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BEYOND the VILLAGE Local Politics in Madang, Papua New Guinea BEYOND the VILLAGE Local Politics in Madang, Papua New Guinea

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BEYOND the VILLAGE Local Politics in Madang, Papua New Guinea BEYOND the VILLAGE Local Politics in Madang, Papua New Guinea r ~ — r LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS Papua New Guinea is on the verge of politi­ cal independence and this volume gives im­ portant insights into the way its inhabitants are dealing with the new political institutions that have impinged upon them in the last years of colonial rule. The title suggests both the scope of the book and its main theme: it Beyond is not a study of a single village but of a dis­ trict ; and recent developments have widened the political horizons of its inhabitants in in­ teresting ways. Dr Morauta shows how the the Village people of Madang interpret the institutions of political representation; and her book gives continuity to previous studies, for it also reports on the activities of the now famous cargo cult leader Yali and his sup­ Local Politics in Madang, porters. Yali’s cult has become virtually in­ stitutionalised and provides opportunities that compete with the administration’s poli­ Papua New Guinea tical structures for the individual’s alignment. The author is Lecturer in Anthropology and Sociology at the University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby. \\. rV* ■ LOUISE MORAUTA MONOGRAPHS ON SOCIAL ANTH ROPOLG r ~ — r LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS Papua New Guinea is on the verge of politi­ cal independence and this volume gives im­ portant insights into the way its inhabitants are dealing with the new political institutions that have impinged upon them in the last years of colonial rule. The title suggests both the scope of the book and its main theme: it Beyond is not a study of a single village but of a dis­ trict ; and recent developments have widened the political horizons of its inhabitants in in­ teresting ways. Dr Morauta shows how the the Village people of Madang interpret the institutions of political representation; and her book gives continuity to previous studies, for it also reports on the activities of the now famous cargo cult leader Yali and his sup­ Local Politics in Madang, porters. Yali’s cult has become virtually in­ stitutionalised and provides opportunities that compete with the administration’s poli­ Papua New Guinea tical structures for the individual’s alignment. The author is Lecturer in Anthropology and Sociology at the University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby. \\. rV* ■ LOUISE MORAUTA MONOGRAPHS ON SOCIAL ANTH ROPOLG This book was published by ANU Press between 1965–1991. This republication is part of the digitisation project being carried out by Scholarly Information Services/Library and ANU Press. This project aims to make past scholarly works published by The Australian National University available to a global audience under its open-access policy. BEYOND THE VILLAGE Local Politics in Madang, Papua New Guinea BEYOND THE VILLAGE Local Politics in Madang, Papua New Guinea BY LOUISE MORAUTA Australian National University Press Canberra 1974 First published 1974 by THE ATHLONE PRESS UNIVERSITY OF LONDON ßr THE LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS (Monographs on Social Anthropology, No. 49) (g) Louise Morauta 1974 ISBN o 7081 0467 3 Printed in Great Britain For my father and mother in England and my ‘ parents’, Kant Malok and Elizabeth Nein, in Kauris ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am most grateful to the people of Madang for their cooperation, patience and kindness during my fieldwork. I owe a particular debt to Kaut Malok of Kauris, who is a good friend as well as a stimulating informant. My 1968-9 fieldwork was financed by a number of different organizations, to all of which I am grateful. I was supported by the Social Science Research Council of Great Britain, the Emslie Hor- niman Scholarship Fund of the Royal Anthropological Institute, the Middlemore Educational Foundation and a Johnstone and Florence Stoney Studentship from the British Federation of Uni­ versity Women. Fieldwork on the 1972 national elections was generously financed by the University of Papua and New Guinea. On the academic as well as personal side I should like to thank my doctoral supervisor at the London School of Economics, Anthony Forge, and Professor Peter Lawrence, now of the University of Sydney, for their help and encouragement. Pro­ fessor Lawrence generously made his field notes and documentary materials available to me in Brisbane in 1968, visited me in Madang and collaborated in the 1972 election study. I have also benefited from discussion with Audrey Bolger, Sandra Bowdler, Dick Hueter, Alan Jarman, Peter McLaren, Nigel Oram, Anton Ploeg, Brian Ranson, Mary-Cath Regan, Roger Southern, Robert Waddell, Michael W. Young and members of seminars at the London School of Economics, the University of Papua and New Guinea and the University of Queensland. I am grateful to Mrs M. Ploeg of the U.P.N.G. Cartography Unit for her careful assistance with maps and diagrams, and to the U.P.N.G. photo­ graphic section for help with plates. None of the faults in this book are anyone’s but my own. I am grateful to the editor of Man for permission to use in a different form material which appeared in that journal, September 1972, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 430-47. Finally my thanks go to my parents for their understanding during fieldwork and after I returned, and to my husband for his support while I was writing this book. L. M. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION I PART I. THE BACKGROUND 1. THE TRADITIONAL WAY OF LIFE II 2 . FROM 1871 TO THE PRESENT DAY 27 PART II. MADANG TODAY 3. THE SOCIAL FRAMEWORK 53 4. ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 66 5. THE CONDUCT OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS 80 6. CULT AND CHURCH IO7 PART III. THE POLITICAL SCENE 7. THE LEADERS 129 8. PRAGMATIC AND IDEOLOGICALCONFLICT 146 POSTSCRIPT, 1972 163 FOOTNOTE, NOVEMBER I 973 170 APPENDICES I7T 1. Methodological Data, 171 2. Inter-village Marriages, 177 LIST OF WORKS CITED 185 INDEX 189 X CONTENTS PLATES between pages 92 and 93 1. Yali 2. Yali and a group of lo bos 3. Yakob 4. Children performing Yakob’s money-making ritual 5. A wealthy man’s house 6. Weighing wet beans on the Madang Cocoa Cooperative truck 7. A General Meeting of Ambenob Local Government Council 8. The M.H.A. for Mabuso Open addressing a meeting at Mis 9. Lutheran church at Nobanob FIGURES 1. The network of personal tics between Yali supporters and officials 120 in a few Madang villages 2. The two types of conflict 147 TABLES 1. Population in the 17 villages 3 2. Mission/Yali affiliation of adult males resident in Madang 34 Sub-District 3. Numbers of men absent from their villages 35 4. Village distribution of cargo cults 37 5. Foreigners resident in 13 villages covered by Survey I 54 6. Persons assisting K. to cut down forest 70 7. Ownership of cocoa trees and coconut palms among Madang men 73 resident in their own Sub-District 8. Ownership of bank pass books (low-interest-bearing accounts) 73 9. Experience of councillors before their first election to office 89 10. Commercial interests of councillors 90 11. The significance of the clan for affiliation 109 12. Comparison of sample members’ allegiance with that of their true n o relatives 13. Coconut holdings and support for Yali of males resident in own 114 villages 14. Cocoa holdings and support for Yali of males resident in own villages 115 15. Coconut holdings in villages unanimously opposed to Yali 116 16. Cocoa plantings in villages unanimously opposed to Yali 116 17. Yali officials (1969) in the villages where he has support 118 18. Organizational levels of various political structures 132 19. Other offices currently held by councillors in February 1969 T36 20. Offices concurrently or previously occupied by 21 Big Men 143 21. Affiliation of councillors who hold other offices on the council 152 CONTENTS XI 22. Origin of wives in current marriages in the 17 villages 178 23. Sources of wives outside own village classified according to three 181 selected variables 24. Possible sources of wives within nine miles in categories indicated in 183 Table 23: on a hypothesis of random distribution 25. Comparison of Tables 23 and 24 giving an observed rate of marriage 184 for an average village in each category CASES 1. A coconut planter operating on another clan’s land 68 2. A clan member born in the Sepik 76 3. The widow’s sugar cane 85 4. A disgruntled wife 94 5. A divorce from a foreigner 96 6. Two wily sons 129 7. Two rival clans 147 8. A runaway wife 159 MAPS 1. Location of the 17 villages under study 16 2. Languages of the 17 villages 24 3. Wards of the 1967/69 Ambenob Local Government Council for the 81 17 villages only Introduction This book1 is concerned with the social and political structure of an area in the hinterland of Madang, a town on the north-east coast of the mainland of New Guinea. The clan and village which were once key units in the political system have lost much of their political significance after nearly a century of contact with Europeans. In the past the village was the largest autonomous political unit. Today Madangs find themselves in the much wider political arena formed, for example, by church and local govern­ ment organizations. New leadership roles are played within these new political structures. The problem for investigation is the nature of today’s political system and the place of the village in it. I ask whether these new institutions have created more than a nominal unity, and whether people really have begun to think and act politically in terms of a wider area than their own village. I argue that the answer to this question is different depending on whether we are looking at one or the other of two distinct types of political conflict.
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