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TRAFFIC GROOMING in WDM NETWORKS Diksha Sharma , Ashish Sachdeva Deptt

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TRAFFIC GROOMING in WDM NETWORKS Diksha Sharma , Ashish Sachdeva Deptt ISSN: 2278 – 909X International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE) Volume 5, Issue 7, July 2016 TRAFFIC GROOMING IN WDM NETWORKS Diksha Sharma , Ashish Sachdeva Deptt. Of Electronics And Communications JMIT, Radaur ABSTRACT Transmission of optical signals, through Fiber optic communication technology has brought a different fiber channels. revolution since 1970s. This technology has rapidly Strengthening of optical signal along longer replaced the copper wires, starting from the core channels using the devices like optical backbone networks then gradually to the metro and now amplifiers and regenerators. finally towards the access networks. WDM networks Routing or switching of optical signals using present concurrency by multiplexing more than one devices like optical or electrical switches and wavelength and transmit them simultaneously within cross-connects. the same fiber. A lightpath is an optical association, Splitting or merging of optical signals using from a source to a destination over a wavelength on multiplexers/de-multiplexers, splitters or each intermediate link. These end to end all-optical couplers. circuits tender bandwidths equivalent to the bandwidth Detecting and receiving of optical signals provided by single wavelength. Such optical networks using Optical line terminals, photo-detectors or are referred to as the wavelength division multiplexing optical receivers, by converting them in networks We have chosen HEGONS (Heterogeneous electrical signals (using transponders) [2]. Grooming Optical Network Simulator) as the tool for network simulations A Heterogeneous Grooming 1.2 Optical fibers: Optical Network Simulator (HEGON Supporting mixed Optical fiber is a communication system in which routing & wavelength assignment algorithms and light is used as a carrier and fiber is used as a optional wavelength conversions capability on each medium. The fiber consists of an inner core node. Disparate many other simulators, the goal in material and outer cladding material which developing. Hegons is NOT to simulate the OSI model surrounds the inner core. The core and cladding are layers as they are. These simulators mimic the behavior designed as, so that the light can go by through the of say TCP/IP or GMPLS in order to provide a virtual core for a long distance before it become weak platform for learners, developers and testers. Hegons on (attenuated).Figure 1.1 below shows the inner core the other hand, targets at one thing and only one thing: and cladding of an optical cable [2]. The evaluation of different dynamic (RWA)Routing and Wavelength Assignment algorithms in WDM optical networks in terms of several measures such as: call jamming probability, Fairness (Variance in blocking probability), call setup time, etc. Keywords Modes in optical fibers, Multimode fiber, Wavelength routed WDM networks, Single-mode fibers 1.1 INTRODUCTION Figure 1.1 the fiber having an inner core and an Fiber optic communication technology has brought a outer cladding. revolution since 1970s. This technology has rapidly 1.3 Modes in optical fibers: replaced the copper wires, starting from the core Indeed, optical fibers have now penetrated virtually backbone networks then gradually to the metro and now all segments of telecommunication networks [4]. finally towards the access networks. It has been widely Multi-mode and deployed both in the developed and the developing Single mode, are two types of fibers in use. countries. The optical communication process basically Multimode fiber: has core of 50 to 85μm [2] and involves these steps: was developed in the early days. In multimode Creation of optical signals involving the use of fiber, the light travels in the form of many rays in transmitters like lasers and LEDs (light the core of the fiber and each ray takes a different emitting diodes). path through the fiber with a different angle called 2018 All Rights Reserved © 2016 IJARECE ISSN: 2278 – 909X International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE) Volume 5, Issue 7, July 2016 mode. So each mode travels with a different speed from each other. Single-mode fibers: have small core diameter of Figure 1.4 A wavelength converter at node 2, converting λ2 about 8 to 10 μm and were developed in 1984 [2]. to λ1 In single mode fiber, the light can travel only in one ray, that’s why it is called single mode. Single mode fiber eliminates intermodal dispersion, increase bit rate and length between amplifiers and regenerator. Advantages of fiber optic transmissions Very high bandwidth for carrying data. Very low attenuation (0.2dB/km). Light in weight as compared to copper, small Figure 1.5 Levels of wavelength conversion in size and diameter which lead to low cost. New technologies like quantum cryptography 1. LITERATURE SURVEY in photonics are proposing more secure and The research work performed in this area by different cheaper ways for optical data transmissions. researchers is presented as follows: It is immune to electromagnetic interference Farid Farahmand et al. [1] analysed that as high and radio frequency interference, thus capacity all-optical networks and WDM technologies providing a greater safety. No cross talk and advance and merge together, aggregating low speed disturbance [2] traffic streams onto high-pace wavelengths becomes more critical. Efficient aggregation techniques, known 1.4 Wavelength routed WDM networks: A WDM as traffic grooming, permit higher bandwidth utilization system uses a number of multiplexers at the and can reduce request blocking probability. These transmitter end, which multiplexes more than one algorithms can also result in lower network cost in optical pointer onto a single fiber and de- terms of electronic switching. The primary focus is on multiplexers at the receiver to split them apart. traffic grooming in WDM mesh networks with dynamic Generally the transmitter contains of a laser and traffic patterns. Two new grooming concepts called modulator. The light source generates an optical lightpath dropping and lightpath extension are offered. carrier signal at either fixed or a tunable These concepts are based on an substitute node wavelength. The receiver contains of photodiode architecture in which incoming optical signals can be detector which converts an optical signal to dropped at a node, while optically continuing to the electrical signal [3]. next node. Relayed on these concepts, development of several grooming algorithms and study of them under various network objectives is employed. Also, comparison of their performance with previously proposed lightpath-based grooming algorithms. throughout extensive simulation results it is shown that the proposed approaches lead to lower demand blocking probability and lower average number of logical hops when the number of transceivers per node is limited. Shahzaan Mohammed et al. [2] analysed wavelength conversion and traffic grooming in WDM networks 1.5 Wavelength continuity constraint and .Network performance improves obviously by reducing wavelength conversion: Wavelength conversion is a wavelength continuity constraint (using wavelength process that takes as its input; a data channel modulated converters) and by improving the wavelength switching on to an optical carrier with a wavelength λin and choices (using traffic grooming), thereby reducing the produces as its output the same data channel modulated network blocking probabilities and improving network onto an optical carrier with a different wavelength performance. Analysis of the effect of increasing λout[2]. number of wavelength converters and grooming devices over the network performance. Deciding the quantity and location of these devices to be used in a network is 2019 All Rights Reserved © 2016 IJARECE ISSN: 2278 – 909X International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE) Volume 5, Issue 7, July 2016 equally important. For this, the use of different algorithms is to accommodate incoming calls in optical placement schemes on proposed network model and networks over a route and a wavelength. RWA assumptions is employed. The work has been done algorithms chunk calls if a continuous wavelength from through the simulations of different device placement source to destination cannot be create (wavelength scenarios and the results have been analyzed using blocking), or when the QoT of the call is not acceptable blocking probability as the performance metric. The (QoT blocking). In this paper, an analytical method to review of the the performance of wavelength estimate blocking probability in all-optical networks, converters with different grooming devices is done. The accounting for several physical layer impairments: inter reviews and work, correctly predict the behavior of symbol interference (ISI), amplifier noise (both are results as demonstrated by the results of other referred static effects that only depend on the network topology literatures. only) and node crosstalk (a dynamic outcome that depends on the network status) is presented. Model was successfully validated during simulations on large scale Esa Hyytiä et al. [3] projected that with (WDM) networks with realistic physical layer parameters. wavelength division multiplexing several optical signals can be transferred in a single optical fiber. This technology allows more efficient use of the vast Bijoy Chand Chatterjee et. al. [6] One of the capacity of an optical fiber but also
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