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Programmable Adaptive BVT for Future Optical Metro Networks Adopting SOA-Based Switching Nodes

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Programmable Adaptive BVT for Future Optical Metro Networks Adopting SOA-Based Switching Nodes hv photonics Article Programmable Adaptive BVT for Future Optical Metro Networks Adopting SOA-Based Switching Nodes Laura Martín González 1,* ID , Sjoerd van der Heide 2, Xuwei Xue 2, John van Weerdenburg 2, Nicola Calabretta 2, Chigo Okonkwo 2, Josep M. Fàbrega 1 and Michela Svaluto Moreolo 1,* 1 Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Cataluya (CTTC/CERCA), 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain; [email protected] 2 Electrical Engineering Department, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven (TU/e), 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; [email protected] (S.v.d.H.); [email protected] (X.X.); [email protected] (J.v.W.); [email protected] (N.C.); [email protected] (C.O.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (L.M.G.); [email protected] (M.S.M.) Received: 28 June 2018; Accepted: 8 August 2018; Published: 13 August 2018 Abstract: Adaptive Sliceable-Bandwidth Variable Transceivers (S-BVTs) are key enablers for future optical networks. In particular, those based on Discrete MultiTone (DMT) modulation and Direct Detection (DD) can be considered a flexible solution suitable to address the cost efficiency requirement of optical metro networks. In this paper, we propose to use a cost-effective S-BVT option/implementation in optical metro networks adopting switching nodes based on Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA) technology. Bit loading (BL) and power loading (PL) algorithms are applied to the Digital Signal Processing (DSP) modules, to maximize the performance and/or the capacity as well as enhance the flexibility and adaptability of the system. Our analysis considers switching nodes based on SOAs with and without filtering elements and fiber spans of 25 km. We present the results up to 100 km, with and without SOA-based nodes. Firstly, we analyze the adaptive BVT transmission using the Margin Adaptive (MA) BL/PL algorithm at a fixed bit rate of 28 Gb/s. The possibility of controlling the SOAs current is a key factor to face the transmission impairments due to the fiber and the filtering elements. We also analyze the system considering Rate Adaptive (RA) transmission at a fixed target Bit Error Rate (BER) of 3.8 × 10−3, showing that a maximum capacity above 34 Gb/s can be achieved for a single span of 25 km. Although the cascading of filtering elements still constitutes a limiting factor, we show that an improvement of the net bit rate performance can be obtained thanks to the combined use of BVT and SOA technology at the switching nodes, resulting in a promising approach for designing future optical metro networks. Keywords: optical metro networks; Bandwidth Variable Transceivers (BVT); Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM); Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA) 1. Introduction New challenges are envisioned for future optical networks to cope with the exponential and uncertain growth of internet traffic. In particular, the metro segment is emerging as the most challenging, due to the stringent requirements of cost efficiency and reduced power consumption, while offering very high capacity and dynamicity. To address these challenges, optical metro networks need to be equipped with flexible, adaptive, and programmable transmission and switching systems able to efficiently manage the available resources as well as the high peak of traffic and adaptive bit rates with cost- and power-efficient solutions [1,2]. Photonics 2018, 5, 24; doi:10.3390/photonics5030024 www.mdpi.com/journal/photonics Photonics 2018, 5, 24 2 of 13 In particular, to overcome the increasing traffic demand, programmable adaptive transceivers have been proposed as a suitable transmission technology [3]. In dynamic future optical networks, adaptability, flexibility, and programmability are of great importance, especially if deployed fiber infrastructure wants to be exploited. These requirements can be dealt with using Sliceable-Bandwidth Variable Transceivers (S-BVTs) [3]. They allow the generation of multiple flows while suitably and flexibly adapting the transmission in terms of bit rate, modulation formats, bandwidth, and reach. Multiple parameters and S-BVT components can be suitably configured on demand by means of an integration of the transceiver in a Software-Defined Networking (SDN) control plane, following the SDN principles [4]. In particular, an S-BVT based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) offers the possibility to manage the capacity/spectrum at the subcarrier level [3,5,6]. The S-BVT architecture can be suitably tailored for the metro network segment [7]. For a cost-effective design Discrete MultiTone (DMT) modulation is preferred as the simplest OFDM implementation [5,6]. Optical networking based on Wavelength Selective Switch (WSS) technology has been studied in [8] for the future adoption of an elastic optical network. In fact, using flexi-WSS at the network nodes the optical spectrum can be used more flexibly and efficiently [8]. However, a significant source of penalty is caused by the transmission through a cascade of nodes. This effect, known as the filter narrowing effect, has been analyzed in [8,9]. In the context of elastic optical networks, Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA) technology can be advantageously used, particularly for the metro segment, where the cost and power consumption are critical issues. In fact, the main advantages of using SOAs are the low power consumption, low cost, small size, and the possibility to be integrated with other optical components [10]. On the other hand, SOAs have high noise value compared to Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) and have residual polarization-dependent operation <1 dB [11]. However, some studies focus on the reduction of these impairments, as in [12]. SOAs can be designed to deploy building blocks for optical switching as well as a booster amplifier, inline amplifier, or preamplifier [13,14]. By carefully adjusting the current injected into the SOA, it can be used as an optical amplifier; meanwhile, by turning on/off the electrical current, the SOA can act as a fast optical gate. Furthermore, SOAs can be used for wavelength selective applications by combining them with wavelength-filtering technologies [10]. In this work, we focus on the role of SOAs as building blocks in optical switching technologies [13]. In particular, we consider an SOA-based switching node with and without filtering elements. In the last case, the switching functionalities are performed by the SOAs and can also find application in filterless optical networks [15]. Filterless optical networks are simple network architectures based on passive splitters and combiners avoiding optical filters. Thus, they are more cost-effective than networks adopting filters; however, some functionalities are limited, such as wavelength reuse or capacity at high utilization rates [8,15]. In [15], a comparison between the filterless option and active switching, in terms of cost and performance, is provided. In the case where SOAs are combined with wavelength-filtering technologies, we consider SOA-based wavelength selectors as part of the Optical Add/Drop (OAD) nodes. These nodes have the capacity to insert or drop traffic to the optical network, by means of a SOA array with a splitter, a combiner and filtering elements based on Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology [13]. WDM technology allows the multiplexing of multiple signals with different optical carrier wavelengths. In visible light communications, the performance of WDM technology is limited due to transmission losses [16,17]. Some studies propose the design of a novel 1 × 4 optical demultiplexer based on multimode interference [16] or the design of 1 × 4 silicon-alumina wavelength demultiplexer based on multimode interference [17], to overcome this problem. In the range of C band for optical communications, an 8-channel wavelength multimode demultiplexer is demonstrated to work with low cross-talk [18]. WDM cross-connect switches combined with SOA technology have been assessed in [10,19] for optical data center networks. The system is validated considering three different types of modulation formats, such as Non-Return Zero-On Off Keying (NRZ-OOK), Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) and DMT. Potential lossless operation and low cross-talk (<−30 dB) has been Photonics 2018, 5, 24 3 of 13 demonstrated. Using BVTs, the bandwidth and bit rate can be dynamically adjusted by adopting a modulation format per each subcarrier. Therefore, more flexibility and adaptability can be obtained [7]. In this paper, we propose a combined use of BVT and SOA technologies to design flexible and cost-effective solutions for future optical metro networks. Bit loading (BL) and power loading (PL) algorithms can be implemented in the transceiver Digital Signal Processing (DSP) module, to enhance the capacity, adaptability, and the resilience towards transmission impairments [5,6]. We will present preliminary results on the use of BVT in the context of elastic optical metro networks with switching nodes based on SOA technology, particularly analyzing the case of a cost-effective implementation of the BVT. The paper is organized as follows. In Section2, the S-BVT and its cost-effective implementation are described. Then, in Section3 further details on optical metro network adopting switching nodes based on SOA technology are provided. In Section4, we present the proposed system, adopting BVT and SOA technology. The experimental setup and system optimization are presented. In Section5 the results obtained are discussed for the different analyzed scenarios and finally the conclusions are drawn in Section6.
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