), including records of previous discoveries (archaeological finds), and historical maps (cartographic evidence), where necessary consultation of aerial photographs and LIDAR, all of which has been supplemented with a site visit.

In summary, the work has involved:

. Identifying the client’s objectives . Identifying the cartographic, photographic and documentary sources available for consultation . Assembling, consulting and examining those sources . Identifying and collating the results of recent fieldwork . Site visit (archaeological walkover or building assessment)

The principal sources consulted in assessing this site were:

. The City of Oxford Urban Historic Environment Record (COUHER) for a search radius of 250m from the site . The National Heritage List for England . The Oxfordshire History Centre for the consultation of historic maps and documents . Archaeological source material (published and unpublished) . A site visit

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John Moore HERITAGE SERVICES 40 St Thomas’s Street, Oxford Heritage Impact Assessment

3.3 Archaeological Impact Assessment Modelling and Analysis

There has been no intrusive archaeological work carried out at the proposal site. The assessment of its potential has, therefore, relied on predictive modelling based on the known distribution of remains within a search of a defined area around the site (that is centred on NGR SP 50653 06167). The extent of the search radius varies from site to site, reliant on the scale of the development, the surrounding topography, and in some cases the density of heritage assets (city or town scape).

The information about heritage assets both designated (Scheduled Monuments and others, see part 2.1) and non-designated heritage assets within the search area have been collated to provide a wider picture of the historic development of the landscape and thus the potential of surviving heritage assets in the vicinity of the proposed development site.

The available evidence is derived from casual finds, archaeological investigations, standing buildings and historical records located in the wider polygonal search area. It should be stressed that the distribution represents the extent of current knowledge and is the product of chance and investigation in the search area. For this reason, apparently blank zones should not be automatically regarded as being devoid of remains.

The assessment of the likely condition of any potential archaeological remains has relied upon a study of the available historical maps and observations made during the site walkover, which provide evidence for the impact of previous land-use on the site.

3.4 Archaeological Time Periods

The following prehistoric and historical periods are used in the assessment and analysis of this report.

Prehistoric Palaeolithic c. 800,000 - 10,000 BC Mesolithic c. 10,000 - 4,400 BC Neolithic c. 4,400 - 2,500 BC Bronze Age c. 2,500 - 800 BC Iron Age c. 800 BC - AD 43

Historic Roman (Romano-British) Period AD 43 - AD 410 Early Medieval Period AD 410 - AD 1066 High and Late Medieval Period AD 1066 - AD 1542 Post Medieval Period AD 1542 - AD 1704 Imperial AD 1704 - AD 1800 Industrial AD 1801 - AD 1900 Modern 1901 onwards

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John Moore HERITAGE SERVICES 40 St Thomas’s Street, Oxford Heritage Impact Assessment

4 HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND

A heritage impact assessment is designed to provide an independent assessment in accordance with CIfA guidelines. This section thus contains a historical development of the area, the known archaeology of a surrounding search area, cartographic evidence, aerial photographic evidence and a site visit. Some information may thus be duplicated due to this.

4.1 The Historical Development of St Thomas’ Suburb

The earliest recognised medieval activity in and around Oxford is in the form of a 5th century urn from Osney (VCH 1979, 3-9). The town relied on its location as a crossing point of the Thames and Cherwell Rivers for the significance of its location. A Roman metalled road, heading up from Wantage, is known to have crossed the Thames somewhere in the vicinity of Oxford (VCH 1979, 3-9). The Banbury Road, earlier known as the Port Way, is presumably the continuation of this road. A crossing of the river at the Grandpont / Folly Bridge has been recognised as dating from the 8th century.

From the 8th century it is possible to recognise that Oxford formed part of a royal estate that was focused on a vill located at Headington (VCH 1979, 3-9). There is tradition of a settlement at Oxford by the 8th century and the establishment of a church by St Frideswide at this time.

Oxford is known to have been established as a settlement by the late 9th to early 10th century (VCH 1979, 1-2, 3-9), when fortifications and initial street plan were laid out. The walled town became densely built up and suburbs had started to form to the east, south and west by the 10th and 11th centuries. The town was well established as the County Town in the 11th century (VCH 1979, 2-3), with the town walls being extended towards the east and west (including the area of the castle).

In 1122 the church of St Frideswide, the mother church of the early parochia, was made an Augustine Priory (VCH 1979, 9-15). In 1074 a collegiate church dedicated to St George was known to have been established within the castle and elevated to the status of principal royal church within the wider parish. It is apparent that Walton and Twenty Acre paid tithes to St George’s 1151-1282. This implies that St Thomas and St Giles were both established as chapels to St George.

In 1129 a further Augustine Priory was established at Osney (VCH 1979, 9-15). The estate at Osney was granted to St Alban’s Abbey by Archbishop Alfric of Canterbury (VCH 1979, 278-279), who held the position 992-1005. By the late 11th century the island was held between Robert d’Oilly and Roger d’Ivri. It has been claimed that a church existed on the site of St Thomas’s from 1141 (VCH 1979, 370-406), and that it was an ancient medieval parish, however, these cannot be fully supported. It is known that Bishop Hugh of Lincoln authorised the canons to build a chapel 1189-1191 outside of the gates of the abbey. This is considered to be the authorisation for the construction of the church of St Thomas (VCH 1979, 370-406). Becket was martyred in AD 1170 (Munby 2006, 344-346), so a date at some time after this is preferable. In c. 1230 there is reference to St Thomas’s parish, however, at this time St Thomas is still regarded as being a chapel of Osney Abbey (VCH 1979, 370-406). In the 13th

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John Moore HERITAGE SERVICES 40 St Thomas’s Street, Oxford Heritage Impact Assessment century the church of St George had been superseded by the parish church of St Thomas as parish church.

The Castle Mill was in existence in the mid-11th century when it was held by Earl Alfgar (VCH 1979, 327-331). In 1182-1189 Bernard de St Valery granted the canons of Osney a weir in the Thames with an associated watercourse. This data indicates a period of alteration to the watercourses in the area of St Thomas in the 11th and 12th centuries (VCH 1979, 22). A number of bridges are named in St Thomas’s parish after the mid-11th century, which include pontis de Hythe in 1286, Quakyngbrugge in 1297, Bookbynderbrugge in 1377 and Small Brugg in 1316 (Gelling 1953, i.35-36).

The Liberty of Oxford in the 13th century is known to have covered the walled town and the extra-mural parts of St Thomas, saint Peter in the east and St Michael at the South Gate to Folly Bridge (VCH 1979, 260-264). An agreement 1376-7, reached after a dispute with Osney Abbey, recognised the abbot’s franchise on land to the west of Bookbinder’s Bridge. In 1570 St Thomas was recorded as being in the Liberty of Osney.

The medieval suburbs of West Oxford were densely occupied (Munby 2006, 344- 346). The buildings are known to have contained stone footings from the 13th century. A number of excavations have now taken place along the line of St Thomas’s Street. Those at 67-69 St Thomas’s Street have identified a ditch, a ford, land reclamation, a tannery and a sluice gate associated with the 13th century (Norton 2006, 347-392). On the west side of the site, there was land reclamation in the 15th century with buildings. The stream was shown to be a historic watercourse that was culverted in the 19th century. At the Lion Brewery a 13th century building was identified to the south of St Thomas’s Street along with other early structures (Moore 2006, 393-411). Excavations at Hollybush Lodge, on land adjacent to the proposal site, identified deep stratigraphic deposits (Pine 2007). This ranged in date from the 13th to the 19th centuries and included structural remains. Perhaps more significantly was an assessment of the dwellings in the west suburbs (Munby and Dodd 2006, 462-498), which indicate that on the site of the Old Vicarage east of the churchyard (W69) that there was rent on a property here from the late 13th century.

4.2 Known Archaeology (Figures 2 to 4)

A 0.25km radius search of the City of Oxford Urban Historic Environment Record was carried out. This produced a total of 162 monument entries; these are listed below in chronological order.

Neolithic

Recognised prehistoric activity possibly starts in the Late Neolithic (Fig. 2). Pottery of a Late Neolithic date was recovered from excavations in the Hamel, approximately 120m east (JMHS 1, MOX25345: SP 5078 0613). This reference also referred to Bronze Age pottery, and the settlement may be a later Middle Bronze Age site.

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John Moore HERITAGE SERVICES 40 St Thomas's Street, Oxford Archaeological Impact Assessment

Legend

Site boundary

Neolithic

Bronze Age

Iron Age

Roman

Ordnance Survey © Crown Copyright 2021. All rights reserved. Licence number 100022432 Figure 2: City of Oxford Urban Historic Environment Record Sites: Pre-medieval sites 10 John Moore HERITAGE SERVICES 40 St Thomas’s Street, Oxford Heritage Impact Assessment

Bronze Age

Indications of Bronze Age settlement is more substantial than that of the Neolithic period (Fig. 2). The remains of a Beaker Burial were recorded during excavations at the Hamel (JMHS 2, MOX11791: SP 5059 0615; MOX26290: SP 5076 0613), the burial was dated by radiocarbon dating to c. 1520 BC. Early or Middle Bronze Age pottery was also recovered from the Hamel, perhaps evidence of a Bronze Age settlement (JMHS 3, MOX25345: SP 5078 0613; MOX26295: SP 50 06). This early settlement appears to have been located on an island in the Thames.

Iron Age

Iron Age material was also recovered from the Hamel, though the small quantity of material precludes further interpretation (JMHS 4, MOX25345: SP 5078 0613).

Roman (AD 43-410)

Roman activity in the area is also present, but minimal (Fig. 2). The remains of a palaeo-channel of at least a Roman date was identified near the Said Business School (JMHS 5, MOX23271: SP 50532 06416). This feature probably represents an earlier channel of the Thames. A Roman coin and miscellaneous finds were recovered from St Thomas High Street (JMHS 6, MOX11499: SP 5076 0615), which may be the same as (JMHS 7, MOX25494: SP 5077 0614), a further coin was recovered from 64-66 on that street (JMHS 8, MOX24993: SP 5078 0615).

Early Medieval (AD 411-1065)

Immediate post-Roman early medieval activity is sparse, with activity only increasing in the 11th century (Fig. 3). An early medieval spearhead was recovered from Castle Mill Back Stream (JMHS 9, MOX11708: SP 5088 0605); which is likely to be post- Roman in origin.

Other early medieval activity in the area is later and more domestic in nature. An early medieval key was recovered from Hythe Bridge Street (JMHS 10, MOX11622 & MOX25401: SP 5084 0635), a further object uncovered was a scale pan from 39-40 Hythe Bridge Street (JMHS 11, MOX24860: SP 5075 0633).

The most significant area of 11th century settlement has been detected under Oxford Castle and in the area of Nuffield College (JMHS 12, MOX26341: SP 50986 06223). While settlement of an 11th century date has also been identified in the area of St Thomas’ Street (JMHS 13, MOX26332: SP 50754 06156). Pottery of this date has been recovered from the following sites: Lion Brewery site (JMHS 14, MOX24938: SP 50830 06120), 54-55 St Thomas’s Street (JMHS 15, MOX24987: SP 5075 0616), 64-66 (JMHS 16, MOX24993: SP 5078 0615), Hall’s Brewery (JMHS 162, MOX25089: SP 5072 0616) and the Hamel (JMHS 17, MOX25345: SP 5078 0613).

Medieval (AD 411-1542)

Settlement is known to occur in the search area from the 11th century onwards, while earlier activity is sparse. At some time after the Roman period the River Thames was

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John Moore HERITAGE SERVICES 40 St Thomas’s Street, Oxford Heritage Impact Assessment canalised into its current main channel (JMHS 18, MOX26111: SP 5104 0573). Due to reasons stated above the probabilities are that this occurred in the later part of the early medieval period, or at the start of the high medieval period.

In the period just before or just after the Conquest (1066 AD) there are indications of a whole series of channels being either created or natural ones that become modified. The Castle Mill Stream (JMHS 19, MOX26113: SP 5057 0659) is one such water course, which is known to have existed from at least the 11th century, as a Castle Mill is first recorded in that period.

Other streams that were canalised, presumably in the 11th or 12th centuries include the Wareham Stream (JMHS 20, MOX26117: SP 5082 0621), which formed part of the moat surrounding Rewley Abbey. Medieval deposits were found in the palaeo- channel identified by the Said Business School (JMHS 21, MOX23271: SP 50532 06416). The Osney Mill Stream (JMHS 22, MOX26120: SP 5047 0580) is known to have been in existence from the 12th century, when Osney Mill is mentioned. A channel is also known to have existed to the west of this which has been filled in. The Bulstake Stream or Pot Stream is a further braid of the Thames that was canalised at an unknown date (JMHS 23, MOX26186: SP 5030 0577). The Small Bridge Stream (JMHS 24, MOX26193: SP 508 061) is a further watercourse that is now filled in.

These streams probably developed into their current layout during the 11th and 12th centuries, with possibly some alterations into the 13th century. The development of these streams subsequently had an effect on the layout of the road system and subsequent settlement pattern. However, the road system was also influenced by nodal points, such as the castle, abbeys and churches.

High Medieval (AD 1066-1485)

Oxford Castle was established in 1071, with activity continuing on the site into the high medieval period primarily to 1331 (JMHS 25, MOX25687: SP 5100 0617). The site contains a scheduled monument and 13 listed buildings including those of Grade I and Grade II*. The medieval ditch around the castle has been recorded through archaeological excavation (JMHS 26, MOX25698: SP 510 061).

The abbey at Osney was initially an Augustinian Priory founded in 1129 (JMHS 27, MOX25904: SP 504 059). In 1154 this church became an abbey in its own right. Some fragments of the abbey survive at Osney Mill. The site is a scheduled monument. Excavations at Gibbs Crescent recorded a possible hearth and foundation, while excavation at the northern end of the abbey precinct recorded robbed out walls, pits and a possible floor surface and water channel. The surviving Osney Abbey buildings are listed structures (JMHS 28, MOX26213: SP 504 059). A medieval dovecote of Osney Abbey was marked on Agas’s Map (JMHS 29, MOX11815: SP 5039 0604). The medieval gatehouse of Osney Abbey was also marked on Agas’s Map (JMHS 30, MOX11825: SP 5045 0599). A bell and key of a high medieval date were recovered from Osney cemetery (JMHS 31, MOX25507: SP 5052 0591), medieval tile has also come from the same place (JMHS 32, MOX25508: SP 5049 0592). Excavations at Trajan House identified the remains of a 13th century ditch (JMHS 33, MOX23785: SP 50403 05962). This lies to the west of Osney Abbey and

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Legend

Site boundary

Early Medieval

Medieval

Late Medieval

High Medieval

Ordnance Survey © Crown Copyright 2021. All rights reserved. Licence number 100022432 Figure 3: City of Oxford Urban Historic Environment Record Sites: Medieval sites 13 John Moore HERITAGE SERVICES 40 St Thomas’s Street, Oxford Heritage Impact Assessment could be part of its boundary ditch or moat. High medieval pottery sherds were recovered from Trajan House (JMHS 34, MOX25636: SP 5039 0595).

The church of St Thomas the Martyr, located adjacent to the proposal site, is a structure of a 12th century origin that originated as a chapel, with later 15th to 16th century alterations (JMHS 35, MOX11791 & MOX25891: SP 5059 0615). The church was probably constructed in the middle of the 12th century as defined by the architecture, but the association with Osney Abbey cannot be made until about 1189- 1190 (VCH 1979). The structure is now Grade II listed.

Rewley Abbey was the last of the major nodal buildings to be established in this part of Oxford, a Cistercian monastery founded in 1281 (JMHS 36, MOX25903: SP 50642 06444). This site was largely demolished at the Dissolution, and other remains when the railway was constructed. The precinct of the abbey is a scheduled monument. The location of some of the medieval buildings at Rewley House have been identified that include the cloister, reredorter and a barn (JMHS 37, MOX26216: SP 50619 06452). The abbey was surrounded wholly or partially by a moat (JMHS 38, MOX26218: SP 50623 06481), which linked into the braided channels of the River Thames. Pottery, tile and nails were recovered near Oxford Station that were of a high medieval date (JMHS 39, MOX25362: SP 5066 0625). A medieval tile was recovered from 39-40 Hythe Bridge Street (JMHS 40, MOX11869: SP 5075 0633), which was thought to originate from Rewley Abbey. Occupation material has been recovered from the area of Rewley Abbey dated 1300 to 1540 (JMHS 41, MOX24926: SP 5057 0637).

Medieval settlement in St Thomas’s is known from the 11th century but more generally in the 12th and 13th centuries (JMHS 42, MOX26332: SP 50 06). The High Street St Thomas, or as it is known know St Thomas’s Street (JMHS 43, MOX26263: SP 5075 0614) is known to have been in existence from at least the 12th century. This street runs from below the Castle to St Thomas’s church, two early nodal points that helped to form the street layout. At the Castle Mill Stream the road detoured south so as to go around the Castle and approach the West Gate of Oxford Castle. The historic bridges recorded along its route include Bookbinder’s Bridge over the Wareham Stream (JMHS 44, MOX25992: SP 50862 06146), which was constructed in the 12th century. In the 17th century this was known to have been a single stone arch structure. Small Bridge (JMHS 45, MOX25993: SP 50803 06144) was also established along the line of this road across a now silted up channel to the west of the Wareham. This bridge is known to have been in existence from at least the 14th century. There was on the south side of St Thomas’s Street a medieval sewage drain (JMHS 46, MOX26109: SP 507 061) that was an open ditch until the 19th century. Land reclamation of a 13th century date has been recognised in St Thomas’s Street, which was followed by the construction of dwellings in the 13th to 15th centuries (JMHS 47, MOX23534: SP 5083 0617). Medieval tenements are known to have existed to the north of St Thomas’s Street (JMHS 48, MOX26538: SP 5075 0623) and to the south (JMHS 49, MOX26534: SP 5085 0612). Excavations in St Thomas Street identified three stone building footings, of which the earlier ones were dated to the mid-12th century (JMHS 50, MOX12066: SP 5076 0617). The remains of a cob wall was detected at 64-66 St Thomas’s Street (JMHS 51, MOX12072: SP 5080 0617). Tenements of a 13th century date have been identified under the Lion Brewery in St Thomas Street (JMHS 52, MOX23536: SP 50810 06134). Medieval buildings of a

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12th century date were recognised in St Thomas’s Street (JMHS 53, MOX11573: SP 5075 0615). Pottery of a high medieval date has been recovered from the Lion Brewery site on St Thomas’s Street (JMHS 54, MOX24938: SP 5083 0612), at 54-55 (JMHS 55, MOX24987: SP 5075 0616), at 64-66 (JMHS 56, MOX24993: SP 5078 0615) and from Hall’s Brewery (JMHS 57, MOX25089: SP 5072 0616).

Running on a north to south alignment to the north of the High Street of St Thomas is Hollybush Row (JMHS 58, MOX25978: SP 5078 0591). This is considered to be part of a medieval route way, which presumably ran down the axis of the island on the west of the Wareham Stream. Established at the north end of this route in the 13th century was Rewley Abbey. A drain is known to have been cut on the west side of Hollybush Row (JMHS 59, MOX26110: SP 506 062). This was an open ditch until the 19th century and was linked to the Rewley Abbey moat. Medieval tenements are known to have existed on the east side of Hollybush Row (JMHS 60, MOX26535: SP 5071 0610), and on the west side (JMHS 61, MOX26537: SP 5065 0619). Medieval tenement stone foundations were identified in Hollybush Row (JMHS 62, MOX11989: SP 5068 0620). High medieval pottery has been recovered from Hollybush Row (JMHS 63, MOX25098: SP 5066 0613), and the corner of Hollybush Row and St Thomas’s Street (JMHS 64, MOX25267: SP 5068 0623).

Fisher Row (JMHS 65, MOX26233: SP 5080 0633) was also a north to south orientated street running along the west side of the Castle Mill Stream. This street is known to have been in existence from the 13th century. Excavations at 4-9 Lower Fisher Row was a series of 13th century foundations associated with texts dating t0 1240-1469 (JMHS 66, MOX12033: SP 5084 0625).

The Hamel is the name of a street that runs north to south (JMHS 67, MOX26236: SP 5078 0611), it is known to have been in existence from the 12th and 13th centuries, although the name was only first recorded in 1407. The street probably originally joined up to St Thomas’s High Street. Medieval tenements have been recognised to the south of St Thomas’s Street and to the east of the Hamel (JMHS 68, MOX26533: SP 5090 0608). There were medieval domestic buildings located at the Hamel, dated to the 12th and 13th centuries (JMHS 69, MOX11362: SP 5077 0614), which were marked on Agas’s Map of 1578. Medieval tenements were excavated at the Hamel (JMHS 70, MOX11793: SP 5077 0613). Pottery, coin and a tile of a high medieval date were recovered from the Hamel (JMHS 71, MOX25345: SP 5078 0613).

Hythe Bridge Street (JMHS 72, MOX26240: SP 5079 0633) is known to have been in existence from the 13th century. This road links into the forerunner of the Botley Causeway and also heads north of the town walls to Walton and St Giles’s. Osney Abbey were responsible for the construction of a timber bridge over the Castle Mill Stream at about 1200-10 that became the first Hythe Bridge (JMHS 73, MOX11872 & MOX25886: SP 50830 06343). The Castle Mill Stream Bridge (Hythe Bridge) was replaced by a stone construction 1373-1403 (JMHS 74, MOX11872 & MOX25886: SP 50840 06346). Also on this road was the location of Little Hythe Bridge (JMHS 75, MOX25991: SP 5078 0633), which probably crossed the Wareham Stream, and dates to the 13th century. In 1616 it is known to have been a two arch structure. Medieval tenements have been recognised as existing to the north of Hythe Bridge Street (JMHS 76, MOX26539: SP 5071 0633). The remains of 12th century footings of medieval buildings in Hythe Bridge Street (JMHS 77, MOX11986: SP 5088

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0635). Further medieval tenements in Hythe Bridge Street (JMHS 78, MOX11987: SP 5088 0636).

Osney Lane (JMHS 79: SP 50636 06052) was a road orientated roughly east to west, it is evidently of a 12th century date at least and is considered to terminate at its west end at the gatehouse of Osney Abbey. If the east end continued it would appear to approach the West Gate of Oxford Castle. A medieval ditch, Osney Lane Stream, was dug along the north side of the lane (JMHS 80, MOX26194: SP 506 060), which was still open till the late 18th century. Medieval artefacts, including a possible tile, were recovered from Christchurch New Buildings in 1893 (JMHS 81, MOX25037: SP 5066 0603).

Land reclamation dated to the late 12th century has been identified at the Royal Mail Depot to the north of Saint Thomas’s church, which was followed by the construction of tenement plots (JMHS 82, MOX23814: SP 50603 06126). Pottery and other objects of a high medieval date have been recovered in Park End Road (JMHS 83, MOX25139: SP 5082 0619).

To the east of the Castle Mill Stream medieval tenements are noted to the north of Park End Street (JMHS 84, MOX26531: SP 5088 0631) and to the south (JMHS 85, MOX26532: SP 5088 0621). Medieval settlement is also known from Stockwell Street (JMHS 86, MOX26323: SP 50941 06416), a grant for one of the houses here led to the establishment of Gloucester College (later Worcester College).

Late Medieval

Late Medieval buildings (Fig. 3) that are recorded in the area of St Thomas’s include the Wealden House, constructed about 1459, and demolished c 1841 (JMHS 87, MOX11824: SP 5067 0616). The Hollybush Inn in Park End Street was first recorded in 1539 (JMHS 88, MOX26022: SP 506 062), it was used as a Guardhouse in the Civil War and located under the current Railway Inn. The Botley Causeway was constructed in 1530 (JMHS 89, 468y: SP 50398 06242).

The remains of a 16th century cobbled surface was identified in excavations at Trajan House (JMHS 90, MOX23785: SP 50403 05962). This is possibly part of the abbey complex of Osney, or a satellite site.

Post-medieval (1542-1703 AD)

The abbey at Osney was briefly given the status of a cathedral from 1542-1546 (JMHS 91, MOX25904: SP 504 059). This was before being transferred to Christchurch (Fig. 4).

In the 17th century parts of St Thomas’s Street underwent redevelopment with new structures built (JMHS 92, MOX12066: SP 5076 0617). The Small Bridge was rebuilt or repaired by Christchurch (JMHS 93, MOX25993: SP 508 061) in the 17th century. Post-medieval structures of a 17th century date have been recognised along the High Street (JMHS 94, MOX26123: SP 5078 0614). Individual houses include number 63 High Street (St Thomas’s) was a 2 storey 17th century structure now demolished (JMHS 95, MOX25841: SP 5078 0615). The cob wall at 64-66 St

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Legend Site boundary

Post-medieval

Imperial

Industrial

Modern

Undated

Ordnance Survey © Crown Copyright 2021. All rights reserved. Licence number 100022432

Figure 4: City of Oxford Urban Historic Environment Record Sites: Post-medieval and undated sites 17 John Moore HERITAGE SERVICES 40 St Thomas’s Street, Oxford Heritage Impact Assessment

Thomas (High Street) were overlain by the remains of post-medieval structures (JMHS 96, MOX12072: SP 5080 0617). Number 64 is known to have been a 17th century structure that is now demolished (JMHS 97, MOX25735: SP 5079 0615). The Old Rectory in the High Street was a 2 storey stone and timber structure of c. 1600 (JMHS 98, MOX25736: SP 5064 0615). Number 65-6 High Street was a 17th century building that has been demolished (JMHS 99, MOX25734: SP 5079 0614).

The Combe House or the Gate House, located opposite the proposal site, is a Grade II listed building constructed in 1702 operated as a school (JMHS 100, MOX15571 & MOX25737: SP 50638 06142). An archaeological evaluation undertaken at the property recorded a series of post-medieval garden soils and made ground, suggesting that the graveyard of the church, located immediately adjacent, did not extend to the east.

Post-medieval buildings in Hollybush Row were demolished by the 19th century (JMHS 101, MOX26122: SP 5068 0619). Numbers 2-3 Hollybush Row was a 2 storey 17th century structure (JMHS 102, MOX25738: SP 5067 0623).

Post-medieval structures were also developed in Fisher Row (JMHS 103, MOX26124: SP 5084 0624). The buildings at 4-9 Lower Fisher Row were rebuilt in 1658 (JMHS 104, MOX12033: SP 5084 0625). Fisher Row 4-4a was the site of a 16th to 17th century cottage that was demolished in 1954 (JMHS 105, MOX25729: SP 5087 0617). Numbers 5-8 Fisher Row were the location of a 17th century cottage that was demolished in 1954 (JMHS 106, MOX25730: SP 5085 0619). Number 25-27 was a 2 storey timber framed 17th century structure that is now demolished (JMHS 107, MOX25845: SP 5083 0629).

Morrell’s Brewery (JMHS 108, MOX26087: SP 5083 0610), on the east side of the Hamel, is first recorded in c 1597. Post-medieval material was recovered from this brewery (JMHS 109, MOX24860: SP 5084 0613). Further material of this date came from the Hamel (JMHS 110, MOX25345: SP 5078 0613).

Antiquity Hall Inn in Hythe Bridge Street originated as a post-medieval site called the Hole in the Wall (JMHS 111, MOX26002: SP 507 063), which has been demolished. The 17th century buildings on the north side of Hythe Bridge Street were cleared by Worcester College (JMHS 112, MOX26121: SP 5082 0633). Over some of the medieval tenements in Hythe Bridge Street were soil deposits that contained 17th century material (JMHS 113, MOX11987: SP 5088 0636). Besides this there is evidence of a timber wharf in Hythe Bridge Street in the 16th century (JMHS 114, MOX26162: SP 508 063).

Number 31 Park End Street was a 2 storey stone 17th century structure (JMHS 115, MOX25739: SP 5067 0624).

Remains of the Civil War defences (1642-1646) have been noted on the west side of the city (JMHS 116, MOX24935: SP 516 062). There was known to be a second phase of these defences, however there is less physical evidence for these (JMHS 117, MOX25954: SP 514 063).

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Imperial (1704-1800)

The 18th century or Imperial activity is predominantly associated with artefacts and not structures (Fig. 4), although some of this date can be recognised. Clay pipes and coins dated post 1714 have been identified at the Lion Brewery on St Thomas’s Street (JMHS 118, MOX24938: SP 5083 0612), as has pottery at 64-66 (JMHS 119, MOX24993: SP 5078 0615).

The Eagle Steam Brewery dates from at least the 18th century (JMHS 120, MOX26090: SP 507 062), and was established on the east side of Hollybush Row. Pottery remains of an 18th century or slightly later date were identified at the corner of Hollybush Row and St Thomas’s Street (JMHS 121, MOX25267: SP 5068 0623), while animal remains of a similar date were recovered from Hollybush Row (JMHS 122, MOX 25269: SP 5068 0611).

Most structures of an 18th century date that survive appear to be located in Fisher Row. Dwelling 28-9 Fisher Row was a structure of an early 18th century date (JMHS 123, MOX25732: SP 5082 0630). The Nag’s Head or 30-2 Fisher Row was a timber framed structure of an 18th century date, which has been demolished (JMHS 124, MOX25733: SP 5082 0632). The buildings at 2 and 3 Fisher Row are grade II listed alms houses dated to 1799 (JMHS 125, MOX12041: SP 5088 0617).

Material of an 18th century date has also come from the area around the Hamel and Osney Lane. Clay pipe and other objects were recovered from the Hamel (JMHS 126, MOX25345: SP 5078 0613). The oldest surviving structures at the Morrell’s Brewery are dated to c. 1730 (JMHS 127, MOX26087: SP 5083 0610). A token of an 18th or 19th century date was recovered from Morrell’s Brewery (JMHS 128, MOX25361: SP 5082 0609). The Swan Brewery is known to have been in existence by 1718 (JMHS 129, MOX26085: SP 5090 0607). Recent archaeological work has recorded strcutures associated with the brewery, including the bottle shed and a wide range of stoneware flagons and bottles.

The Osney Lane Stream was filled in with the construction of a culvert in the late 18th century (JMHS 130, MOX26194: SP 506 060). Pottery was recovered from Christ Church Old Buildings that was dated post-1714 (JMHS 131, MOX25253: SP 5075 0610). A coin, a counter and a token of an 18th or 19th century date are recorded as coming from Osney (JMHS 132, MOX25506: SP 5043 0601).

Material of an 18th century date has also come from Hythe Bridge Street. A spur of an 18th century date was recovered from Hythe Bridge Street (JMHS 133, MOX25495: SP 5082 0635). A bottle, knife and key were recovered from the Thames near Hythe Bridge Street (JMHS 134, MOX25527: SP 5084 0630). Worcester College was established in its third manifestation in 1714 and the current listed Park and Garden (JMHS 135, MOX26205: SP 5076 0655) on the north side of Hythe Bridge Street must originate from this date. From the Sidings on the Botley Road there are pottery sherds of an 18th and 19th century date (JMHS 136, MOX25363: SP 5045 0628). The Old Gatehouse or White House was constructed in 1767 as a pike house (JMHS 137, MOX25999: SP 5038 0625) on the Botley Causeway.

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The Hollybush Inn (JMHS 138, MOX26022: SP 506 062), on the site of the Railway Hotel Park End Street, was a coaching inn of the 18th century. Clay pipe, coins and pot have been recovered from Park End Road (JMHS 139, MOX25139: SP 5082 0619). Pacey’s Bridge was constructed c. 1770 (JMHS 140, MOX25994: SP 50853 06268), when the New Road was put in across the castle bailey.

A seal of an 18th or 19th century date has been recovered from Cripley Road (JMHS 141, MOX25400: SP 5038 0630). Clay pipe and pottery sherds of an 18th or 19th century date were recovered from the site of the Old LMS Station (JMHS 142, MOX25631: SP 5062 0628).

The Oxford canal was constructed towards the end of the 18th century 1769-1790 (JMHS 143, MOX25909: SP 5056 0679). While the wharves and canal basin (JMHS 144, MOX25920, MOX11350: SP 5096 0627) were located in the area now occupied by Nuffield and Saint Peter’s Colleges.

Industrial (1801-1900)

Evidence dating to the 19th century predominantly comprises extant buildings. Industrial activity along the line of Saint Thomas’s Street or the High Street (Fig. 4) include work on the church of St Thomas the Martyr which has 19th century alterations (JMHS 145, MOX25891: SP 5060 0615). Bookbinder’s Bridge was rebuilt in brick c. 1858 (JMHS 146, MOX25992: SP 50862 06146). The Lodge in St Thomas’s Street was constructed in 1839 (JMHS 147, MOX13040: SP 50667 06167), and is thought to have been constructed as the parish school. Also listed for this building was the front wall, fence, gate and piers (JMHS 148, MOX15034: SP 50664 06157). The Lion Brewery was constructed in 1892 in St Thomas’s Street (JMHS 149, MOX11780: SP 5083 0611). A Mission Hall was constructed in 1893 (JMHS 150, MOX11809: SP 5074 0614), as was the Grade II listed St Thomas’s Vicarage, situated 20m north west of the proposal site (JMHS 151, MOX15524: SP 50621 06194).

In 1861 an Iron Bridge was constructed over the Castle Mill Stream (JMHS 152, MOX11872: SP 5083 0635) along the line of Hythe Bridge Street. Little Hythe Bridge was rebuilt in 1870 (JMHS 153, MOX25991: SP 5078 0633). The Toll House was demolished in 1850 and a New Toll House built in 1868 (JMHS 154, MOX25999: SP 5038 0625).

The Great Western Railway Station was constructed in 1844 (JMHS 155, MOX25980: SP 5045 0636), when the line from Didcot to Oxford was completed. The railway line was extended to Banbury by 1850. The Oxford Station (subsequently known as the LMS Station) was constructed in 1851-2 (JMHS 156, MOX11338 & MOX25981: SP 5062 0630), when the Oxford to Bletchley line was built. In the 19th century Goods Sheds were constructed on Osney land (JMHS 157, MOX25081: SP 5058 0591). They have now been demolished.

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Modern

The Cooper’s Marmalade Factory was constructed on Park End Road in 1902-3 (JMHS 158, MOX15790: SP 50649 06233). Pacey’s Bridge on Park End Street was replaced in 1922 (JMHS 159, MOX25994: SP 50853 06268).

Undated

In Rewley Place an undated buckle was recovered (JMHS 160, MOX25150: SP 5071 0628). Other finds from Osney churchyard are unspecified and undated (JMHS 161, MOX25418: SP 5049 0593), but these are presumably associated with the abbey.

Twelve Roman or Medieval horse shoes were found at Oxford Castle in 1876 during draiage works along Tidmarsh Lane (JMHS 162, MOX11500: SP 5090 0623)

4.3 Cartographic Research (Figures 5 to 7)

A number of maps could be identified that showed this part of Oxford that date from the 16th century to the 20th century.

Figure 5: Agas’s Map of 1566 (NB East is to the left)

The earliest map is one by Agas dated 1566 (OXFO/942) which shows the church of St Thomas located in a yard, with two dwellings or buildings located in the vicinity of the proposed site (Fig. 5). Many of the boundary markers at this time appear to be shown as ditches rather than fence lines. There are rows of trees to the north of the site.

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There is a second map by Agas dated 1578 (OXFO/942), which shows a similar representation of the site to that on the 1566. Here there is more of a distinction between ditches, hedge lines and wall or fence lines creating boundaries (Fig. 6).

Figure 6: Agas’s Map of 1578

Figure 7: Speed’s Map of 1605

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On the map of 1605 (CH.XXIII/4a) a tenement is shown on the corner of St Thomas’s and Hollybush Row in the location where the Lodge is located (Fig. 7). A road is shown to the south side of the High Street, and an apparent avenue of trees is drawn running to the north.

Figure 8: Hollar’s Map dated 1643

Figure 9: Hollar’s map dated 1650

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On the Hollar plan of 1643 (OXFO/942) the churchyard is similar, but there are three structures along the street frontage (Fig. 8). On the second plan of Hollar dated 1650 (CH.XXIII/3) there are three or four structures along the street frontage, extending into the churchyard (Fig. 9). There appears to be a gap between them in line with the lane opposite. This map appears to indicate encroachment on the cemetery, but also that the boundary between these two properties is in flux and that the cemetery could also extend onto the proposed site.

Figure 10: Logan’s Map of 1675

Figure 11: Rocque’s Map of 1761 (NB East is to the right)

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The last of the 17th century plans is by Logan dated 1675 (OXFO/942) showing buildings along the front of the properties, possibly associated with the front boundary wall of the proposal site (Fig. 10). The boundary wall and gate of the churchyard are drawn to the south of this. The churchyard boundary to the north runs at a different angle. A new building has appeared to the rear of the property that is orientated north to south. Hachering occurs to show the location of Civil War defences and there may be a bank or scarping of this date around the graveyard of St Thomas’s church.

The map of Rocque dated 1761 (T/M 128) shows that the boundary of the churchyard adjacent to the proposal site runs at an orientation of southeast to northwest (Fig. 11). The street frontage of the proposal site is shown as being built up.

Figure 12: Jefferys’s Map of 1767

The Jefferys’s map of 1767 (CP/103/M/1) shows a similar picture to that of Rocque. The adjacent boundary of the churchyard runs at a southeast to northwest (Fig. 12). There are buildings fronting onto St Thomas’s Street, and there is a passage behind the building on the later Lodge.

Two plans of Oxford are to be found on Davis of Lewknor’s plan of 1797 (CH.XX/2). The plan that forms part of the county map shows the area as part of an enclosed plot of land, which sits in the corner of St Thomas’s Street and Hollybush Row (Fig. 13). On this version of the plan the site is shown as being unoccupied. On the more detailed map there are indications of buildings located on this plot.

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Figure 13: Davies of Lewknor’s Map of 1797

Figure 14: Bryant’s Map of 1824

Bryant’s map dated 1824 shows the site of the church of St Thomas, but is not overly detailed enough to give significant detail (Fig. 14). The Greenwood Brothers’ map of 1834 (CH.XLVII/1) shows buildings located in the area but which are not located properly.

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An Ordnance Survey map of 1830 and composite one of c. 1850 (CH.XXIV/4) shows structures located on the proposal site but does not show a cross representing the church.

Figure 15: Hoggar’s Map of 1850

Figure 16: First Edition Ordnance Survey Map of c 1876

The Hoggar map of 1850 (MAP185 XXIV.39) shows that the arrangement of the buildings has altered (Fig. 15), which has a school located on the site and a tenement

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John Moore HERITAGE SERVICES 40 St Thomas’s Street, Oxford Heritage Impact Assessment on the corner (The Lodger). The street frontage contains three properties, with a building to the rear. The churchyard boundary wall is located in the current position.

The First Edition Ordnance Survey dated 1876 (Oxon 33.15) shows a similar arrangement to that on the Hoggar map (Fig. 16).

Figure 17: Second Edition Ordnance Survey Map of 1900

The Second Edition Ordnance Survey map of 1900 (Oxon 33.15) shows the area of ground as being part of that occupied by the Lodge (Fig. 17). Besides the lodge there are two buildings located to the west, which are all or partially on the proposal site. They form an L-shape with the main ranges running north to south. It is apparent that there is an initial extension of Hollybush Row to the south of St Thomas’s High Street.

The Third Edition Ordnance Survey map of 1921 (Oxon 33.15) shows a similar arrangement to that of the Second Edition (Fig. 18). There is a similar arrangement on the Fourth Edition (Fig. 19) Ordnance Survey map of 1939 (Oxon 33.15).

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Figure 18: Third Edition Ordnance Survey Map of 1921

Figure 19: Fourth Edition Ordnance Survey Map of 1939

4.4 Site Visit

A site visit was carried out on 29th January 2021, which noted that the building now located on the site was of very little architectural merit. The site is located between two buildings, the Lodge and St Thomas’s Church. A limestone wall was located on the south and west side of the property. The south wall appeared to have two gate or

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John Moore HERITAGE SERVICES 40 St Thomas’s Street, Oxford Heritage Impact Assessment doorways in that were infilled. Buildings are evident as fronting onto this part of the boundary from at least the 17th century, so it is likely that this wall is probably of this date. The west was a boundary wall between the cemetery and the proposal site, which has to be of an early 19th century date. It is apparent that the site was once located on church land.

5 DISCUSSION

The proposed development is briefly outlined in section 1.5. A discussion of the heritage data is discussed in section 4 (4.1 Historical, 4.2 Archaeological, 4.3 Cartographic, 4.4 Site Visit). An overview of the archaeological and historical landscape as identified in section 4 is given in sections 5.1 and 5.2. This is followed by a prediction of the heritage potential of the site in section 5.3. The impact of the proposed development on identified heritage assets is covered in sections 5.5 and 5.6; this is discussed in relation to the significance that these assets hold.

5.1 Archaeological Background

The archaeological landscape of the search area is rather dense, hence only the 0.25km search area of the surrounding landscape.

The site was located on a gravel river terrace, such sites in the past in the Oxfordshire area and the Thames Valley in general have yielded Palaeolithic implements, however there have been no such finds within the search radius surrounding the proposal site. Mesolithic sites are also absent from the search area, while Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age sites are sparse. Though the Hamel excavations produced evidence of later prehistoric activity, the evidence is slight and thus the potential for sites of this age should also be considered low.

There is slightly more evidence for Roman activity, although the amount of evidence produced in the search is also indicative of this period being poorly represented.

During these periods it appears evident, from the available excavation evidence, that the area of the site was situated on marginal land, perhaps on an island surrounded by marshy ground traversed by numerous channels of the River Thames, which crosses through the area in a north-south direction. As such the extent to which settlement and occupation activity could be encountered is likely to be limited.

Activity in the early medieval period in the search area increases, especially towards the end of that period in the 11th century when significant land reclamation began to occur, increasing the available land in the area. The high medieval period contains evidence of significant settlement in the form of Oxford’s western suburb of Saint Thomas’s which developed during this period. This settlement continued to be significant in the post-medieval period and the Imperial period. The canalisation of the Thames allowed for some industrialisation of the area, hence the initial development of breweries. However, the introduction of the canal and then the railway led to the clearance of houses and the introduction of more industrial units.

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5.2 The Archaeological Potential of the Proposal Site

The analysis of the surrounding search area indicates that there is or was a high potential for archaeology on the proposal site. The capacity for Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age and Roman archaeology on the site is considered low, although with the Bronze Age and Roman period a possible low to moderate assessment could be made.

In the medieval period the potential for archaeology increases; early medieval period could be considered moderate, especially from the 11th century. The chances of archaeology of a high medieval period and later are high. Interpretation of the location of medieval plots by Munby and Dodd (2006) indicate that a tenement is considered to have been located on the site. A Post-medieval building, the Old Rectory, was located on the site. The Ordnance Survey maps appear to show a building located on the east side of the plot, which is the location of the Old Rectory. A map of 1605 appears to show that buildings occupied the corner of the High Street (now St Thomas’s Street) and Hollybush Row. There is a lane to the south linking the High Street to Osney Lane and on this map to the north there is an avenue of trees. It is perhaps feasible that this lane continued north as a back lane to tenements on Hollybush Row. If this is the case then medieval tenements may not extend towards the churchyard boundary. That there was a lane in this area is perhaps hinted at by the land reclamation and tenements that are observed in the area of the Royal Mail Depot. In the Post-medieval period from the 18th century the possible route appears to be lost as the area appears walled.

The neighbouring excavation indicated that there was a depth of about 1m of archaeology ranging from 56.17m to 57.17m.

5.3 The Impact of Previous Development on Potential Archaeological Remains

Before the early medieval period the area was probably used for agricultural purposes, but in what form is not known: ploughed or rough pasture, water meadow - the latter two are both possibilities due to the potential for the area to flood. From the latter part of the early medieval period or the high medieval period the site was transformed into a settlement. It would seem that this settlement could have gone through a brief period of being an agricultural plot in and around the start of the Post-medieval period but this possibility is perhaps speculative. It is best to assume that there was probably no degradation of the site through agricultural process.

Any basement, foundations, landscaping or service trenches excavated during construction of the existing building are likely to have degraded any underlying remains to some extent; similarly the foundations of the earlier post-medieval and medieval buildings known to have been present within the site, though clearly archaeological in nature themselves, may have impacted upon any earlier archaeological remains present.

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5.4 The Impact of the Proposal on Designated Heritage Assets

Burials

The Burial Act of 1857 distinguishes burials for special treatment legally. It is thus the case that burials can be regarded as a designated asset.

St Thomas’ Church is located immediately west of the proposal site. The current stone wall evidently represents the boundary of the post-medieval churchyard; however this boundary cannot be assumed at an earlier date. The current site was the location of the Old Rectory, which implies that it was probably part of a larger block of land acquired by the Osney Abbey onto which St Thomas’s was constructed. This could mean that the medieval cemetery could extend onto this land, and thus there is the potential on the site for burials; however, archaeological investigation undertaken at Combe House indicated that the graveyard did not extend beyond the current boundary in this area.

Scheduled Monuments

Archaeological sites considered to be of national importance are placed on a schedule in accordance with the 1979 Act and are thus considered to be designated assets. The nearest scheduled monument is the site of Rewley Abbey (JMHS 20), situated 250m north. However due to distance there will be no impact to the monument as a result of the development.

Listed Buildings

In accordance with the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 (see part 2.1), structures or buildings that are of national importance are listed by Historic England. The site is located adjacent to three listed buildings: The Church of St Thomas the Martyr (JMHS 35), Combe House (JMHS 100) and The Lodge (JMHS 147) and its associated front wall, fence, gate and piers (JMHS 148). Due to the distance between these building and the proposal site there will be no physical impact as a result of the development.

This report concerns the potential impact of the development upon buried archaeological remains and as such the potential impact of the development upon the setting of these buildings has not been considered.

Parks and Gardens

The listing of nationally important Parks and Gardens is called for as part of the 1979 Act that covers Scheduled Monuments. As such they are designated heritage assets. The nearest listed park is the grounds of Worcester College (JMHS 135), situated 300m north-north east. Due to distance between the site and the college grounds there will be no impact.

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Conservation Areas

Conservation Areas are created by local authorities in accordance with the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990. Since 2019 the proposal site has been situated within the Oxford Central Conservation Area.

This report concerns the potential impact of the development upon buried archaeological remains and as such the potential impact of the development upon the conservation area has not been considered.

5.5 The Impact of the Proposal on Non-designated Heritage Assets

Many significant archaeological sites are given legal protection as part of the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act of 1979; however, not all sites are scheduled, for example those which remain unknown due to a lack of investigation.

The site of The Old Rectory (JMHS 98) is known to have been situated within the proposal site. The extent to which this survives is unknown, however there may be remains which can contribute to the evidential value of the asset, supplementing the known historical details of the building. If archaeology relating to this building survives then construction of the proposed development, for example the excavation of footings and services, is likely to result in its removal or degradation, thus resulting in substantial impact. Given the location of the proposal site there is also the potential for as yet unidentified non-designated assets, which would be subject to similar levels of impact.

6 CONCLUSIONS

The site of 40 St Thomas’s Street, formerly the High Street St Thomas’s, was historically located in the parish of St George in the Castle, which later became the parish of St Thomas’s. The site is located on the Thames floodplain, on the location of a terrace. The site is bounded on the east by the Lodge and a modern apartment building. On the south side there is a historic street, and on the west side the location of a churchyard. There are domestic buildings to the north.

The search area data was obtained from a search with a radius of 0.25km, which still produced a significant number of records that accumulated to 162 sites. Activity was evident in the area from the later Neolithic and early Bronze Age period, with a Bronze Age Beaker Burial associated with this settlement. There was also some Iron Age and Roman activity noted in the search area. Even though these periods produced some artefacts and showed that there was some pre-medieval activity located on the river terrace, amongst the braided channels of the Thames, in this place it is limited. This means that though there is a potential for archaeology from this period it is at present considered to be very low. One possible factor that could alter this is if the site of St Thomas’s Church was chosen because it was an earlier archaeological site. In the early medieval period there is an apparent increase in the amount of activity, which becomes noticeable from the mid-11th century, although the form of the settlement has not been formalised by that date. Archaeological activity from the 12th century onwards appears to show that our historical understanding of the area is correct and that from this time the street system was laid out and that bridges were

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John Moore HERITAGE SERVICES 40 St Thomas’s Street, Oxford Heritage Impact Assessment built across the channels and that tenements were built. Some of these tenements were constructed on areas which have indications of land reclamation. In the Post-medieval period the area was predominantly associated with dwellings, though some industrial sites can be recognised. In the Imperial and Industrial periods the area saw the development of more industrial sites, which were associated with the construction of the canal and the railways. There is a high probability that medieval and later activity will be identified on the site.

The nature of the construction of the modern building on the site and its foundations is not known, but there is the potential for archaeological remains to survive intact. Neighbouring archaeological excavations indicate that remains may extend to at least a meter in thickness, from approximately 57.17m. Any surviving archaeological remains are likely to be subject to impact as a result of the proposed development. There were three scheduled monuments in the search area and three listed buildings adjacent to the site, however all are too far away to be impacted upon physically.

Given the potential for archaeological remains, and potential for impact to these, a suitable mitigation strategy should be put in place prior to and/or during development.

7 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCES CONSULTED

7.1 Books and Documents

Chartered Institute for Archaeologists 2017 Standard and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk-based Assessment, Reading: Chartered Institute of Field Archaeology

Moore, H 2006 Medieval buildings and land reclamation at the former Lion Brewery, Saint Thomas’ Street, Oxford, Oxoniensia LXXI, 393-411

Munby, J 2006 The Archaeology and History of Oxford’s West Suburb, Oxoniensia LXXI, 344-346

Munby, J and Dodd, A 2006 Survey of West Oxford, Oxoniensia LXXI, 462- 498

Norton. A 2006 Excavations at 67-69 St Thomas’ Street, Oxford, Oxoniensia LXXI, 347-392

NPPF 2019 National Planning Policy Framework, London: Ministry of Houses, Communities and Local Government

Oxford City Council 2018 Oxford Central (City & University) Conservation Area Draft Character Appraisal

Oxford City Council 2020 Oxford Local Plan 2036

Pine, J 2007 Medieval and Post-medieval occupation at Hollybush Lodge, Hollybush Row, Oxford, Reading: Thames Valley Archaeological Services Unpublished Report

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VCH 1979 The History of the County of Oxford: volume 4 – The City of Oxford, London: Institute of Historical Research, University of London / Oxford University Press

7.2 Historic Maps

OXFO/942 1566 Agas’s Map (Oxford Hist. Soc. Vol. 38)

OXFO/942 1578 Agas’s Map CH/XXIII/4a 1605 Speed’s Map of Oxfordshire and Oxford OXFO/942 1643 Haller’s Map

OXFO/942 1650 Holler’s Map

OXFO/942 1675 Logan’s Map

T/M 128 1761 Rocque’s Map

CP/103/M/1 1767 Jefferys’s Map

CH/XX/2 1797 Davies of Lewknor’s Map

1824 Bryant’s Map

CH/XLVII/1 1834 Greenwood Brothers,s Map

O/138/09/M/1 1830 Ordnance Survey Map

MAP185 XXIV/39 1850 Hoggar’s Map

CH/CXVI/1 mid-19th century Lowry’s Map

Oxon 33.15 1876 First Edition Ordnance Survey

Oxon 33.15 1900 Second Edition Ordnance Survey

Oxon 33.15 1921 Third Edition Ordnance Survey

Oxon 33.15 1939 Fourth Edition Ordnance Survey

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7.3 Gazetteer of Sites ID Period Identifying X Y Description Number coordinate coordinate 1 Neolithic MOX25345 450780 206130 Pottery of a Late Neolithic date was recovered from excavations in the Hamel 2 Bronze Age MOX11791 450590 206150 The remains of a Beaker Burial were recorded during excavations at the Hamel 3 Bronze Age MOX25345 450780 206130 Early or Middle Bronze Age pottery, also recovered from the Hamel 4 Iron Age MOX25345 450780 206130 Iron Age material was also recovered from the Hamel 5 Roman MOX23271 450532 206416 The remains of a palaeochannel of probable Roman date 6 Roman MOX11499 450760 206150 A Roman coin, found in the area of St Thomas High Street 7 Roman MOX25494 450770 206140 A Roman coin, found in the area of St Thomas High Street 8 Roman MOX24993 450780 206150 A Roman coin, found in the area of St Thomas High Street 9 Early Medieval MOX11708 450880 206050 An early medieval spearhead found in the Castle Mill Back Stream 10 Early Medieval MOX11622 450840 206350 An early medieval key, found in Hythe Bridge Street 11 Early Medieval MOX24860 450750 206330 A scale pan, found at 39-40 Hythe Bridge Street 12 Early Medieval MOX26341 450986 206223 An area of early medieval settlement centred around Oxford Castle 13 Early Medieval MOX26332 450754 206156 An area of early medieval settlement centred around St Thomas' Street 14 Early Medieval MOX24938 450830 206120 Pottery of early medieval date, found in the area of The Lion Brewery 15 Early Medieval MOX24987 450750 206160 Pottery of early medieval date, found in the area of St Thomas' Street 16 Early Medieval MOX24993 450780 206150 Pottery of early medieval date, found in the area of Halls Brewery 17 Early Medieval MOX25345 450780 206130 Pottery of early medieval date, found in the area of The Hamel 18 Medieval MOX26111 451040 205730 Canalisation of the River Thames, some time during the medieval period 19 Medieval MOX26113 450570 206590 Castle Mill Stream, a canalised channel of the River Thames 20 Medieval MOX26117 450820 206210 Wareham Stream, a canalised channel of the River Thames 21 Medieval MOX23271 450532 206416 Medieval deposits found in a palaeo-channel by the Said Business School 22 Medieval MOX26120 450470 205800 Osney Mill Stream, a canalised channel of the River Thames 23 Medieval MOX26186 450300 205770 Bulstake Stream or Pot Stream, a canalised channel of the River Thames 24 Medieval MOX26193 450800 206100 The Small Bridge Stream; now filled in

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25 High Medieval MOX25687 451000 206170 Oxford Castle, established in 1071 26 High Medieval MOX25698 451000 206100 The castle ditch, recorded through archaeological excavation 27 High Medieval MOX25904 450400 205900 The abbey at Osney, initially an Augustinian Priory founded in 1129 28 High Medieval MOX26213 450400 205900 The surviving Osney Abbey buildings are listed structures 29 High Medieval MOX11815 450390 206040 A medieval dovecote of Osney Abbey was marked on Agas’s Map 30 High Medieval MOX11825 450450 205990 The medieval gatehouse of Osney Abbey was also marked on Agas’s Map 31 High Medieval MOX25507 450520 205910 A bell and key of a high medieval date were recovered from Osney cemetery 32 High Medieval MOX25508 450490 205920 Medieval tile has also come from the same place 33 High Medieval MOX23785 450403 205962 The remains of a 13th century ditch, recorded through excavation 34 High Medieval MOX25636 450390 205950 High medieval pottery sherds, recovered from Trajan House 35 High Medieval MOX25891 450590 206150 The church of St Thomas the Martyr 36 High Medieval MOX25903 450642 206444 Rewley Abbey, a Cistercian monastery founded in 1281 37 High Medieval MOX26216 450619 206452 Medieval buildings at Rewley House, including the cloister, reredorter and a barn 38 High Medieval MOX26218 450623 206481 The abbey was surrounded wholly or partially by a moat 39 High Medieval MOX25362 450660 206250 Pottery, tile and nails were recovered near Oxford Station 40 High Medieval MOX11869 450750 206330 A medieval tile was recovered from 39-40 Hythe Bridge Street 41 High Medieval MOX24926 450570 206370 Occupation, recovered from the area of Rewley Abbey dated 1300 to 1540 42 High Medieval MOX26332 450000 206000 Medieval settlement in St Thomas’s is known from the 11th century but more generally in the 12th and 13th centuries 43 High Medieval MOX26263 450750 206140 St Thomas’s Street, known to have been in existence from at least the 12th century 44 High Medieval MOX25992 450862 206146 Bookbinder’s Bridge over the Wareham Stream 45 High Medieval MOX25993 450803 206144 Small Bridge 46 High Medieval MOX26109 450700 206100 A medieval sewage drain, on the south side of St Thomas’s Street 47 High Medieval MOX23534 450830 206170 Land reclamation of a 13th century date has been recognised in St Thomas’s Street 48 High Medieval MOX26538 450750 206230 Medieval tenements are known to have existed to the north of St Thomas’s Street 49 High Medieval MOX26534 450850 206120 Medieval tenements are known to have existed to the south of St Thomas’s Street

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50 High Medieval MOX12066 450760 206170 Three stone building footings, dated to the mid-12th century 51 High Medieval MOX12072 450800 206170 The remains of a cob wall, detected at 64-66 St Thomas’s Street 52 High Medieval MOX23536 450810 206134 Tenements of a 13th century date, identified under the Lion Brewery 53 High Medieval MOX11573 450750 206150 Buildings dating to the 12th century, found in St Thomas' Street 54 High Medieval MOX24938 450830 206120 Medieval pottery, found in the area of the former Lion Brewery 55 High Medieval MOX24987 450750 206160 Medieval pottery, found in the area of 54-55 St Thomas' Street 56 High Medieval MOX24993 450780 206150 Medieval pottery, found in the area of 64-66 St Thomas' Street 57 High Medieval MOX25089 450720 206160 Medieval pottery, found in the area of the former Halls Brewery 58 High Medieval MOX25978 450780 205910 Hollybush Row, a medieval street 59 High Medieval MOX26110 450600 206200 A former drain, located on the west side of Hollybush Row 60 High Medieval MOX26535 450710 206100 Medieval tenements, located on the east side of Hollybush Row 61 High Medieval MOX26537 450650 206190 Medieval tenements, located on the west side of Hollybush Row 62 High Medieval MOX11989 450680 206200 A series of 13th century foundations found at Hollybush Row 63 High Medieval MOX25098 450660 206130 Medieval pottery, found in the area of St Thomas' Street and Hollybush Row 64 High Medieval MOX25267 450680 206230 Medieval pottery, found in the area of St Thomas' Street and Hollybush Row 65 High Medieval MOX26233 450800 206330 Fisher Row, a medieval street 66 High Medieval MOX12033 450840 206250 A series of 13th century foundations found at Fisher Row 67 High Medieval MOX26236 450780 206110 The Hamel, a medieval street 68 High Medieval MOX26533 450900 206080 Medieval tenements situated south of St Thomas’s Street and to the east of the Hamel 69 High Medieval MOX11362 450770 206140 Medieval domestic buildings at The Hamel, dating to the 12-13th centuries 70 High Medieval MOX11793 450770 206130 Medieval tenements, excavated at The Hamel 71 High Medieval MOX25345 450780 206130 Pottery, coin and a tile, found at The Hamel 72 High Medieval MOX26240 450790 206330 Hythe Bridge Street, a medieval street 73 High Medieval MOX11872 450830 206343 Hythe Bridge, the first iteration of which dated to the 13th century 74 High Medieval MOX11872 450840 206346 Hythe Bridge was replaced by a stone construction between 1373-1403 75 High Medieval MOX25991 450780 206330 Little Hythe Bridge, first constructed in the 13th century

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76 High Medieval MOX26539 450710 206330 Medieval tenements, located to the north of Hythe Bridge 77 High Medieval MOX11986 450880 206350 Footings dating to the 12th century, found in Hythe Bridge Street 78 High Medieval MOX11987 450880 206360 Medieval tenements, found in Hythe Bridge Street 79 High Medieval 450636 206052 Osney Lane, a medieval street 80 High Medieval MOX26194 450600 206000 Osney Lane Stream, dug along the north side of the lane 81 High Medieval MOX25037 450660 206030 Medieval finds from Christchurch New Buildings 82 High Medieval MOX23814 450603 206126 Land reclamation dating to the 12th century, north of St Thomas' Church 83 High Medieval MOX25139 450820 206190 Pottery and other artefacts recovered from Park End Road 84 High Medieval MOX26531 450880 206310 Medieval tenements, located north of Park End Street 85 High Medieval MOX26532 450880 206210 Medieval tenements, located south of Park End Street 86 High Medieval MOX26323 450941 206416 Medieval settlement along Stockwell Street 87 Late Medieval MOX11824 450670 206160 The site of Wealden House 88 Late Medieval MOX26022 450600 206200 The site of Hollybush Inn 89 Late Medieval 468y 450398 206242 The Botley causeway 90 Late Medieval MOX23785 450403 205962 A 16th century cobbled surface recorded at Trajan House 91 Post-medieval MOX25904 450400 205900 The abbey at Osney was made a cathedral in 1542 92 Post-medieval MOX12066 450760 206170 St Thomas' Street underwent renovation and rebuilding in the 17th century 93 Post-medieval MOX25993 450800 206100 The Small Bridge was rebuilt or repaired in the 17th century 94 Post-medieval MOX26123 450780 206140 Post-medieval structures of a 17th century date have been recognised along the High Street 95 Post-medieval MOX25841 450780 206150 63 St Thomas’ Street, now demolished 96 Post-medieval MOX12072 450800 206170 The remains of post-medieval structures, recorded at 64-66 St Thomas' Street 97 Post-medieval MOX25735 450790 206150 64 St Thomas' Street, a former 17th century building. Now demolished 98 Post-medieval MOX25736 450640 206150 The Old Rectory, a former 17th century building. Now demolished 99 Post-medieval MOX25734 450790 206140 65 St Thomas' Street, a former 17th century building. Now demolished 100 Post-medieval MOX15571 450638 206142 The Combe House or the Gate House, a Grade II listed building constructed in 1702 101 Post-medieval MOX26122 450680 206190 Post-medieval buildings along Hollybush Row, many demolished by the 19th century

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102 Post-medieval MOX25738 450670 206230 2-3 hollybush Row, 17th century, demolished in the 19th century 103 Post-medieval MOX26124 450840 206240 Post-medieval buildings along Fisher Row 104 Post-medieval MOX12033 450840 206250 4-9 Fisher Row, rebuilt in 1658 105 Post-medieval MOX25729 450870 206170 4-4a Fisher Row, a former 17th century structure. Now demolished 106 Post-medieval MOX25730 450850 206190 5-8 Fisher Row, a former 17th century structure. Now demolished 107 Post-medieval MOX25845 450830 206290 25-27 Fisher Row, a former 17th century structure. Now demolished 108 Post-medieval MOX26087 450830 206100 Morrell’s Brewery, first recorded in c 1597 109 Post-medieval MOX24860 450840 206130 Post-medieval finds from The Morells Brewery site 110 Post-medieval MOX25345 450780 206130 Post-medieval finds from The Hamel 111 Post-medieval MOX26002 450700 206300 Antiquity Hall Inn in Hythe Bridge Street originated as The Hole in the Wall 112 Post-medieval MOX26121 450820 206330 Building clearance took place on the northern side of Hythe Bridge Stret in the 17th century 113 Post-medieval MOX11987 450880 206360 Soil deposits containing 17th century material in Hythe Bridge Street 114 Post-medieval MOX26162 450800 206300 Archaeological evidence of a timber wharf in Hythe Bridge Street in the 16th century 115 Post-medieval MOX25739 450670 206240 Number 31 Park End Street was a 2 storey stone 17th century structure 116 Post-medieval MOX24935 451600 206200 Remains of the Civil War defences noted on the west side of the city 117 Post-medieval MOX25954 451400 206300 Historical evidence of a second phase of Civil War defences 118 Imperial MOX24938 450830 206120 Clay pipes and coins dated post 1714, found at the Lion Brewery 119 Imperial MOX24993 450780 206150 Pottery, found at 64-66 St Thomas' Street 120 Imperial MOX26090 450700 206200 The Eagle Steam Brewery 121 Imperial MOX25267 450680 206230 Pottery, found in the area of St Thomas' Street and Hollybush Row 122 Imperial MOX 25269 450680 206110 Faunal remains, found in the area of St Thomas' Street and Hollybush Row 123 Imperial MOX25732 450820 206300 28-9 Fisher Row, a structure of an early 18th century date 124 Imperial MOX25733 450820 206320 30-2 Fisher Row, a timber framed structure of an 18th century date 125 Imperial MOX12041 450880 206170 2 and 3 Fisher Row, grade II listed alms houses dated to 1799 126 Imperial MOX25345 450780 206130 Clay pipe and other objects, recovered from the Hamel 127 Imperial MOX26087 450830 206100 Surviving structures at the Morrell’s Brewery, dated to c. 1730

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128 Imperial MOX25361 450820 206090 A token of an 18th or 19th century date, recovered from Morrell’s Brewery 129 Imperial MOX26085 450900 206070 The Swan Brewery is known to have been in existence by 1718 130 Imperial MOX26194 450600 206000 The Osney Lane Stream was filled in with the construction of a culvert in the late 18th century 131 Imperial MOX25253 450750 206100 Pottery recovered from Christ Church Old Buildings, dated post-1714 132 Imperial MOX25506 450430 206010 A coin, a counter and a token of an 18th or 19th century date found in the Osney area 133 Imperial MOX25495 450820 206350 A spur of 18th century date, recovered from Hythe Bridge Street 134 Imperial MOX25527 450840 206300 A bottle, knife and key, recovered from the Thames near Hythe Bridge Street 135 Imperial MOX26205 450760 206550 Worcester College, established in its current form in 1714 136 Imperial MOX25363 450450 206280 Pottery of 18th century date recovered from The Sidings, Botley Road 137 Imperial MOX25999 450380 206250 The Old Gatehouse or White House was constructed in 1767 as a pike house 138 Imperial MOX26022 450600 206200 The Hollybush Inn, a former 18th century coaching inn 139 Imperial MOX25139 450820 206190 Clay pipe, coins and pot, recovered from Park End Road 140 Imperial MOX25994 450853 206268 Pacey’s Bridge. constructed c. 1770 141 Imperial MOX25400 450380 206300 A seal of an 18th or 19th century date, recovered from Cripley Road 142 Imperial MOX25631 450620 206280 Clay pipe and pottery sherds of an 18th or 19th century date, from the site of the Old LMS Station 143 Imperial MOX25909 450560 206790 The Oxford canal, constructed towards the end of the 18th century 1769-1790 144 Imperial MOX25920 450960 206270 Wharves and canal basin of Oxford Canal 145 Industrial MOX25891 450600 206150 The church of St Thomas the Martyr has alterations dating to the 19th century 146 Industrial MOX25992 450862 206146 Bookbinder’s Bridge was rebuilt in the 19th century 147 Industrial MOX13040 450667 206167 The Lodge in St Thomas’s Street, constructed in 1839. Grade II listed 148 Industrial MOX15034 450664 206157 The front wall, fence, gate and piers of The Lodge. Grade II listed 149 Industrial MOX11780 450830 206110 The Lion Brewery was constructed in 1892 in St Thomas’s Street 150 Industrial MOX11809 450740 206140 The Mission Hall, constructed in 1893 151 Industrial MOX15524 450621 206194 St Thomas’s Vicarage, Grade II listed 152 Industrial MOX11872 450830 206350 An iron bridge, constructed over the Castle Mill Stream in the 19th century 153 Industrial MOX25991 450780 206330 Little Hythe Bridge, rebuilt in 1870

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154 Industrial MOX25999 450380 206250 The New Toll House, built in 1868 155 Industrial MOX25980 450450 206360 The Oxford Great Western Railway Station, constructed in 1844 156 Industrial MOX11338 450620 206300 The Oxford Station (the LMS Station) was constructed in 1851-2 157 Industrial MOX25081 450580 205910 Goods sheds, constructed on Osney Island in the 19th century 158 Modern MOX15790 450649 206233 Cooper’s Marmalade Factory, constructed on Park End Road in 1902-3 159 Modern MOX25994 450853 206268 Pacey’s Bridge on Park End Street, replaced in 1922 160 Undated MOX25150 450710 206280 An undated metal buckle, found at Rewley Place 161 Undated MOX25418 450490 205930 Unspecified finds from Osney Churchyard 162 Undated MOX11500 450900 206230 Twelve Roman or Medieval horse shoes, found at Oxford Castle

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APPEDIX 1 Grading Heritage Assets and Levels of Impact

The National Planning and Policy Framework (NPPF 2019) defines significance as ‘the value of a heritage asset to this and future generations because of its heritage interest’ and it may derive ‘not only from heritage asset’s physical presence, but also from its setting’ Significance is what conservation sustains, and where appropriate enhances, in managing change to heritage assets.

Historic England in their Statements of Heritage Significance (HE 2019a) state that an understanding of significance must stem from the interest(s) of the heritage asset, whether archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic, or a combination of these. These must: . Describe significance following appropriate analysis, no matter what the level of significance or the scope of the proposal . Be Sufficient for an understanding of the impact of the proposal on the significance, both positive and negative . Sufficient for the LPA to come to judgement about the level of impact on that significance and therefore on the merits of the proposal In HE’s The Setting of Heritage Assets (2017a) dictates that Statements of Significance need to consider:

. How the Historic Character of a place makes it distinctive. This may include its association with people, now and through time; its visual aspects; the features, materials and spaces associated with its history including its original configuration and subsequent losses and changes. . Contextual relationships between the asset and any other heritage assets that are relevant to the significance including the relationship of one asset to another, same architects, or associative relationships. . Communal value derives from the meanings of a place for the people who relate to it, or for whom it figures in their collective experience or memory.

Assessment of the impact on a Heritage Asset or Historic Building (either designated or non- designated) is therefore reliant on taking into account the significance of the site and any perceived harm that would happen to it, then seeking to avoid, minimise and mitigate those impacts while pursuing opportunities to better reveal or enhance significance.

Table 1: Criteria for assessing the significance of a Heritage Asset

Significance Definition Relevant Heritage Assets Very High Relatively complete and World Heritage Sites. predominantly static Historic landscapes of national or landscapes sensitive to international importance, whether change. Internationally designated or not. significant locations or sites. Extremely well preserved historic landscapes with exceptional coherence, time-depth, or other critical factors. High Locations or Buildings that Scheduled Monuments: Archaeological have little ability to absorb sites of schedulable quality and change without significance. fundamentally altering its Listed Buildings (all grades).

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present significant Registered Historic Parks and Gardens character. (all grades). Well preserved historic Historic Battlefields. landscapes, exhibiting considerable coherence, time depth and other factors. Sites associated with historic nationally and internationally important people or groups. Moderate Locations and Buildings Local Authority designated sites (e.g. that have a moderate Conservation Areas and their settings). capacity to absorb change Undesignated sites of demonstrable without significantly regional importance. altering its present Averagely well-preserved historic character, has some landscapes with reasonable coherence, environmental value, or is time-depth or other critical factor. of regional or high local importance. Low Locations and Buildings Sites with significance to local interest tolerant of change without groups. detriment to its character, is Sites of which the significance is of low environmental value, limited by poor preservation and poor or is of moderate or minor survival of contextual associations. local importance. Negligible No loss No loss

Proposed developments to the site and setting of a Heritage Asset could be proposed as positive, negative or neutral. Some definitions of terms of the impact of damage to structures is used in NPPF (2019) and its explanatory addition PPG 2014. From this a criteria on physical and visual impact of the site and setting is made that defines the definitions that should be used in respect to harm caused to a Heritage Asset. This thus weighs up the harm identified against the benefits of the proposal.

Table 2: Criteria for Appraisal of Degree of Harm to the significance of Heritage Assets

Degree of Harm Definition Substantial . Total or substantial loss of the significance of a heritage asset. . Substantial harmful change to a heritage asset’s setting, such that the significance of the asset would be totally lost or substantially reduced (e.g. the significance of a designated heritage asset would be reduced to such a degree that its designation would be questionable; the significance of an undesignated heritage asset would be reduced to such a degree that its categorisation as a heritage asset would be questionable). Less than substantial . Partial physical loss of a heritage asset, leading to – Moderate considerable harm. . Considerable harm to a heritage asset’s setting, such

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that the asset’s significance would be materially affected/considerably devalued, but not totally or substantially lost. Less than substantial . Slight loss of the significance of a heritage asset. This - Minor could include the removal of fabric that forms part of the heritage asset, but that is not integral to its significance. . Some harm to the heritage asset’s setting, but not to the degree that would result in a meaningful devaluation of its significance. . Perceivable level of harm, but insubstantial relative to the overall interest of the heritage asset. Negligible . A very slight change to a heritage asset which does not result in any overall harm to its significance. . Very minor change to a heritage asset’s setting such that there is a slight impact, but not materially affecting the heritage asset’s significance. No Impact . No effect to the heritage asset or its setting.

Paragraph 199 of NPPF states that “the ability to record evidence of our past should not be a factor in deciding whether such loss should be permitted.” This implies that the term preservation by record is not a substitute for the preservation of the Heritage Asset itself or that substantial damage can be passed off as negligible if mitigating factors (such as archaeological recording) are carried out. This factor appears to be supported by the Valletta Convention 1992.

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APPENDIX 2 Glossary of Historical and Archaeological Terms

By Dr. Stephen Yeates

Caput (Latin): A Latin word of which the etymology is head, it refers to the central place of government in a lay manorial or ecclesiastical context.

Chancery: The chancellorship or the court of the chancellor of England.

Chapel/chapelry: Medieval churches without the status of a parish church, usually these were annexed to a mother church (with parish) as a chapel of ease. The mother church had the right to any tithes (tenths), and other forms of revenue that was attached to that chapel. These were often established due to difficulties of villagers in isolated villages or hamlets from attending the mother church. The area of the parish (or district) attached to the chapel of ease was termed a chapelry (see also libery and township). There were also free chapels, which were not chapels of ease, but which were established in the territory of a mother church (parish), but was not annexed to or attached to that mother church in the same way.

Demesne: Of or belonging to the lord, from Latin Dominicus.

DMV: The initials DMV refer to a Deserted Medieval Village, they are often large archaeological sites containing the earthworks of collapsed dwellings and enclosure boundaries, set around a planned road system. The reason for their desertion may be for various reasons economical failure, socio-political enforcement (forced abandonment by a lay lord or ecclesiastical lord due to economic policy alterations), or plague. Other sites are known as SMV, Shrunken Medieval Settlement.

Extra-parochial: An area of land that is not legally attached to a parish church. This normally occurs in respect to ancient hunting lands, for example in the Forest of Dean where the central area of the royal hunting land. The term could also be applied to a decayed parish (a church or mother church which had lost all of its inhabitancy).

Effoef: To invest with a fief, or to be put in possession of a fee.

Fee: An estate or hereditary land that is held by paying homage and service to a superior lord. The person holding the fee can, therefore, hold a fee from the king, a bishop or a lord. The type of service required was normally that of a knight, but was also termed a knights-fee or a lay-fee, besides others. The word is derived from the Germanic languages and has an etymology of ‘cattle-property’.

HER: The initials stand for Historic Environment Record, a database of archaeological sites at local planning authorities (at County or Unitary Authority level).

Hide: A unit of land measurement, which was considered to cover an area of ground that could maintain an extended family. It was reckoned generally to be 120acres, but this varied in some places across the country depending on the productivity of the soils. In some areas the land covered may have been as much as 180acres.

Inclosers: Those wishing to inclose the land.

Inclosure: Archaic form of the word enclosure, used in respect to Inclosure maps, documents consisting of a map, showing the division of the land, and also an apportionment, which details the owner of the land and also the name. Before this procedure most villages had open fields in which all villagers had an allotted portion as a tenant.

Iron Age: An archaeological name attributed the last of the prehistoric periods normally attributed BC 800 to AD 43. The prehistoric periods are so named from alterations in technology, thus the Iron Age refers to a period in which iron production became generally wide spread, but not introduced. Iron production commenced in Anatolia (Turkey) c. 2000 BC and was introduced

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into the British Isles at the latter part of the second millennium BC. The Age is generally divided up into three smaller periods or phases: Early Iron Age (800-500/400 BC), Middle Iron Age (500/400-150/100 BC) and the Late Iron Age (150/100 BC-AD 43).

Liberty: An area of a parish not classed as a chapelry or township that has certain rights or freedoms.

Manor: A dwelling or habitation that is the principal house on an estate. The name has as a secondary meaning an area of land attached to the manor, this is transferred from the house originally to the estate.

Medieval: Used for a historical and an archaeological period from AD 410 (the alleged date in which Roman military forces abandoned Britain) through to AD 1485 (the date of the Battle of Bosworth Field). The period is alternatively called the middle ages.

NMR: The initials stand for National Monuments Record, this is an archaeological database held by English Heritage at Swindon.

Post-medieval: A historical and archaeological time period generally interpreted as commencing after the Battle of Bosworth Field in AD 1485. Some authorities interpret the period as continuing to the present day, while other state that it terminated in 1800, and that the industrial period commenced at that date.

Prebendal: A medieval term awarded to certain prestigious church sites. The term was first used in the late 11th or early 12th centuries AD.

Roman: The name given to an historical or archaeological period of Britain from AD 43 (the date of the Claudian Invasion) and AD 410 (when Roman military forces are reputed to have left). There is much debate about the authenticity of this last date, and even claims that the Imperial letter withdrawing Roman military authority from Britain is a forgery, which has been greatly misused.

Rotuli Hundredorum (Latin text): A series of rolls (rotuli) that lists the assets of all the hundreds (Hundredorum) in England from the 13th century. The audits were carried out in the reigns of Henry III and Edward I.

Smallholder: A person or tenant who owns or rents a small area of land.

Sub-manor: A manor (building or the estate) that is subject to a larger manor.

Terrier: A post-medieval document giving accounts of dues received by vicars and priests.

Tithe Award: A post-medieval document consisting of a map (showing owners and names of fields) and an apportionment (details of those fields).

Tudor: The name given to an English royal family who ruled Britain from 1485-1603. The term is thus used to describe an historical period and certain developments that occurred in that period.

Virgate: A unit of land measurement rated at ¼ of a hide.

Wool Stapler: A wool merchant. Using the term staple referring to a town or place with a body of merchants. The town or principal place for selling a specific commodity.

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GLOSSARY OF ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL TERMS

Enclosure: An area of ground enclosed by a ditch, bank and ditch, fence, or wall.

Dormer: A window projecting from the line of the roof and possessing a roof of its own.

Gable: The head of a wall at the end of a pitched roof, they are usually triangular in shape and set within the roofline, but some have decorative shapes.

Hipped Roof: A roof with sloped ends as opposed to gables. A half-hipped roof has partially slopping ends and a partial gabble.

Hollow-way: The remains of an ancient trackway that has been eroded away by use.

Mansio: A Roman official building of a courtyard form, probably acting as a town hall or roadside staging post.

Moat: A ditch, either dry or flooded, which surrounds a manorial site.

Mullion: The slender vertical member dividing the lights in a window or screen.

Ragstone: Stone from Cretaceous Lower Greensand beds.

Ridge and furrow: A formation created by the ploughing process in medieval open fields. The process removes soil from the furrow and places it on the ridge, thus archaeological survival under these fields is variable, being truncated in the furrow, but often surviving due to the greater depth of soil under the ridge.

Tollhouse: A building constructed at either end of a toll road, they usually have distinct polygonal designs. The resident of these houses made charges for the use of the toll road.

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