GLOBAL SOLUTIONS JOURNAL ∙ ISSUE 5 THE FUTURE OF MULTILATERALISM: GLOBAL IN A CHANGING WORLD

with respect for ethical and democratic requires governments to redefine strat- The future of values, which is transparent, safe and ac- egies based on the use of new technolo- countable. Nevertheless, few governments gies and to develop adequate governance worldwide have launched comprehensive structures. This paper seeks to contribute AI governance plans to promote the use and development to the discussion by outlining the state of of AI, setting national guidelines for its fu- AI as a subject of regulation, presenting ture. Those that have set an outline for AI new questions for the debate about how The G20’s role and the challenge of moving tend to focus their roadmap on principles to move beyond principles, and exploring rather than on concrete goals (Dutton, the role the G20 could have in facing this beyond principles 2018; Akerkar, 2019). No two governance challenge. strategies for digital technologies are the same, and differences between G20 coun- REGULATORY PATHS: AI AS A SUBJECT tries are already surfacing. They vary in OF PUBLIC POLICY The authors: THE CHALLENGE terms of the approach taken, the degree As more automated decision systems are The transition to a digital age has already of institutional development and the link being used by public agencies, experts and Julia Pomares begun and is moving fast. Artificial intelli- with the corporate sector. But there are policymakers worldwide are beginning to Executive Director, gence (AI) is bringing about new challenges cross-cutting issues to be addressed, such debate when and where automated deci- CIPPEC and putting pressure on public institutions as the interoperability of systems, privacy sion systems are appropriate (Reisman, to change. Algorithms are increasingly be- and inclusion, which require common un- Schultz, Crawford, and Whittaker; 2018). ing used by governments and businesses. derstandings, mechanisms and norms The challenges for an equitable and in- They are transforming employment by (WEF, 2019). clusive AI implementation are many. It is María Belén Abdala means of automated evaluation tools, as- not clear yet how to assess AI’s effects or Senior Coordinator, sisting in the provision of public services, whether algorithms can fully cope with CIPPEC streamlining government procedures, »Algorithms are complex social and historical settings. changing the way in which criminal jus- Algorithms are human creations and as tice works through predictive policing, and increasingly such, subject to the same biases people re-shaping educational systems by incor- have. Its deployment depends, to a large porating automated evaluation tools. But being used extent, on the absorption of large stocks many of these developments have low lev- of data that can also be potentially biased The institution: els of transparency, public knowledge, and by governments (Lodge & Mennicken, 2017). Since much lack supervision mechanisms. The risks of of the processing, storage and use of in- this transition are also substantial, pos- and formation is performed by the algorithm ing severe governance challenges (Dafoe, itself and within a virtually inscrutable 2018). businesses.« black-box, experts are raising concerns In their 2019 Communique, G20 leaders as well about whether we can understand CIPPEC (Center for the Implementation of took a stand on this and stated the need to how this information is dealt with in order Public Policies for Equity and Growth) is an help societies adapt to the digital transfor- Principles are the starting point of a to scrutinize the decisions made and as- organization that strives to create an efficent, mation of our economies. They have also much more complex process and little sign both ethical and legal responsibility democratic, and just state to improve the qual- endorsed the OECD’s Artificial Intelligence progress has been made yet on the policy for the results reached (European Parlia- ity of life for all Argentine citizens. It focuses its efforts on analyzing and promoting public Principles, setting-up the ethics or base aspect of AI and the regulations that are ment Research Service, 2016). Information policies that encourage equity and growth in values for AI deployment, voicing their de- needed to reach those objectives. An ex- is power and the usage and recollection Argentina. sire to develop an AI centered on people, tensive and successful incorporation of AI of information without people’s express

84 85 GLOBAL SOLUTIONS JOURNAL ∙ ISSUE 5 THE FUTURE OF MULTILATERALISM: IN A CHANGING WORLD consent and knowledge infringes on their the need to develop shared standards and governance structures. While suprana- ministers approved these principles for AI rights (Kerry, 2019; Schrock, 2018). ensure interoperability, for example, of tional norms set common standards for as an annex to their declaration, which was As a result, several experts, sector privacy systems. Some of the proposals all countries that are part of these agree- later on ratified at the Osaka Summit. leaders and policymakers have agreed on include the creation of a guardian organ ments, and therefore ensure a baseline of Likewise, the European Union and the the need to act, and have launched a series of AI responsible for monitoring how al- rights and guarantees for their citizens, Nordic-Baltic region have also generated of guidelines for the set-up of AI systems. gorithms make decisions (Sample, 2017); such norms can overlook stark regional strategic plans for the development of But the debate about the best path for AI is a Council of National Robotics, without and local differences that may emerge not AI. From the EU perspective, it is not only not settled, the possible models are var- police power but with technical capacity only in terms of the countries’ technical about leading technological development ied, they cover a myriad of activities occur- to make recommendations (Calo, 2014); a capacities but also regarding their cul- but also leading on regulatory matters. ring across multiple jurisdictions, and few Federal Algorithm Directorate, modeled tural and political context. Simultaneously, The European Commission seeks to en- have been tested. The following lines pre- after the US’s FDA, with regulatory pow- while national and local norms can allow hance cooperation on AI across the EU to sent a conceptual approach for the existing ers to evaluate the systems before they for this diversity more easily, a fractional- boost its competitiveness and foster trust AI regulations, assessing the landscape of are launched on the market (Tutt, 2016); ized world in terms of people’s access to based on EU values and ethics. The logic technology governance across four differ- or a Machine Learning Commission that rights, for example, to privacy, can not only is human-centered and includes several ent dimensions regarding: (i) the regula- can create algorithms but without power reinforce present inequalities but can also requisites for AI systems to be considered tory lens through which technologies are to certify or approve these developments lead to more tension as a result of uneven reliable, regarding agency and human implicated, that is, the existence of verti- (Mulgan, 2016). technological developments. supervision; technical robustness, safety cal, sector-specific standards or transver- Many proposals have emerged from and the need for resilient systems to pre- sal regulations; (ii) their governance geo- international organizations in the past few vent or minimize unintentional damages; graphical scope: whether they are pushed » The EU seeks years, as geopolitical entities such as the privacy and ; transparen- forward by supranational organizations, UN, the EU and the OECD have begun to cy; diversity, non-discrimination and fair- countries or subnational governments; (iii) to enhance encourage the discussion on AI regula- ness; social and environmental well-be- the regulatory approach: whether more or tion. The goal behind many of these rec- ing; and accountability2. The Commission less coercive; and finally (iv) the public- cooperation ommendations is to generate a human- has presented these ethical guides to EU private divide in its making. In doing so, centered approach for the development of member states and different sector-spe- the brief’s goal is not to put forward all the on AI across AI, reducing differences among countries cific actors, setting-up a pilot phase with a regulations that exist but to discuss the and ensuring a minimum of guarantees High-Level Expert Group on AI, comprised possible alternatives currently under de- Europe to for all citizens. The OECD for instance, of 52 independent experts representing bate and challenges they bring about. has launched a Council on Artificial Intel- academia, industry and civil society, to The first dimension to assess regu- boost its ligence that published a series of general gather feedback. latory schemes has to do with the divide recommendations signed by 42 countries Moreover, the expert group also pre- between those who favor the sanction of competitiveness (36 belonging to the OECD, including the sented 33 recommendations to maximize vertical standards (eg. AI Sector Deal in US, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa AI’s impact on citizens, businesses, ad- the United Kingdom), and those who call and foster Rica, Perú and Romania)1. This document, ministrations and academia, ensuring for cross-cutting regulations (eg. Sam- geographically comprehensive, points to sustainability, growth and competitive- ple, 2017; Mulgan, 2016). The former ar- trust.« both responsibility and transparency in ness, while empowering, benefiting and gue that specific policy domains such as the creation of technology and its use, as protecting individuals3. Among the many health or have their own trajec- well as a public, governmental drive for topics covered, a key recommendation is tories, regulatory frameworks and risks. A second dimension refers to the geo- research, development and international the proposal to adopt a risk-based gov- Therefore, a national body of AI would have graphical scope of the regulatory initia- cooperation in subjects related to AI. At ernance approach to AI and to develop difficulties complying with these special- tives and whether they are generated by the G20 Ministerial Meeting on Trade and an appropriate governance structure and ized requirements. The latter consider supranational, national or subnational Digital Economy, held in 2019 at Japan, the regulatory framework by mapping relevant

86 87 GLOBAL SOLUTIONS JOURNAL ∙ ISSUE 5 THE FUTURE OF MULTILATERALISM: GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN A CHANGING WORLD laws, assessing whether these are fit for the ethical frameworks laid out by Western Barriers Act of 2019 (Crawford et al, 2019). and promoted the creation of bodies to purpose in an AI-driven world, and adopt- governments, which could signal a certain Discussions about AI regulation con- study and monitor its needs. In line with ing new measures where needed to pro- willingness to rethink its use of technology cern a large part of the world, but as the this, the House of Lords studied the im- tect individuals from harm. The next step or, once again, that the principles them- previous cases show, few governance pact of AI and determined not to support would be a revised version of the EU joint selves are not the main issue at hand5. structures (regardless of their scope) the sanction of a broad regulation of AI, plan on AI. But the challenge this approach As the interest in artificial intelligence have sanctioned specific norms or bind- considering that specialists in each sector possesses is the interoperability of norms rose, several subnational governments ing standards for research, production or are better prepared to analyze their spe- in countries with different cultural and po- also decided to take the lead. The United use of AI. This leads to the third dimen- cific implications (House of Lords Selected litical backgrounds. That is, the application States presents an interesting case in this sion: variations in the regulatory inten- Committee for AI, 2018). In addition, they of guidelines and shared values, rather matter. Despite having developed a nation- sity. According to the Regulatory Institute urged the executive branch to create new than the principles themselves. al AI strategy and debating several bills (2018), Japan is the only country that has government institutions: a government On the other hand, several countries within its territory, especially in matters of promoted a specific binding regulation on ‘Office of Artificial Intelligence’ and two ad- have developed their own national strate- privacy (driven by legislators of the main AI. In addition to developing a comprehen- visory bodies – an AI Council and a Center gic AI projects. Some with an explicit focus parties and jointly designed with private sive national robotics program, in 2015 an for Data Ethics and Innovation. These insti- on stating their will to foster technological companies or groups), the US does not yet information protection bill was approved to tutions are tasked with connecting policy- development, others focused on establish- have a comprehensive national regulation regulate the use of personal data. Its ap- makers, industry leaders, civil society rep- ing ethical values and principles for AI re- (Kerry, 2019)6. Still, the federal configura- proach facilitates innovation through links resentatives, and the public, and analyzing search and development (see Annex I for a tion of the country has enabled the sanc- between the public and private sectors and the development of AI and the appropriate detailed case-by-case description). Esto- tion of some regulations at the state level. protects personal data rights (Regulatory governance regimes for data-driven tech- nia and China are clear examples of this. An example of this is the case of Nevada, Institute, 2018). This law also sets forward nologies. They are responsible for making While Estonia brought together a group of where the first bill to regulate autonomous the creation of a commission to monitor technical and ethical proposals on its use experts from the public and private sec- vehicles was sanctioned in 2011, although compliance. Despite this, no other sensi- and regulation, but do not have the capac- tors to work on the preparation of a law it did suffer some challenges that required tive areas have been addressed, such as ity to impose legally applicable regulations that encompasses AI in a comprehensive subsequent modifications as autonomous the regulation of autonomous vehicles, (Blaikie & Donovan, 2018). manner, China presented the objectives of vehicles were initially defined as any re- aviation devices, or security. Singapore, on the other hand, recog- its plan, but postponed any regulations to placement of human operators by artifi- nized the need for a regulatory frame- the future. As for the question of the val- cial intelligence, which encompass more work for AI, but initially adopted a lighter ues of AI, China has launched the “Beijing instruments or tools than autonomous »Several approach meant to promote its further principles of AI”, a code of conduct for the vehicles (Calo, 2014). Regulatory efficiency development. In 2017, the Singapore gov- research, development, use, governance also brings about a certain learning curve. countries have ernment presented a guide for sharing and long-term planning of AI, elaborated Moreover, in 2018, the state of California data in accordance with the current law by the Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelli- enacted one of the country's strictest laws developed their on the protection of personal data, in or- gence (BAAI), supported by the Ministry of on personal data protection, emulating the der to harmonize its use with the existing Science and Technology, in collaboration European law (Lecher, 2018). In 2019, activ- own national law. However, later on, the government with AI centers and universities4. The initi- ists and organizers across the US success- established an AI ethics advisory coun- ative was made public in mid-2019, as Chi- fully advocated to pass laws banning facial strategic AI cil to give guidance both to government na-US tensions rose, and states the goal of recognition in several cities and members and businesses on the development and supporting the construction of beneficial of the United States Congress proposed projects.« use of AI. Singapore also launched an AI AI for both humankind and nature. While several bills to move this forward, such as programme (called AI Singapore) to coor- China’s government is widely criticized for a Commercial Facial Recognition Privacy dinate the development of national capa- using AI to monitor citizens, the mentioned Act of 2019, the Facial Recognition Tech- Others, such as the United Kingdom, bilities and build a transparent ecosystem, guidelines do not differ substantially from nology Warrant Act, and the No Biometric carried out an analysis on the state of AI and a National AI Strategy in which they

88 89 GLOBAL SOLUTIONS JOURNAL ∙ ISSUE 5 THE FUTURE OF MULTILATERALISM: GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN A CHANGING WORLD identified five key projects to ensure a suc- Finally, AI regulations differ across a DISCUSSION use of our personal data that is managed cessful adoption of AI. The national strat- fourth dimension: that of the role of public Despite the growth of ethical frameworks, to power AI can be publicly or privately led. egy also calls for support from the private vis-a-vis private institutions. Public-sector AI systems continue to be implemented It can be given voluntarily, as a type of cur- and public sectors, and sets up a govern- governance of emerging technologies of- rapidly across spheres of considerable rency or taken without consent or knowl- ance framework for AI, with guidelines for ten involves, but is not limited to, the devel- significance both by the public and private edge. Overall, the road to the digital future private-sector organizations to deal with opment of legal or regulatory instruments sectors – in healthcare, education, crimi- is full of conflicts over who has access to key ethical and governance issues7. to guide the research and implementation nal justice, and many others (Abdala, et al, our data, who has the authority to decide of these technologies. But governance 2019) without appropriate safeguards or over it and who has the power to enforce mechanisms can also be privately created accountability mechanisms in place. The that authority. »Differences and enforced. Emerging technologies blur future of politics is still uncertain. Many This does not mean, however, that all traditional boundaries. An interesting ex- challenges remain, and no single initiative, technology governance must be global. It in the way new ample is that of organizations such as the country, or company can tackle these chal- is important for regions, states and cit- International Organization for Standardi- lenges alone. ies to be able to respond to the specific technologies zation (ISO), the world’s largest developer Emerging technologies are increas- social, economic and cultural demands of voluntary international standards, or the ingly cross-border and significant oppor- of their citizens. In this sense, as most of are Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engi- tunities could be lost without some level the research has focused on developed neers (IEEE) and the International Electro- of alignment in the regulations and norms countries, there is also a need for more implemented technical Commission (IEC). that guide technological development and knowledge on the locally specific impact The case of AI has highlighted a grow- implementation across jurisdictions (WTO, of AI systems on countries in the Global can make it ing influence of private companies in pub- 2019). In a fragmented world, new tensions South and the ways new technologies may lic domains and the need to rethink ways could emerge both within and between na- reinforce historical inequities in these re- more difficult to achieve private accountability in an era tions. In terms of economic prosperity, it gions. of algorithms (Katyal, 2019). Therefore, could become more expensive for some But global processes are valuable, to ensure many governments are also pursuing the technological systems to be developed, even when they do not result in integrated expansion of public–private partnerships delaying innovation. This can also foster systems, because inequality tends to get citizens have to accelerate advances in AI and enhance inequity and new types of divides between the upper hand in the absence of common government capabilities. It is not just the more technologically advanced coun- standards. Defining comparable global access to equal about regulating private-sector action tries or regions and the lagging ones. levels for ethical, humanitarian, legal and but also about collaborating in the devel- Moreover, regarding human rights, politically normative frameworks will prove rights.« opment of secure, transparent and ac- stark differences in the way new technolo- decisive in managing the digital transition countable systems. This comes especially gies (and AI specifically) are managed and and searching for social inclusion. Even Broadly speaking, the few regulations in the form of three-way collaborations implemented can make it more difficult to more, there will be a growing need to move that do exist were sanctioned in developed between the government, private industry ensure that citizens have access to equal beyond ethical principles and focus on the regions and countries (where the use of AI and research institutions. For instance, in rights and opportunities across territories. standards needed for algorithms, taking is more expanded) and try to deal mostly 2019, the US Office of Science and Tech- New technologies can be used as fresh into consideration the geopolitical and cul- with the handling of information and the nology Policy launched an updated version digital tools for surveillance, allowing tural differences that arise. The role of the use of personal data, but they have not of their National AI Research and Develop- governments to automate the monitoring G20 in aligning interests and leading such included – so far – a more comprehensive ment Strategic Plan, a document that aims and tracking of citizens; or they can help processes will prove to be key in the years regulation toward an adequate governance to guide agencies in their AI R&D priorities policymakers allocate public goods and re- to come. The G20 brings together the main structure, monitoring and accountability and endeavors, directing federal agencies sources more efficiently; or even be pow- political and economic forces of the world. regimes, or a clear consensus on the best to collaborate with the private sector and erful mechanisms for private companies It is geographically representative and it way forward to achieve it. universities to accomplish their goals8. to predict our behavior. The storage and includes the world's largest economies.

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As a key forum for debate and dialogue, for AI, but several options. We need to work both executive and parliamentary, it is the together in defining which road will benefit perfect platform to discuss the future of the many. By engaging in this debate and DIGITAL/Redaktion/EN/Meldungen/2018/2018-11-16-federal-government-adopts-artificial-intelligence- digital governance and respond to one of leading the conversation, the G20 has the strategy.html (last accessed January 2020). the biggest existing threats and challenges potential of becoming the spinal column of India announced a national policy on AI in a working paper “National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence #AIforAll”. st Available at: http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/document_publication/NationalStrategy-for-AI-Discussion- our world is facing today. There is not yet a new architecture for the 21 century and Paper.pdf (last accessed January 2020). one right answer about the best roadmap ensure a better future for all. Ireland hosted AI workshops and launched a national AI masterʼs program. Available at: http://www.idaireland. com/IDAIreland/media/Infographics/IDA_AI_Ireland.pdf?ext=.pdf (last accessed December 2019). Italy has an interdisciplinary AI Task Force – the Agency for Digital Italy. Available at: https://www.agid.gov.it/it/ agenzia/stampa-e-comunicazione/notizie/2017/09/07/al-task-force-sullintelligenza-artificiale-al-servizio-del- cittadino (last accessed December 2019). Japan launched an “Artificial Intelligence Technology Strategy” and included AI in its “integrated innovation 1 https://www.oecd.org/science/forty-two-countries-adopt-new-oecd-principles-on-artificial-intelligence.htm strategy.” Available at: https://www.nedo.go.jp/content/100865202.pdf (last accessed December 2019). 2 https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/ethics-guidelines-trustworthy-ai Kenya has a Blockchain & Artificial Intelligence task force. Available at: https://ai4d.ai/blog-africa-roadmap/ 3 https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/policy-and-investment-recommendations-trustworthy- (last accessed December 2019). artificial-intelligence Lithuania released The Lithuanian Artificial Intelligence Strategy (April 2019). Available at: http://kurklt.lt/wp- 4 https://www.baai.ac.cn/blog/beijing-ai-principles content/uploads/2018/09/StrategyIndesignpdf.pdf (last accessed December 2019). 5 https://www.technologyreview.com/s/613610/why-does-china-suddenly-care-about-ai-ethics-and-privacy/ The Mexican federal government published a white paper “Towards an AI Strategy in Mexico: Harnessing the AI Revolution.” Available at: https://www.gob.mx/mexicodigital/articulos/estrategia-de-inteligencia-artificial- 6 Regarding ethics, the Trump administration launched an executive order in 2019 to set up the concept of an AI mx-2018 (last accessed November 2019). that follows ‘American values’, by which AI systems must reflect ideals such as human rights, freedom, and respect for privacy and the rule of law. The main focus lies in the idea of trustworthy, secure and The Netherlands launched the Strategic Action Plan for Artificial Intelligence in October 2019. Available understandable AI. at: https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/ministeries/ministerie-van-economische-zaken-en-klimaat/documenten/ beleidsnotas/2019/10/08/strategisch-actieplan-voor-artificiele-intelligentie (last accessed January 2020). 7 https://www.imda.gov.sg/-/media/Imda/Files/Programme/AI-Data-Innovation/Model-AI-Governance- Framework---First-Edition.pdf New Zealand launched an AI Forum to advance the country’s AI ecosystem. Available at: https://aiforum.org.nz/ (last accessed January 2020). 8 https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/National-AI-Research-and-Development-Strategic- Plan-2019-Update-June-2019.pdf Russia released a national AI strategy in October 2019. Available in English at: https://cset.georgetown.edu/wp- content/uploads/t0060_Russia_AI_strategy_EN-1.pdf Saudi Arabia established a National Center for Artificial Intelligence and an organization called the National Annex I: Examples of countries that have made it public that they are developing AI National Strategies Data Management Office, which will be linked to the Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority, in line (as of December 2019). with the objectives of the Kingdom’s Vision 2030 program to enhance the drive toward innovation and digital The federal government of Argentina announced the creation of a national AI plan (July 2018) but the plan has transformation (September 2019). not been published yet. Available at: https://www.argentina.gob.ar/ciencia/desconferencia-plan-nacional-de- Singapore launched a National AI Strategy with ethical guidelines and a national AI program called AI Singapore inteligencia-artificial (last accessed December 2019). (November 2019). Available at: https://www.aisingapore.org/ (last accessed January 2020). The federal government of Australia has dedicated $29.9 million in the 2019 country’s annual budget to promote South Korea created an Artificial Intelligence Information Industry Development Strategy. Available at: and guide the development of AI. Available at: https://www.industry.gov.au/strategies-for-the-future/boosting- https://english.msit.go.kr/english/msipContents/contents.do?mId=NDYx (last accessed December 2019). innovation-and-science (last accessed November 2019). Spain published an AI RDI strategy (March 2019). Available at: http://www.ciencia.gob.es/portal/site/MICINN/me The Austrian government set up an advisory Robot Council and is developing a national AI strategy. Available at: nuitem.26172fcf4eb029fa6ec7da6901432ea0/?vgnextoid=70fcdb77ec929610VgnVCM1000001d04140aRCRD&la https://futureoflife.org/ai-policy-austria/ (last accessed December 2019). ng_choosen=en (last accessed January 2020). The federal government of Canada has a national Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy. Available at: Sweden released a “National Approach for Artificial Intelligence”. Available at: https://ppforum.ca/articles/keeping-up-with-the-speed-of-disruption-presentations/pan-canadian-ai-strategy- https://www.vinnova.se/contentassets/29cd313d690e4be3a8d861ad05a4ee48/vr_18_09.pdf for-ppf-02march18/ (last accessed December 2019). (last accessed January 2020). The Chinese government created a national AI strategy under the “New Generation Artificial Intelligence Tunisia created an AI Task Force and Steering Committee to develop a national AI strategy. Available at: Development Plan”. Available at: https://flia.org/notice-state-council-issuing-new-generation-artificial- http://www.anpr.tn/national-ai-strategy-unlocking-tunisias-capabilities-potential/ intelligence-development-plan/ (last accessed December 2019). (last accessed December 2019). Denmark’s digital strategy includes a focus on AI along with other technologies. Available at: United Arab Emirates launched a national strategy for AI. Available at: http://www.uaeai.ae/en/ https://eng.em.dk/media/10554/digital-strategy-fact-sheet.pdf (last accessed December 2019). The United States of America launched the American AI Initiative. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/ai/ Estonia is developing a legal framework for the use of AI, which includes a bill on AI liability. Available at: (last accessed January 2020). https://e-estonia.com/estonia-accelerates-artificial-intelligence/ (last accessed November 2019). The United Kingdom released a Sector Deal for AI, taking into account the advice of the Parliament’s Select Finland set up an Artificial Intelligence Program within the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment. Committee on AI. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/artificial-intelligence-sector-deal/ Available at: https://tem.fi/en/artificial-intelligence-programme (last accessed January 2020). ai-sector-deal (last accessed January 2020). The French government defined a “AI for Humanity” strategy. Available at: https://www.aiforhumanity.fr/en/ Uruguay launched a public consultation of Artificial Intelligence for the Digital Government in April 2019 (last accessed January 2020). and is developing a strategy. Available at: https://www.gub.uy/participacionciudadana/consultapublica Germany launched an Artificial Intelligence Strategy (November 2018). Available at: https://www.de.digital/ (last accessed January 2020).

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Three reasons China started Abdala, M. B.; Lacroix Eussler, S. y Soubie, S. (octubre de 2019). La política de la Inteligencia Artificial: sus usos en el sector público y sus implicancias regulatorias. Documento de Trabajo N°185, Buenos Aires: CIPPEC. the “New Long March” AI Sector Deal in the United Kingdom (2019). Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ artificial-intelligence-sector-deal/ai-sector-deal Akerkar, A. (February 1 2019). How AI is advancing across the world map. London Business School. Available at: https://www.london.edu/think/how-ai-is-advancing-across-the-world-map Blaikie & Donovan (July 27 2018). Will the UK regulate AI? Slaughter and May. Available at: The author: The institution: https://www.slaughterandmay.com/media/2537013/will-the-uk-regulate-ai.pdf Calo, R. (2014). The Case for a Federal Robotics Commission. Brookings. Available at: https://www.brookings. Wang Wen edu/research/the-case-for-a-federal-robotics-commission/ Professor & Executive Crawford, Kate, Roel Dobbe, Theodora Dryer, Genevieve Fried, Ben Green, Elizabeth Kaziunas, Amba Kak, Varoon Dean of Chongyang Mathur, Erin McElroy, Andrea Nill Sánchez, Deborah Raji, Joy Lisi Rankin, Rashida Richardson, Jason Schultz, Sarah Myers West, and Meredith Whittaker. AI Now 2019 Report. New York: AI Now Institute, 2019, Institute for Financial https://ainowinstitute.org/AI_Now_2019_Report.html Studies and Deputy Dean Dafoe (2018). AI Governance: A Research Agenda. Governance of AI Program Future of Humanity Institute of Silk Road School, University of Oxford. Available at: https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/GovAIAgenda.pdf Renmin University of Chongyang Institute for Financial Studies Dutton, T. (June 28 2018). An Overview of National AI Strategies. Medium. Available at: https://medium.com/ China at Renmin University of China (RDCY) was politics-ai/an-overview-of-national-ai-strategies-2a70ec6edfd established on January 19th, 2013. It is the House of Lords Select Committee. (2018). AI in the UK: ready, willing and able? House of Lords, 36. main program supported by an education fund Katyal, S. (2019). “Private Accountability in the Age of the Algorithm,” UCLA Law Review 66. Available at: https://www.uclalawreview.org/private-accountability-age-algorithm/ with the 200 million RMB donation from Mr Kerry, C. (March 8 2019). Breaking down proposals for privacy legislation: How do they regulate? Brookings. Qiu Guogen, an alumni of Renmin University of China, and now Chairman of Shanghai Chong- Lodge, M., & Mennicken, A. (2017). The importance of regulation of and by algorithm. Algorithmic Regulation, 2. yang Investment Group Co., Ltd. Mulgan, G. (2016). A machine intelligence commission for the UK: how to grow informed public trust and maximize the positive impact of smart machines. Nesta. RDCY is a new style think tank with Chinese Sample, I. (January 27 2017). AI watchdog needed to regulate automated decision-making, say experts. characteristics. We have invited more than 90 The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jan/27/ai-artificial-intelligence- former politicians, bankers, and preeminent watchdog-needed-to-prevent-discriminatory-automated-decisions scholars from over 10 countries as senior fel- Schrock, E. (September 4 2018). Regulations Won't Kill AI -- Bad Data Will. Forbes. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2018/09/04/regulations-wont-kill-ai-bad-data- lows. We also maintain cooperation with think will/#620f96f63405 tanks from over 30 countries. The Regulatory Institute. (14/05/18). Report on Artificial Intelligence: Part I – the existing Regulatory landscape. How to regulate. Available at: http://www.howtoregulate.org/artificial_intelligence/#more-322 Reisman, Schultz, Crawford, and Whittaker. (2018). Algorithmic Impact Assessments: A Practical Framework for Public Agency Accountability. Available at: https://ainowinstitute.org/aiareport2018.pdf Tutt, A. (2016). An FDA for algorithms. Available at: http://www.datascienceassn.org/sites/default/files/An%20 FDA%20for%20Algorithms.pdf WEF. (2019). Global Technology Governance A Multistakeholder Approach. Available at: http://www3.weforum. org/docs/WEF_Global_Technology_Governance.pdf

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