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Wilson Inlet 6 Report to the Community WATER and RIVERS COMMISSION JUNE 2002

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Wilson Inlet 6 Report to the Community WATER and RIVERS COMMISSION JUNE 2002 Wilson Inlet 6 Report to the Community WATER AND RIVERS COMMISSION JUNE 2002 Managing the bar and the Inlet CONTENTS Introduction to the bar and Inlet ........................ 1 History of bar openings ....................... 4 The ocean side of the sand bar ........................ 4 The Inlet side of the sand bar ........................ 6 Natural variability ........10 Management options ........................ 13 Summary of findings ... 14 Actions for the bar and Inlet ...................... 15 References .................. 15 For more information ... 16 Figure 1: Aerial photo of Wilson Inlet ocean entrance, looking toward the north-east. S. Neville One of the major topics in the Wilson Inlet management management options for the Wilson Inlet ocean entrance debate has been the artificial breaching of the sand bar were examined. that builds across the mouth of the Inlet. This, the sixth in the series of reports to the community on Wilson Introduction Inlet, summarises our understanding of coastal processes, the dynamics of the sandbar, and the Wilson Inlet lies on the south coast of Western Australia. hydrodynamics in Wilson Inlet. The Inlet has a surface area of 48 km2, is 14 km long There have been a number of previous studies into from east to west, and is about 4 km wide. The Inlet has * aspects of the Wilson Inlet ocean entrance and the an average depth of 1.8 m below mean sea level , and a flushing of the Inlet. Using the information gained from maximum depth of a little over 3 m below mean sea a review of these studies independent coastal engineers level. The deeper part of the Inlet is partially divided MP Rogers & Associates, produced a synthesis of the into eastern and western basins by Pelican Point. The † main features of the hydrodynamics and coastal volume at 0 m AHD is about 90 GL , the volume at 1 m processes relevant to the ocean entrance of Wilson Inlet. above AHD is about 130 GL. The Inlet has five main 2 The full list of reviewed documents is provided at the tributaries and a catchment of 2300 km . The average end of this report. Using this synthesis, independent hydraulic modelling and the scientific understanding * Mean sea level is roughly 0 m AHD (Australian Height Datum). from the NEMP program, a number of possible † Note 1 GL = 1000 ML, 1 ML = 1000 kL, 1 kL = 1000 litres. 1 Figure 2: Major features at the mouth of Wilson Inlet. annual river discharge to the Inlet has been estimated to direction. To the west of the mouth are limestone cliffs be 200 GL per year. The Inlet opens to the ocean at the while to the east of the mouth lies the coastal dunes of western end of Ratcliffe Bay, east of Wilson Head. the Nullaki Peninsula. The tip of the Nullaki Peninsula appears to be growing westward as the sands at the east- The swell on the south coast is predominantly south- ern end of the bar are stabilised by vegetation. westerly throughout the year. Winds are from the south- west, south, south-east and east in summer, and are from The sand bar is a dynamic feature that is naturally built west and north-westerly directions in winter. Wilson and eroded as the balance between processes depositing Head provides significant protection from the and scouring sand in the mouth of the Inlet changes over predominant swell waves and from south-westerly sea- the year. The highly seasonal flows of rivers to the Inlet breeze and storm waves. The eastern end of Ratcliffe (approximately 80% of the river flow occurs from July Bay, out of the lee of Wilson Head, is more exposed to to October) and the small tidal range on the south coast the south-west and receives more wave energy than the result in limited scouring capacity through the mouth of western end. The headland provides no protection from the Inlet for most of the year. On the other hand, despite south-easterly sea-breeze waves for any part of the bay. the shelter of Wilson Head, the relatively intense wave The mouth of the Inlet is completely blocked by a sand climate on the south coast results in deposition of sand bar for half of the year (usually about February to July). in the mouth of the Inlet by wave generated currents. The bar is about 150 m wide between Inlet and ocean The bar builds to about 1.8 m above AHD and is and has a length of 500 m in a north-east to south-west composed of medium to coarse grained marine sands. 2 Year Position Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Opened Closed Duration 1955 300 15 June 55 ??? ??? 1956 340 10 June 56 ??? ??? 1957 300 8 August 57 ??? ??? 1958 340 7 August 58 28 December 58 143 1959 350 6 October 59 5 January 60 91 1960 400 12 July 60 24 December 60 165 1961 400 4 July 61 15 January 62 195 1962 360 1 August 62 9 January 63 161 1963 160 4 July 63 ??? ??? 1964 200 22 July 64 ??? ??? 1965 200 24 August 65 ??? ??? 1966 200 27 July 66 14 January 67 171 1967 200 17 July 67 10 April 68 268 1968 200 31 July 68 12 February 69 196 1969 440 1 September 69 22 December 69 112 1970 440 2 August 70 27 February 71 209 1971 50 16 July 71 4 March 72 232 1972 100 10 August 72 15 December 72 127 1973 100 13 August 73 14 February 74 185 1974 100 5 August 74 1 December 74 118 1975 100 30 July 75 1 February 76 186 1976 100 6 July 76 10 February 77 219 1977 100 7 August 77 6 February 78 183 1978 100 30 June 78 2 March 79 245 1979 100 16 July 79 1 February 80 200 1980 100 1 August 80 24 January 81 176 1981 300 3 July 81 8 March 82 248 1982 100 21 July 82 9 September 82 50 1983 100 13 September 83 26 January 84 135 1984 80 5 August 10 April 85 248 1985 80 13 August 19 February 86 190 1986 300 28 August 27 February 87 183 1987 100 13 October 87 18 December 87 66 1988 100 14 June 88 14 May 89 334 1989 100 14 July 89 23 February 90 224 1990 450 17 July 90 10 February 91 208 1991 450 22 July 91 15 March 92 237 1992 100 3 August 92 2 April 93 242 1993 100 3 July 93 2 February 94 214 1994 100 16 July 94 3 February 95 202 1995 100 19 August 95 26 February 96 191 1996 100 5 August 96 23 February 97 202 1997 100 18 August 97 19 January 98 154 1998 50 7 August 98 23 May 99 289 1999 100 30 June 99 6 March 00 250 2000 100 21 July 00 30 November 00 132 2001 100 3 October 01 15 February 02 130 Figure 3: Tabulated data and graph of history of bar openings (on the graph grey indicates bar closed, blue indicates bar open and white indicates unknown, opening position is metres from the cliff on the western side and duration open is in days). Figure 4: This series of photos, shot 1 day, 2 days, 8 days and 10 days after the 1997 bar opening, illustrates the initial turbid outflow from the Inlet as sand is carried from the delta, the strong outflow of darkly tannin stained catchment derived water, the weak outflow of estuarine waters once the Inlet has drained to mean sea level and finally the inflow of marine water on a rising tide. N. Boughton 3 Behind the sand bar is a large, shallow, flood tide delta Position of opening: The position of the opening has that extends from the mouth back about 2 km into the been as close as 50 m to and as far as 450 m from the Inlet. Like the bar, the flood tide delta consists of marine cliff on the western side of the bar. sands that have been washed by waves and blown by Timing of opening and closing: The bar is normally winds back into the Inlet over hundreds of years. Flows opened in July or August and closes in about February following bar opening have scoured several channels the following year. However, some openings have been though this delta. These channels are unstable and fill or as early as June and others as late as October. Whilst scour according to the pattern of flow when the bar is some closures have naturally occurred as early as open. The channels at the back of the delta, closer to November and others as late as May. Poddy Point, are older while those at the front, closer to the bar, are more active and dynamic in their alignment. Duration of opening: The length of time that the bar has remained open has varied from 50 days to 334 days; The Wilson Inlet sand bar has been artificially opened a range of 284 days, with an average of 191 days. each winter since the 1920s to limit flooding of low lying lands adjacent to the Inlet. Once the Inlet water level reaches 1.01 m above AHD, the bar is breached by The ocean side of the sand bar: cutting a channel through it with an excavator. This Coastal processes breach water level was originally derived from a point on the old railway bridge that was later determined to be The movement of sand at the mouth of Wilson Inlet is 1.01 m above AHD.
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