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Hrs 119 – Study Guide HRS 119 – STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 1 & 2 – CLASSICAL MYTH & HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Learning Objectives: 1. Learn to distinguish between myth, saga or legend, and folktales and fairytales. 2. Learn the fundamental differences between the following approaches to the interpretation of myth (Psychological, Ritualist, Structuralist) 3. Identify the proponents of the major interpretive schools. 4. Learn the definition of classical myth (p. 25). 5. Identify most important primary sources for the study of Greek/Roman myths. 6. Learn the important contributions of Heinrich Schliemann and Arthur Evans. 7. Learn the basic chronological framework for the Bronze Age. 8. Learn the important features of Minoan civilization. 9. Learn the important features of Mycenaean civilization. 10. Learn the most significant contributions of archaeology to our understanding the Troy and the Trojan War. Study Questions: 1. How does Freud use the Oedipus drama to explain the origin and significance of religion? What other approaches can be brought to bear upon the Oedipus legend? 2. What are the four theses of Burkert’s modified synthesis of structural approaches? 3. What are the difficulties involved in interpreting the many stories of amorous conquest? 4. What definition of classical myth do the authors of the text arrive at? Is it adequate? 5. What considerations could be raised that might modulate our understanding of the position of women in the ancient world? 6. Describe some of the main features of Minoan culture, and tell the tale of Sir Arthur Evan’s discovery of Minoan culture on Crete. 7. Describe the different stages of settlements that have been uncovered at the site of Troy. 8. What did Schliemann discover at Mycenae that confirmed the link between the Homeric stories and the actual remains? 9. List some of the important discoveries that resulted from the decipherment of the Mycenaean script. 10. Describe the Greek dark ages and the recovery of writing during Archaic age. Terms: aitia, allegory, animus/anima, archetypes, classical myth, collective unconscious, dream-work (condensation, displacement, and representation), Euhemerism, etiological folktales, legend/saga, motifemes, mythos, Oedipus complex, structuralism, Achaeans, Anatolia, Archaic period, Atlantis, Bronze Age, Cnossus, Crete, Troy, Cyclades, cyclopean, Dark Age, Hellas, labrys/labyrinth, Linear B, Linear A, Minoan, Mycenae/Mycenaean, Neolithic period, Paleolithic period, Phoenician, Thera/Santorini, Figures: Malinowski, Carl Jung, Claude Lévi-Strauss, J. G. Frazer, Jane Harrison, Joseph Campbell, Max Müller, Mircea Eliade, Sigmund Freud, Vladimir Prop, Walter Burkert, Minos, Theseus, Minotaur, Ariadne, Daedalus, Plato, Homer, Heinrich Schliemann, Michael Ventris, Sir Arthur Evans HRS 119 – STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 3 & 4 – MYTHS OF CREATION & ZEUS’ RISE TO POWER Learning Objectives: 1. Learn Hesiod’s account of creation (theogony, cosmogony, & anthropogony). 2. Identify the basic differences between Hesiod’s account and Ovid’s. 3. Define the “sacred marriage.” 4. Learn the important myths about the Titans. 5. Learn the succession myths from Uranus to Cronus to Zeus. 6. Learn the details of Zeus’ rise to power and the myths of the Titanomachy, Gigantomachy, and Typhoeus. 7. Learn the significant features of Hesiod’s myth of the Five Ages of Man. 8. Learn the myths of Prometheus and Pandora. 9. Learn about Aeschylus’ treatment of the Prometheus myth in Prometheus Bound. 10. Understand the parallels between the succession myths of Greece and the Near East. Study Questions: 1. What does Chaos mean in Ovid’s Metamorphoses vs. Hesiod’s Theogony? 2. What are the qualities of the archetypal mother-earth in the Homeric Hymn to Earth, Mother of All? 3. Describe the conception of the “sacred marriage” and how it is continually represented in the generations of the gods. 4. Who are the main Titans and what is their manner of being? 5. How might we interpret the story of Zeus’ birth in light of our understanding of the religious ideas and historical development in Bronze Age Greece? 6. How may Zeus’ conflict with the Titans and Giants be interpreted historically, and what are other possible interpretations? 7. Tell the tales of Prometheus and Pandora. What archetypes do they represent? 8. Discuss Hesiod’s conception of the progress of human civilization, the qualities of each age, and how it might embed a historical kernel of truth. 9. Name some archetypal motifs that are found both in Greek and Near Eastern myths. 10. In Hesiod the punishment of Prometheus, though seemingly cruel, is a necessary consequence of a righteous and majestic Zeus. In Prometheus Bound there has been a shift. Explain. Terms: theogony, cosmogony, anthropogony, titanomachy, gigantomachy, myth of succession, Curetes, Cyprian, Cytherea, hieros gamos, Mt. Dicte, philommedes, the Four or Five Ages, trickster, sacrifice, Pandora’s Box, Enuma Elish, the Olympian Pantheon. Atrahasis, culture hero/god, cuneiform, kratos, bia, Mt. Olympus Deities/Personages: Chaos, Eros, Ge/Gaia/Gaea/Earth, Tartaros, Aether/Himera, Erebus/Nyx, Ouranos, Mountains, Pontus, Titans, Kronos, Aphrodite, Rhea, Metis, Themis, Mnemosyne, Cyclopes, Hecatonchires, Endymion, Selene, Aurora, Helius, Muses, Hyperion, Oceanids, Oceanus, Zeus, Hera, Hephaestus, Leto, Apollo, Artemis, Cybele, Prometheus, Epimetheus, Atlas, Pandora, Aidos/Nemesis, Deucalion, Pyrrha, Tiamat/Apsu, Marduk, Inanna/Ishtar, Ereshkigal, Dumuzi, Gilgamesh, Enkidu, Typhon HRS 119 – STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 5 & 6 –TWELVE OLYMPIANS AND NATURE OF THE GODS Learning Objectives: 1. Study the significance of Hestia and the central hearth. 2. Learn Zeus’ character and role as the lord of gods and men. 3. Learn about the shrines of Zeus at Olympia and Dodona. 4. Learn the myths regarding Zeus and Hera and their children (Eileithya, Hebe, Hephaestus, Ares) 5. Learn about the other children of Zeus (The Muses, The Fates, etc.) 6. Define the basic parameters of the Greek anthropomorphic conception of the gods and its relationship to Greek humanism. 7. Learn the interrelationship between myth, religion, and history as presented in Herodotus. 8. Study the relationship between religion and myth. 9. Identify the important elements and practices of Greek religion and ritual. 10. Learn the importance and procedure of the sacrifice. Study Questions: 1. Who are Zeus’ brothers, what realms do all three rule over, and how did they receive them? 2. What was the importance of the communal hearth and its sacred fire? 3. Relate the story of Hephaestus’ birth, exile, return, marriage, and role(s). 4. What does the term Muses mean and how may they have originally been conceived? Who are the Fates and what does each do? 5. Discuss significance and contradictions in mythological depictions of Zeus. 1. Discuss the character and attributes of Ares and Greek attitudes towards this god. 2. Name five elements that are usually associated with the ritual of the sacrifice. 3. How might we describe the class of beings known as “nymphs” and “demigods”? 4. In the Greek tradition, anthropomorphism and humanism are bound together. Explain. 5. Defend this statement using Greek mythology: Monotheism and polytheism are not mutually exclusive. Terms: ananke, tyche, centaurs, Dodona, Elis, metopes, pediment, Olympia, Pieria/Mt. Helicon, whispering oaks, ambrosia, ichor, nectar, anthropomorphism, polytheism, monotheism, ate, chthonian, ouranian, Delphic oracle, demigods, humanism, “Hymn to Man”, theriomorphism, Xenophanes, Socrates, Roman names for Olympian Pantheon Deities/Personages: Oracles/Prophets (Melampus, Tiresias, and Trophonius); Apollo as God of Prophets, Ares, Fates/Moira/Parcae (Clotho, Lachesis, Atropos), Hestia, Hera, Eileithya, Hebe, Hephaestus, Ares, Ganymede, Hephaestus, Ixion, The Nine and the Three Muses, Pheidias, Arion, Gyges, Nemesis (Adrasteia), Protagoras, Solon, Sophocles HRS 119 – STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 7 & 8 – POSEIDON, SEA DIVINITIES, MONSTERS, & ATHENA Learning Objectives: 1. Learn the myths of the three important Nereids (Thetis, Galatea, Amphitrite) 2. Study the appearance and character of Poseidon 3. Learn the myths of Proteus and Scylla and Charybdis. 4. Identify the important progeny of Pontus and Ge. 5. Study interpretative approaches to mythological stories about waters. 6. Learn the myth of Athena’s birth. 7. Study the history and significance of the Parthenon and its sculptural decorations. 8. Learn the various epithets of Athena and their meaning. 9. Learn the myth of Athena and Arachne. 10. Study the character and appearance of Athena Study Questions: 1. How are the Harpies originally conceived and then portrayed in later literature and art? 2. Describe the appearance, history, and function of the Graeae. 3. What may be the origins of the god Poseidon? What are his ongoing roles? 4. What appearance and function does the gorgon have in Greek art? 5. Contrast the character, activities, and influence of Poseidon and Athena. 6. Discuss how the symbolism of the fantastic and the grotesque in the nature of the progeny of Pontus and Ge. Analyze three monsters as archetypes. 7. Compare and contrast the goddesses Athena and Artemis. 8. How is Athena associated with Hephaestus? 9. What associations does Athena have with the Fates? 10. Can the various associations of Athena’s province of activities be united into any unifying themes? How? Terms: Acropolis, trident, Triton, aegis, arête, Athens, cella, Doric, glaukopis, Ionic, kore, kouros, Panathenaea, Parthenon, peplos, Tritogeneia, Pallas Deities/ Personages: Amphitrite,
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