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Petroleum Reservoir Engineering ----Basic Concepts Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Petroleum Reservoir Engineering ----Basic Concepts Pennsylvania 1859 S.K.Pant Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Outline § Introduction § Reservoir Properties ú Porosity ú Permeability ú Capillary Pressures ú Wettability ú Relative Permeability ú Reservoir Pressure § Basic PVT data § Reservoir fluid type § Drive Mechanism § Numerical simulation Mar-2009 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Is the Party over ?? “I should stress that we are not facing a re-run of the Oil Shocks of the 1970s. They were like the tremors before an earthquake. We now face the earthquake itself. This shock is very different. It is driven by resource constraints, …” (Dr Colin. J. Campbell) Mar-2010 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. The law of Diminishing return 50 Hyperbolic Creaming Curve-North sea 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 Cum Discovery, Gb Discovery, Cum 10 Actual Hyperbolic Model 5 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Cum Wildcat wells Mar-2010 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. The Hydrocarbon…. § Hydrocarbons are the simplest of the organic compounds. As the name suggests, hydrocarbons are made from hydrogen and carbon. The basic building block is one carbon with two hydrogens attached, except at the ends where three hydrogens are attached. Mar-2010 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. The Hydrocarbons… § When the chain is between 5 and 9 carbons, the hydrocarbon is gasoline. § About a dozen carbons and it is diesel. § Around 20 carbons is motor oil. § A chain of hundreds to thousands of carbon and hydrogens make plastic. This particular plastic is polyethylene. Mar-2010 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Definition-Reservoir Engineering § “Application of scientific principles to the drainage problems arising during the development and production of oil and gas reservoirs” § “The art of developing and producing oil and gas fluids in such a manner as to obtain a high economic recovery.” Mar-2010 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Broad Functions Reservoir Simulation Therefore the Ultimate goal is….. •Hydrocarbon in place •Recoverable hydrocarbons reserves •Rate of exploitation Mar-2010 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Data Type § Data that pertains to the reservoir rock and its extent ú Geologic & seismic data ú Well Log data ú Well test data ú Core data § Data that pertains to the properties of reservoir fluids ú Composition of HC ú PVT Mar-2010 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. The Traps Mar-2010 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Porosity Porosity of rock is the ratio of pore volume to bulk volume and is usually expressed as percentage Vp is pore volume Interconnected Vb is bulbk volume pores Vg is grain volume Isolated pores Total or Absolute Porosity: ú It is the ratio of the volume of all the pores to the bulk volume of the material, Effective porosity ú It is the ratio of the interconnected pore volume to the bulk volume Mar-2010 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. A Pore Elements of Pore Throat Size & freq distribution-uncorrelated, correlated Connectivity of pores and throat-No of pore throat connecting to pores Spatial arrangement-Arrangement of pores of different sizes w.r.t each other The texture of a rock consists of it's grain or mineral crystal size, the arrangement of the grains or crystals, and the degree of uniformity of the grains or crystals. Mar-2010 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. The role of Rock Texture… Soi=(1-Swi) high Soi=(1-Swi) low Mar-2010 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Pore Network-Reconstructed using thin section IMAGE Analysis Porosity intergranular- 0.23 Porosity intergranular- 0.37 Porosity total- 0.28 Porosity total- 0.39 Absolute Permeability- 426md Absolute Permeability- 5600md Mar-2010 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Saturation § Saturation of a phase is the fraction of the pore volume occupied by the phase So+Sg+Sw=1 Connate water saturation (Swc) Critical Oil Saturation (Soc) Critical gas Saturation (Sgc) Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Permeability § Permeability is a measure of ‘ ease of flow’ or the capacity of formation to transmit fluids. § Its unit is Darcy named after a French scientist Henry Darcy in 1856. ú Absolute Permeability: When only one fluid is present in the rock. It is a property of the rock and is independent of the fluid used in the measurement. This assumes that the fluid does not interact with the rock.(K) ú Effective Permeability: Effective permeability occurs when more than one fluid is present & is a function of the fluid saturation & the wetting characteristics of the rock. (Ko,Kw,Kg) Mar-2010 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Permeability The permeability is measured by flowing a fluid of known viscosity µ through a core plug of measured dimensions (A and L) and then measuring flow rate and pressure drop. Darcy equation becomes Mar-2010 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Permeability Establishing a perfect Ø-K transform still remains a major challenge specially in ref to carbonates The carbonates The clastics Mar-2010 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Improved Permeability estimation Phi Group - RQI Plot Porosity - Permeability Plot 10.000 1000.00 y = 8081.6x2.5518 HU7, HU 7 100.00 1.000 HU 6 2.3492 HU 5 HU6, y = 1648.1x y = 355.42x2.0499 HU 4 HU5, 10.00 2.212 HU 3 y = 245.68x HU 2 HU4, 0.100 1.8785 HU 1 1.00 y = 37.476x HU3, y = 30.796x2.1428 RQI, micron RQI, HU2, Core Permeability,Core mD 0.10 0.010 y = 18.846x2.4585 HU1, 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 Core Porosity Phi Group Mar-2010 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Capillary pressure § Combined effect of surface and IFT of the rock and fluid, pore size and geometry & wettability of the system. • Major effect of Cap pres is the creation of Transition Zone Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Capillary pressure § Drainage Process: ú Non Wetting phase displacing Wetting phase § Imbibition Process: ú Wetting phase displacing Non wetting phase •Determination of Connate water •Establish Saturation –height relation •Rock Typing Mar-2010 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Wettability § ‘The tendency of a fluid to spread or adhere to a solid surface in presence of another immiscible fluid ‘ Mar-2010 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Relative Permeability § When two or more phases flow simultaneously the ratio of effective to absolute permeability is termed ‘Relative permeability’ Kro= ko/k Kre= kw/k Krg= kg/k Swc Soc NwP WP Mar-2010 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Relative Permeability-Rock typing § The variation in Rock Texture imparts significant changes in Rel perm estimates in core plugs of same formation Mar-2010 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Relative Permeability-Core Condition § Comparison of Rel- § Relative Permeability perms of cores with natural reservoir wettability preserved against a plug cleaned, dried and resaturated. Mar-2010 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Relative Permeability-wettability Type No Nw Krw Water 2-3 4-6 0.1-0.4 Wet Mixed 3-5 2-4 0.5-0.9 Wet Oil Wet 6-8 1.5-3 0.8-1.0 Mar-2010 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Reservoir Pressure § Reservoir Pressure § The fluids confined in the pores of the reservoir rock occur under certain degree of pressure, generally called reservoir pressure ú The maximum pressure is called the static bottom hole pressure, the shut in pressure or static formation pressure Mar-2010 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Well testing § The response of the reservoir to change in production/ injection rates in a well is monitored § The reservoir response is measured in terms of ‘pressure’ response & is usually dependent on K, Skin, Well bore storage, boundaries, fractures, dual porosity et.c ú Evaluation: Deliverability, Properties, Size ú Management: Refining forecast, Front movement ú Description: Faults, barriers P Res K,s,C T qo P t Model K,s,C Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Radial Flow in a porous media : For a single phase fluid flow (radial) in a constant permeability and porosity for a fluid of small and constant compressibility, the eauation is : Pws= Pi-162.6qµB/kh*log((T+∆t)/ ∆t) K= 162.6qµB mh S= 1.151[ P1hr-Pwf] –log (K / ФuCtrw2 )+3.23] m Mar-2010 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
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