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A Greying Society

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A Greying Society A Greying Society: How does Facebook communication facilitate successful ageing of older adults living in the rural municipality of Hagfors? Ett åldrande samhälle: Hur bidrar kommunikation via Facebook till framgångsrikt åldrande hos äldre invånare i landsbygdskommunen Hagfors? Lame Maatla Kenalemang Faculty Humanities and Social Sciences Subject Global Media Studies Points 30 ECTS Supervisor John Lynch Examiner Charu Uppal Date 2017-07-21 Serial number ABSTRACT Older adults are increasingly using social networking sites such as Facebook to maintain social relationships. A growing body of literature indicates that frequent communication with family members and close friends influences successful ageing. Consequently, the purpose of this study is to establish the nature of the relationship between the impact of Facebook communication and successful ageing on older adults living in the rural municipality of Hagfors. This study defines an older adult as a person aged 55 years and above. Self-reported life-satisfaction, social engagement and social trust are used as indicators of successful ageing. Predictions about Facebook communication and successful ageing are tested by theories of socio-emotional selectivity and social capital. This is based on 15 semi-structured interviews conducted with older adults living in the municipality of Hagfors. The results indicate that having small social connections and frequently exchanging privately composed communication with family members and close friends promotes successful ageing. Facebook is found to be a potential source of social capital. Keywords: Facebook communication, successful ageing, older adults, rural, Hagfors municipality, socio-emotional selectivity theory, social capital TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES....................................................................... i DEDICATION ........................................................................................................ ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................. iii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................... 1 1.1 RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY ............................................................ 1 1.2 PREVIOUS RESEARCH ............................................................................. 5 1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND APPROACHES .................................. 6 1.4 STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS ................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND.............................................................................. 9 2.1 HAGFORS MUNICIPALITY......................................................................... 9 2.1.1 DEFINING A RURAL SETTLEMENT................................................... 9 2.1.2 HISTORY OF HAGFORS MUNICIPALITY....................................... 10 2.1.3 DIGITAL MEDIA ENGAGEMENT IN HAGFORS MUNICIPALITY ............................................................................................................................. 14 2.2 AGEING .......................................................................................................... 15 2.2.1 DEFINING OLD AGE............................................................................. 15 2.2.2 AGEISM AND SOCIETY ....................................................................... 16 2.2.3 AGEING IN SWEDEN ............................................................................ 17 2.3 THE CONCEPT OF SUCCESSFUL AGEING ....................................... 20 2.3.1 THE BIOMEDICAL CONCEPTUAL MODEL ...................................... 21 2.3.2 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CONCEPTUAL MODEL ............................. 23 2.3.3 THE LAYPERSON CONCEPTUAL MODEL ........................................ 25 2.4 DIGITAL MEDIA .......................................................................................... 26 2.4.1 THE INTERNET...................................................................................... 26 2.4.2 SNSs ........................................................................................................... 30 2.4.3 FACEBOOK ............................................................................................. 32 3.1 SOCIO-EMOTIONAL SELECTIVITY THEORY ................................. 34 3.1.2 FACEBOOK USE, COMPOSITION OF SOCIAL CONNECTIONS AND WELL-BEING............................................................................................. 36 3.1.3 OLDER ADULTS AND THE USE OF SNSs............................................ 38 3.2 THE THEORY OF SOCIAL CAPITAL................................................... 39 3.2.1 SOCIAL CAPITAL AND THE INTERNET ............................................ 41 3.2.2 SOCIAL CAPITAL AND USE OF SNSs .................................................. 42 3.2.3 SOCIAL CAPITAL AND OLDER ADULTS........................................... 43 3.2.4 FACEBOOK AND THE PROMOTION OF SOCIAL CAPITAL......... 44 CHAPTER 4 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ................................................ 47 4.1 RATIONALE FOR PRESENT STUDY.................................................... 47 4.2 THEORETICL FRAMEWORK OF SOCIO-EMOTIONAL SELECTIVITY THEORY AND SOCIAL CAPITAL................................... 47 4.2.2 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF FACEBOOK COMMUNICATION AND SUCCESSFUL AGEING............................................................................ 49 4.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES................................... 52 4.4 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK .............................................................. 54 CHAPTER 5 RESEARCH DESIGN .................................................................. 55 5.1 OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH DESIGN ......................................... 55 5.2 JUSTIFICATION OF RESEARCH METHOD....................................... 55 5.3 IN-DEPTH SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS................................. 56 5.4 DATA RESOURCES AND CHOICE OF TECHNIQUES FOR DATA COLLECTION .................................................................................................. 58 5.5.1 SAMPLING.................................................................................................. 58 5.5.2 SAMPLING PROCESS .............................................................................. 59 5.6 RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT DESIGN ................................................ 60 5.6.1 CONSTRUCTING THE INTERVIEW GUIDE ...................................... 61 5.6.2 THE INTERVIEW PROCESS................................................................... 61 5.6.3 THE TRANSCRIBING PROCESS ........................................................... 64 5.6.4 THEMATIC ANALYSIS............................................................................ 65 CHAPTER 6 ANALYSIS OF DATA.................................................................. 67 6.1 OPERATIONALIZATION ........................................................................ 67 6.1.1 MEASURE OF FACEBOOK COMMUNICATION ............................... 67 6.1.2 MEASURE OF SUCCESSFUL AGEING................................................. 67 6.2 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY.............................................................. 68 6.3 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................... 69 6.4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.................................................................. 71 CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONS............................................................................ 86 7.1 SUMMARY OF RESULTS ........................................................................ 86 7.2 POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTIONS............................................................. 88 7.3 LIMITATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH ....................................................................................................... 88 REFERENCES...................................................................................................... 90 APPENDICES.................................................................................................. 126 APPENDIX A INTERVIEW GUIDE (ENGLISH)...................................... 126 APPENDIX B INTERVIEW GUIDE (SWEDISH)...................................... 127 APPENDIX C (ENGLISH VERSION).......................................................... 129 APPENDIX D (SWEDISH VERSION) ......................................................... 131 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES TABLES 2.1 Population Change in 2016 Hagfors Municipality..................................................................12 2.2 Descriptions of Hagfors Municipality .....................................................................................13 2.3 Population Statistics for 2014 and Forecast for 2030 and 2060 (Number of Persons) ...........18 2.4 Top 5 website visits in the world.............................................................................................29 2.5 Top 5 website visits in Sweden ...............................................................................................29 2.6 Top 5 SNSs in the world..........................................................................................................31 2.7 Top 5 SNSs in Sweden ............................................................................................................32 FIGURES 2.1 Population Development 1993-2016 Hagfors Municipality ...................................................11 2.2 Population Pyramid 1990 ........................................................................................................19
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