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Long Island, Papua New Guinea – People, Resources and Culture

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Long Island, Papua New Guinea – People, Resources and Culture AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS Ball, Eldon E., and I. M. Hughes, 1982. Long Island, Papua New Guinea: People, resources and culture. Records of the Australian Museum 34(10): 463–525. [31 July 1982]. doi:10.3853/j.0067-1975.34.1982.292 ISSN 0067-1975 Published by the Australian Museum, Sydney naturenature cultureculture discover discover AustralianAustralian Museum Museum science science is is freely freely accessible accessible online online at at www.australianmuseum.net.au/publications/www.australianmuseum.net.au/publications/ 66 CollegeCollege Street,Street, SydneySydney NSWNSW 2010,2010, AustraliaAustralia LONG ISLAND, PAPUA NEW GUINEA - PEOPLE, RESOURCES AND CULTURE ELDON E. BALL AND IAN M. HUGHES Department of Neurobiology, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra Human Sciences Program, School of General Studies, Australian National University, Canberra CONTENTS Summary .......................................................................................................... 464 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 464 Language .......................................................................................................... 466 Historical Traditions ........................................................................................... 468 Accounts of the Eruption .................................................................................... 471 Resettlement ..................................................................................................... 474 Population Growth ............................................................................................ 476 Settlement Pattern ............................................................................................. 478 Natural Resources ............................................................................................. 479 Wild Resources - Vegetation ............................................................................. 481 Wild Animals - Terrestrial ................................................................................. 483 Aquatic Species ................................................................................................. 485 Agriculture ....................................................................................................... 488 Material Culture ................................................................................................ 493 Trade ............................................................................................................... 495 Ceremonies ...................................................................................................... 497 Social Organization ............................................................................................. 498 Disputes ........................................................................................................... 499 Outside Influences ............................................................................................ 500 Evacuation ........................................................................................................ 501 Mission Influence .............................................................................................. 501 Cargo Cult ......................................................................................................... 502 Wage Labour .................................................................................................... 504 Transport ......................................................................................................... 504 Health .............................................................................................................. 505 Education ......................................................................................................... 507 Radios .............................................................................................................. 509 Entertainment ................................................................................................... 509 Retail Stores ..................................................................................................... 510 Unplanned Visitors and Opportune Wealth .......................................................... 511 Income from Official Visitors .............................................................................. 512 Regular Employment .......................................................................................... 512 Copra, the Cash Crop ........................................................................................ 512 Other Sources of Cash Income ........................................................................... 514 Political Change ................................................................................................ 515 Development and Conservation .......................................................................... 517 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................... 522 References ....................................................................................................... 522 Records of the Australian Museum, 1982, Volume 34 Number 10, 463-525, Figures 1-7. 464 ELDON E. BALL AND IAN M. HUGHES SUMMARY Long Island provides, in microcosm and on a compressed time scale, an example of the sort of interaction between humans and their environment common to many Pacific islands. The current period of human occupancy of Long Island began sometime during the nineteenth century but until World War 11 the island remained isolated and population growth remained low. Since that time population growth has accelerated, contacts with the outside world have increased and the islanders are now beginning to enter a cash economy. The effects of these processes on the human society and its interactions with the environment are summarized. Major areas covered include human settlement and population growth, aspects of social organisation, wild resources and their use, outside influences affecting island society, the current status of the Long Island economy and possible future development options. INTRODUCTION This account of the people of Long Island, their resources and their culture is based upon published and unpublished documents and, except where otherwise acknowledged, our own observations and interviews. To the best of our knowledge, all statements herein were accurate as of mid-1979, when this account was completed. Most of the data were collected during nine visits devoted primarily to more specialized biological research and our total time on the island amounts to less than four months. All but three days of this was during October and November, that is, in the late dry season. Nevertheless, visits spread over nine years provided diachronic perspective and opportunities for checking the accuracy of earlier observations. We are impressed by the consistency (between informants, between locations and over time) of informants citing first hand observations and hearsay once removed. The general reliability of oral data in Papua New Guinea and techniques to enhance it are discussed elsewhere by Hughes (1977: 3-7). Our common language was New Guinea Pidgin and even the oldest residents had some command of it. We italicize foreign words other than names which have been borrowed and published as English (e.g. Arop, Umboi). We are not linguists; we have rendered what we heard in the orthography used for New Guinea Pidgin by Mihalic (1971: 3-8). This is based on the NGP, dialect of the Madang area. In many cases the European names on the old maps have already been replaced by local names but confusion is still possible because of historical lag and the large number of languages and dialects spoken in the area under discussion. Equivalents are: Early Name English New Guinea long Island Pidgin Dampier Is. Karkar Rich's Is. Bagabag Long Is. Arop, Long Is. Arop Pono Lottin Is. Tolokiwa Lokep Lokep Tupinier Is. Sakar Sakar Orenge Rook Is. Umboi Biksiasi Kowai (N.W. inland) or Siasi Siasi (S&E coasts) Siassi Group Siasi Siasi Kaiser Wilhelmsland New Guinea Niugini PEOPLE, RESOURCES AND CULTURE 465 148' 150' WITU c:ii) GROUP o CROWN I o TOLOKIWA I Bilibili o SAKA~ I RITTER I UMBOI 1\:)," f",>,?> Malalamai -<1<- NEW BRITAIN ~A/ Singorakai ' " • ., Roinji S10 1---,-----..,,-----, Co Malasanga itua 6' '4,s)' Sialum 0' '>--9 -<1/,>- Finschhafen Lae H UON GULF °TAMII Fig. 1. Map of the area surrounding long Island showing the position of localities mentioned in the text. Figure 1. Figure 2 shows the principal geographic features of Long Island as well as present and former sites of human habitation. Monetary values given in this paper are in the currency which was in use at the time. This was the Australian dollar until 1975 when Papua New Guinea established its own currency in which the kin a (K) was the equivalent of the $A and the toea (t) was the equivalent of the cA. The kina was worth approximately $A1.25 in December, 1979. 1. Throughout this paper the following abbreviations will be used: ADC Assistant District Commissioner ADO Assistant District Officer CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (Australia) DASF Department of Allriculture, Stock and Fisheries DC District CommissIoner DO District Officer F Father's name is FF
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