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Molecular Biology of Fungal Developkent Molecular Biology of Fungal DevelopKent edited by Heinz D. Osiewacz Johanrz Wolfgang Goeihe-Universitai Frankfuri, Germany MARCEL MARCELDEKKER, INC. NEWYORK BASEL DEKKER Copyright © 2002 Taylor & Francis Group LLC ISBN: 0-8247-0744-3 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Headquarters Marcel Dekker, Inc. 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 tel: 212-696-9000; fax: 212-685-4540 Eastern Hemisphere Distribution Marcel Dekker AG Hutgasse 4, Postfach 812, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland tel: 41-61-261-8482; fax: 41-61-261-8896 World Wide Web http://www.dekker.com The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more information, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the headquarters address above. Copyright 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Current printing (last digit): 10987654321 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Copyright © 2002 Taylor & Francis Group LLC MYCOLOGY SERIES Editor J. W. Bennett Professor Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Tulane University New Orleans, Louisiana Founding Editor Paul A. Lemke 1. Viruses and Plasmids in Fungi, edited by Paul A. Lemke 2. The Fungal Community: Its Organization and Role in the Ecosystem, edited by Donald T. Wicklow and George C. Carroll 3. Fungi Pathogenic for Humans and Animals (in three parts), edited by Dexter H. Howard 4. Fungal Differentiation: A Contemporary Synthesis, edited by John E. Smith 5. Secondary Metabolism and Differentiation in Fungi, edited by Joan W. Bennett and Alex Ciegler 6. Fungal Protoplasts, edited by John F. Peberdy and Lajos Ferenczy 7. Viruses of Fungi and Simple Eukaryotes, edited by Yigal Koltin and Michael J. Leibowitz 8. Molecular Industrial Mycology: Systems and Applications for Fila mentous Fungi, edited by Sally A. Leong and Randy M. Bierka 9. The Fungal Community: Its Organization and Role in the Ecosystem, Second Edition, edited by George C. Carroll and Donald 'r. Wicklow 10. Stress Tolerance of Fungi, edited by D. H. Jennings 11. Metal Ions in Fungi, edited by Gunther Winkelmann and Dennis R. Winge 12. Anaerobic Fungi: Biology, Ecology, and Function, edited by Douglas 0. Mountfort and Colin G. Orpin 13. Fungal Genetics: Principles and Practice, edited by Cees J. Bos 14. Fungal Pathogenesis: Principles and Clinical Applications, edited by Richard A. Calderone and Ronald L. Cihlar 15. Molecular Biology of Fungal Development, edited by Heinz D. Osiewacz Copyright © 2002 Taylor & Francis Group LLC Additional Volumes in Preparation Pathogenic Fungi in Humans and Animals: Second Edition, edited by Dexter Howard Copyright © 2002 Taylor & Francis Group LLC Preface Developmental biology, which deals with the various aspects of species-specific changes during the lifetime of individuals, is central to the biological sciences and connects the traditional disciplines—zoology, botany, and microbiology. In the past two decades, research in the field has strongly benefited from approaches aimed at the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of developmental pro- cesses. In particular, in animal systems including vertebrates, nematodes, and insects—and more recently also in higher plants—key concepts and principles have been elaborated. These are documented in books on developmental biology and in more general biological textbooks. In contrast, although fungi have been actively investigated and they do play a major role in fundamental as well as applied fields, molecular developmental biology of this group of lower eukaryotes is either excluded completely from such books or dealt with marginally. In order to create an overview of this field, one is forced to consult a number of books dealing with specific topics (e.g., biotechnology, pathology). The aim of this book is to cover different aspects of molecular fungal development in one volume. Special emphasis has been put on mycelial fungi. The book, designed to present an up-to-date overview of the field, is written for students at the upper-undergrad- uate and graduate levels as well as for researchers in various disciplines of the life sciences. Copyright © 2002 Taylor & Francis Group LLC In the first part of the book, basic developmental processes as they occur during vegetative growth, reproduction, and sexual propagation are addressed. Apart from true mycelial fungi, it also deals with the pseudohyphal growth of yeast as it is observed under certain conditions. The other chapters deal with hyphal tip growth, the genetic and molecular control of hyphae fusion, degenera- tive processes (senescence), and the control of the generation of vegetative and sexual reproduction units. The second part is devoted to another level of complexity: interactions of fungi with different hosts. Symbiotic interactions of fungi with the roots of higher plants (mycorrhiza), although rather difficult to understand, are getting more and more attention. The same is true for parasitic interactions of fungi with both plants and animals. This is not surprising since the latter interactions lead to a number of important diseases and have a clear application. The elucidation of the various molecular pathways, in both the parasite and the host, will certainly help us to develop strategies for intervention against a variety of diseases. Heinz D. Osiewacz Copyright © 2002 Taylor & Francis Group LLC Contents Preface Contributors I. BASIC DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES 1. Pseudohyphal Growth in Yeast Hans-Ulrich Mo¨sch 2. Hyphal Tip Growth: Outstanding Questions Salomo´n Bartnicki-Garcı´a 3. Conidiation in Aspergillus nidulans Reinhard Fischer 4. Senescence in Podospora anserina Heinz D. Osiewacz and Christian Q. Scheckhuber 5. Vegetative Incompatibility in Filamentous Ascomycetes N. Louise Glass and Sven J. Saupe Copyright © 2002 Taylor & Francis Group LLC 6. Vegetative Development in Coprinus cinereus Ursula Ku¨es, Eline Polak, Alan P. F. Bottoli, Marcel Hollenstein, Piers J. Walser, Robert P. Boulianne, Rene´ Hermann, and Markus Aebi 7. Blue Light Perception and Signal Transduction in Neurospora crassa Hartmut Linden 8. Circadian Rhythms in Neurospora crassa Deborah Bell-Pedersen 9. Sexual Development in Ascomycetes: Fruit Body Formation of Aspergillus nidulans Gerhard H. Braus, Sven Krappmann, and Sabine E. Eckert 10. Sexual Development in Basidiomycetes Erika Kothe 11. Spore Killers: Meiotic Drive Elements That Distort Genetic Ratios Namboori B. Raju II. INTERACTIONS OF FUNGI WITH DIFFERENT HOSTS 12. Living Together Underground: A Molecular Glimpse of the Ectomycorrhizal Symbiosis Se´bastien Duplessis, Denis Tagu, and Francis Martin 13. Development and Molecular Biology of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Philipp Franken, Gerrit Kuhn, and Vivienne Gianinazzi-Pearson 14. Pathogenic Development in Ustilago maydis: A Progression of Morphological Transitions That Results in Tumor Formation and Teliospore Production Flora Banuett 15. Pathogenic Development in Magnaporthe grisea Fernando A. Tenjo and John E. Hamer 16. Pathogenic Development of Claviceps purpurea Birgitt Oeser, Klaus B. Tenberge, Sabine M. Moore, Martina Mihlan, Patrick M. Heidrich, and Paul Tudzynski 17. Hypovirulence Helmut Bertrand and Dipnath Baidyaroy Copyright © 2002 Taylor & Francis Group LLC 18. Pathogenic Development of Candida albicans Daniel Herman and Richard Calderone 19. Cryptococcus neoformans as a Model Fungal Pathogen Klaus B. Lengeler and Joseph Heitman 20. Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenicity of Aspergillus fumigatus Axel A. Brakhage and Bernhard Jahn Copyright © 2002 Taylor & Francis Group LLC Contributors Markus Aebi, Prof.Dr. Institut fu¨r Mikrobiologie, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Swit- zerland Dipnath Baidyaroy, Ph.D. Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan Flora Banuett, Ph.D. Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California Salomo´n Bartnicki-Garcı´a, Ph.D. Unidad de Biologı´a Experimental y Apli- cada, Centro de Investigacio´n Cientı´fica y de Educacio´n Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Mexico, and Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California Deborah Bell-Pedersen, Ph.D. Department of Biology, Texas A&M Univer- sity, College Station, Texas Helmut Bertrand, Ph.D. Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genet- ics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan Copyright © 2002 Taylor & Francis Group LLC Alan P. F. Bottoli, Ph.D.* Institut fu¨r Mikrobiologie, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Robert P. Boulianne, Ph.D.† Institut fu¨r Mikrobiologie, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Axel A. Brakhage, Ph.D. Institute of Microbiology, University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany Gerhard H. Braus, Prof.Dr. Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-Universita¨t, Go¨ttingen, Germany Richard Calderone, Ph.D. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C. Se´bastien Duplessis, Ph.D. Unite´ Mixte de Recherche INRA-UHP ‘‘Interac- tions Arbres/Micro-Organismes,’’ Centre INRA de Nancy, Champenoux, France Sabine E. Eckert, Ph.D.‡ Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Mi- crobiology and Genetics, Georg-August-Universita¨t, Go¨ttingen, Germany Reinhard Fischer, Ph.D. Philipps-Universita¨t Marburg
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