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1 Supporting Information File S1 S1.1. TOMOGRAPHIC DATA S1.1.1 The Supporting Information File S1 is part of Andrade MB, Edmonds R, Benton MJ, Schouten R. 2011. A new Berriasian species of Goniopholis (Mesoeucrocodylia, Neosuchia) from England, and a review of the genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 162(4). Supporting Information File S1 S1.1. TOMOGRAPHIC DATA S1.1.1. Methodology Since DORCM 12154 is embedded in sediment, the morphology of the palate demanded the use of tomography. The specimen was CT-scanned in the Royal Veterynary College, London, by Chris Lamb, after its removal from the main slab and preparation by R. S. and M. B. A. The scan followed the long axis of the skull, producing transverse slices, but was done in two separate runs, therefore generating separate datasets for the rostrum and the remaining of the skull. Both datasets were merged at a later stage. Procedures and settings for both scans were identical, using 130kV, 150mA, with slice thickness of 2 mm. Each slice generated has a field of view of 320 X 320mm, and 512 X 512 pixels (pixel size = 0.625mm). The data provided by the CT scan demands extensive work to properly model the elements of the skull, particularly the braincase, but allowed production of a surface model, as well as sagittal and coronal slices. Examination of the CT data through transverse, sagittal and coronal slices allowed to identify key structures and provide a preliminary description of the palatal/perychoanal morphology, and scoring of key characters of DORCM 12154. 1 The Supporting Information File S1 is part of Andrade MB, Edmonds R, Benton MJ, Schouten R. 2011. A new Berriasian species of Goniopholis (Mesoeucrocodylia, Neosuchia) from England, and a review of the genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 162(4). S1.1.2. CT reconstruction of the palate Ventral view of the skull of DORCM-12154, showing the palate and perichoanal structures. A, coronal slice extracted from CT-data; B, reconstruction of the skull in ventral view. Black alveoli indicate substitution teeth. Note the presence of large occlusal pits in the premaxilla. Images not to scale. Abbreviations: Bes, Basisphenoid; Boc, basioccipital; Ept, ectopterygoid; FLT, laterotemporal fenestra; FSO, suborbital fenestra; Jug, jugal; Mx, maxilla; Orb, orbit; Pal, palatine; Pmx, premaxilla; Pt, pterygoid; Qj, quadrate-jugal; Qu, quadrate. 2 The Supporting Information File S1 is part of Andrade MB, Edmonds R, Benton MJ, Schouten R. 2011. A new Berriasian species of Goniopholis (Mesoeucrocodylia, Neosuchia) from England, and a review of the genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 162(4). S1.2. PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS S1.2.1. Methodology The analysis and character list are based on previously published analysis, including both classic references on crocodylomorph evolution and recently published works (e.g., Clark, 1994; Ortega et al., 2000; Sereno et al., 2001, 2003; Pol, 2003; Pol & Apesteguia, 2005; Gasparini et al., 2006; Jouve et al., 2006; Andrade & Bertini, 2008ab; Turner & Buckley, 2008; Young & Andrade, 2009). This revised and extended dataset is part of the PhD thesis of MBA (Andrade, 2010). Characters from previous works were thoroughly revised, with the addition of 165 new characters, resulting in a list of 486 characters (for detailed comments on taxa and characters, see items 1.2 and 1.3, respectively). Characters encompass cranium (86.01%), postcranium (13.17%), and even aspects of soft tissue and physiology (0.82%), divided in a total of 14 components. The five most numerous components are characters related to rostrum (14.61%), palate and choanae (12.55%), skull roof (11,93%), mandible (11.73%), and dentition (10.7%). The matrix has a total of 104 terminals (item 1.4). Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum (basal Crurotarsi) was used as an outgroup, and the ingroup (Crocodylomorpha) was a priori defined as monophyletic. The sampla of taxa emphasizes non-eusuchian mesoeucrocodylians (75%), but eusuchians (19.23%) and basal crocodylomorphs (4.81%) constitute a reasonable contribution. These terminals represent extensively revised taxa and were used in the core analysis (59% examined directly; see item 1.4); most remaining taxa are well represented and exhaustively discussed in the literature. Apart from these taxa, three additional terminals are included in the matrix (increasing the total number of terminals to 107). These use preliminary scorings only, because: (i) the material available is insufficient or preservation is poor; (ii) direct examination is needed in order to support the interpretation of the morphology and character coding; and/or (iii) the terminal combines information of other terminals, and is used to test particular hypothesis of relationships (namely, ‘ALTSiamosuchus’). Since in the first two cases the scoring of characters 3 The Supporting Information File S1 is part of Andrade MB, Edmonds R, Benton MJ, Schouten R. 2011. A new Berriasian species of Goniopholis (Mesoeucrocodylia, Neosuchia) from England, and a review of the genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 162(4). may be biased by the available information, the definitive inclusion of these additional terminals in the analysis is prevented. Nonetheless, the scoring of these terminals represents the best possible data currently available, and allows to test particular hypotheses of relationships and evaluate specific problems in crocodylomorph evolution. In the third case, the use of the terminal implies in the exclusion of other taxa from the analysis, therefore not all terminals seen in the matrix can be used at the same analysis. The phylogenetic analysis (Hennig, 1950, 1966) was carried out with PAUP 4.0b10 (Swofford, 2002), using heuristic search (TBR swapping; 1000 replicates). Most characters were treated as unordered (‘Fitch parsimony’; Fitch, 1971) and equally weighted, but 24 characters were treated as ordered (Wagner Parsimony; Farris, 1970) (for detailed list, see items 1.3 and 1.5). The analysis used the shortest optimization possible between accelerated and delayed transitions (“pset opt=minf;”), and characters were mapped avoiding preferential use of either ACCTRAN or DELTRAN optimisation. These options were adopted to avoid the influence of a priori assumptions in the analysis. The collapse option for zero length branch was also applied (“pset collapse=minbrlen;”), to avoid the possible grouping of clades unsupported by actual data. Branch decay (Bremer, 1994) was calculated with TreeRot.v3 (Sorenson & Franzosa, 2007) and PAUP. Bootstrap (Felsenstein, 1985) and jacknife (50% deletion) were calculated in PAUP, with 1000 replicates obtained through fast stepwise addition. Additional and exploratory analyses followed the same procedures, but heuristic search used 200 replicates, and nodal support was not evaluated. The matrix, character list and list of source data were produced and managed with the use of Nexus Data Editor, freely available at: http://taxonomy.zoology.gla.ac.uk/rod/NDE/nde.html. This particular matrix editor was considered advantageous, allowing data to be appended directly to the matrix, leading to the detailed character list present here (see item 1.3 of this supplement). 4 The Supporting Information File S1 is part of Andrade MB, Edmonds R, Benton MJ, Schouten R. 2011. A new Berriasian species of Goniopholis (Mesoeucrocodylia, Neosuchia) from England, and a review of the genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 162(4). S1.2.2. Terminals – general information and provenance of data used for scoring The present list includes information for each terminal included in the matrix, summarizing data on taxonomy, bibliography, and geology, also providing the numbers of specimens examined. In order to produce a concise list, geographic directions (North, South, etc.) and stratigraphic divisions (Member, Formation, Group) are in standard abbreviated format. Supplementary terminals are identified by an ‘X’ preceding their names. Loc. = locality; FRAG = fragmentary taxon. Basal Crurotarsi (outgroup) (1) Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum Romer 1972. Data extracted from: Romer (1972; MLP-64-XI- 14-11, MCZ-4116 to 4118), Benton & Clark (1988), Clark (1994). Loc. Los Chañares, Argentina; Chañares Fm; ?Anisian, Middle Triassic. Basal (non-mesoeucrocodylian) Crocodylomorpha (4.81% of taxa) (2) Pseudhesperosuchus jachaleri Bonaparte, 1971. Data extracted from: Bonaparte (1971). Loc. Quebrada de los Jachaleros, W La Rioja Province, Argentina; Los Colorados Fm; Coloradense, Norian, Upper Triassic. (3) Sphenosuchus acutus Haughton, 1915. Data extracted from: Haughton (1915, 1924), Walker (1968, 1970, 1990). Loc. Paballon, Mount Fletcher, Cape Colony, South Africa; Elliot Fm; Hettangian–Sinemurian, Lower Jurassic. (4) Junggarsuchus sloani Clark et al., 2004. Data extracted from: Clark et al. (2004). Loc. Wucaiwan, Xinjiang Province, NW China; Bathonian–Callovian, Middle Jurassic (5) Protosuchus richardsoni Brown, 1933. Data extracted from: Colbert & Mook (1951), Bonaparte (1971), Gow (2000). Loc. Dinosaur Canyon, 15 miles NE Cameron, Arizona, USA; upper Dinosaur Canyon Mb, Moenave Fm; Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic (Hettangian?; Tanner & Lucas, 2007). 5 The Supporting Information File S1 is part of Andrade MB, Edmonds R, Benton MJ, Schouten R. 2011. A new Berriasian species of Goniopholis (Mesoeucrocodylia, Neosuchia) from England, and a review of the genus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 162(4). (6) Hemiprotosuchus leali Bonaparte, 1971. Data extracted from: BSP 1975-I-24 (cast); Bonaparte (1971; PVL-3829). Loc. Quebrada de los Jachaleros,
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