Morphology, Phylogeny and Paleobiogeography of Fossil Fishes
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DONNE E SCIENZA NELLA CINA CONTEMPORANEA Il Ruolo Femminile Nella Costruzione Della Leadership Scientifica Cinese
Corso di Laurea magistrale in LINGUE E CIVILTÀ DELL'ASIA E DELL'AFRICA MEDITERRANEA Tesi di Laurea DONNE E SCIENZA NELLA CINA CONTEMPORANEA Il ruolo femminile nella costruzione della leadership scientifica cinese Relatrice Ch.ma Prof.ssa Laura De Giorgi Correlatore Ch. Prof. Guido Samarani Laureanda Elena Bonometti Matricola 851223 Anno Accademico 2018 / 2019 ABSTRACT Negli ultimi decenni ci sono stati progressi nell’impegno per eliminare il divario di genere nell'ambito dell'istruzione e delle carriere scientifiche. A livello mondiale, tuttavia, le donne rappresentano ancora una minoranza nella comunità scientifica. La Cina contemporanea, attualmente tra le nazioni che maggiormente investono nella scienza e tecnologia, punta a diventare una potenza scientifica a livello globale. Essendo le donne cinesi una parte di popolazione significativa, la nazione ha riconosciuto negli ultimi decenni l’importanza e la necessità di cambiare la visione che aveva sulle donne e ha cominciato a investire nella forza lavoro che esse rappresentano. La ricerca pone l’attenzione sul ruolo che le donne cinesi hanno nella società, analizzando in particolare la loro partecipazione nelle STEM. Il fine di questo lavoro è comprendere la tendenza nella Cina di oggi per quanto riguarda donne e scienza: qual è il loro ruolo, qual è la loro presenza, qual è il loro contributo e qual è il possibile trend futuro. L’obiettivo è comprendere se e come questo ambito, tendenzialmente considerato maschile in tutto il mondo, venga promosso alle donne cinesi per rispondere -
China and the US Are Getting Back to Business, But
2018 SOCIETY Breastfeeding: Magic Massage at a Price No. 61 June Volume ECONOMY Driverless Future: Who Will Win the Smart Car Race? DONE China and the US are getting back to business, DEAL? but will trade tensions resurface? EDITORIAL Published by China News Service Publisher: Zhang Xinxin Executive Director: Zhang Xinxin China committed to globalisation Editor-in-Chief: Peng Weixiang Deputy Editor-in-Chief: Zheng Zhonghai Editorial Office Copy Editors: Frank Hersey, Flynn Murphy Lead Writers: Yu Xiaodong, Li Jia Senior Editor: Wang Yan Editors: Xie Ying, Du Guodong, Yi Ziyi, Han Bingbin, Xu Mouquan, Zhang Qingchen Consultant Editor: Chen Shirong First Reader: Sean Silbert Address: 5th Floor, 12 Baiwanzhuang South Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China Post Code: 100037 Tel: 86-10-88395566 Fax: 86-10-88388045 Email: [email protected] Website: www.ChinaReport.co.uk Art Department he year of 2018 has witnessed a rising relaxed restrictions have seen the world’s largest in- Art Director: Wu Shangwen Art Editor/Designer: Zhang Dawei tide of trade protectionism globally. But surance group co-invest in a new insurance assets the fact remains that management company. Marketing/Advertising/Subscription EMEA Office Tno country can single-handedly In addition to opening up Foremost 4 Media tackle the various challenges that It is expected that the market, Shanghai’s munici- Deputy Editor: Mafalda Borea confront humanity. pal government has also strived Email: [email protected] foreign investors in This year marks the 40th to improve its business envi- Tel: +44 7753 693244 banking, securities +44 20 7224 8812 anniversary of China’s reform and ronment, seeking to provide Website: foremost4.media opening-up endeavour, which and insurance will good services for foreign inves- Marketing Office in China has proven to be the only way for soon be able to own tors. -
Supplementary Information
1 Supplementary information for “Bayesian Morphological Clock Methods Resurrect Placoderm Monophyly and Reveal Rapid Evolution in the Early History of Jawed Vertebrates.” Benedict King, Tuo Qiao, Michael S.Y. Lee, Min Zhu, John A. Long Contents 2-5 Figures S1-S4 6 Prior distributions 7-13 Taxon list 14 Stratigraphic ranges used in sampling test 15-63 Character list 64-70 Supplementary references 2 Figure S1. Weighted mean evolutionary rates in each time slice in a BEAST2 analysis in which placoderms are constrained to be paraphyletic. The overall pattern of rates is the same as the unconstrained analysis, with higher rates in the Silurian and a subsequent decline. 3 Figure S2. Weighted mean evolutionary rates in each time slice in a BEAST2 analysis in which certain taxa are given an age range rather than a fixed age. The overall pattern of rates is the same as in the focal analysis, with higher rates in the Silurian and a subsequent decline. 4 Figure S3. Weighted mean evolutionary rates in each time slice in a BEAST2 analysis in which all taxa occurring after the Frasnian are deleted. The overall pattern of rates is the same as in the focal analysis, with higher rates in the Silurian and a subsequent decline. 5 Figure S4. Comparison of rate heterogeneity patterns between a tree with placoderm monophyly (constrained) and placoderm paraphyly (constrained). This figure shows that the pattern in figure 6D was not an artefact of constraining the topology. A and B) Guide trees showing the branches on which rates of evolution would be expected to be affected between the two trees (A placoderm monophyly, B placoderm paraphyly). -
A Bayesian Approach to Dynamic Homology of Morphological Characters and the Ancestral Phenotype of Jawed Vertebrates Benedict King*, Martin Ru¨ Cklin
RESEARCH ARTICLE A Bayesian approach to dynamic homology of morphological characters and the ancestral phenotype of jawed vertebrates Benedict King*, Martin Ru¨ cklin Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands Abstract Phylogenetic analysis of morphological data proceeds from a fixed set of primary homology statements, the character-by-taxon matrix. However, there are cases where multiple conflicting homology statements can be justified from comparative anatomy. The upper jaw bones of placoderms have traditionally been considered homologous to the palatal vomer-dermopalatine series of osteichthyans. The discovery of ‘maxillate’ placoderms led to the alternative hypothesis that ‘core’ placoderm jaw bones are premaxillae and maxillae lacking external (facial) laminae. We introduce a BEAST2 package for simultaneous inference of homology and phylogeny, and find strong evidence for the latter hypothesis. Phenetic analysis of reconstructed ancestors suggests that maxillate placoderms are the most plesiomorphic known gnathostomes, and the shared cranial architecture of arthrodire placoderms, maxillate placoderms and osteichthyans is inherited. We suggest that the gnathostome ancestor possessed maxillae and premaxillae with facial and palatal laminae, and that these bones underwent divergent evolutionary trajectories in placoderms and osteichthyans. *For correspondence: Introduction [email protected] The concept of homology underpins the cladistic analysis of morphological data. Testing of homol- ogy is usually considered a two-step process (Patterson, 1982a; Pinna, 1991). First, provisional Competing interests: The statements of homology are made (primary homology), which are hypotheses based on comparative authors declare that no anatomy. Primary homologues are then subjected to cladistic analysis, and those that correspond to competing interests exist. synapomorphies are then considered ‘secondary homologues’; this term corresponds to the vernac- Funding: See page 13 ular use of the term homology (similarity due to common ancestry). -
Production Scientifique CR2P 2007-2012
Production Scientifique CR2P 2007-2012 Note: dans ce bilan, la production du CR2P est scindée en deux parties. A : Bilan 2007-2008 (configuration du CR2P, ex-UMR 5143, en 5 équipes). Ce bilan inclut les publications de l’ensemble des personnels. B : Bilan 2009-2012 (configuration du CR2P UMR 7207 en 2 équipes. Ce bilan inclut l’ensemble des productions des équipes 1 (partie 1) et 2 (partie 2), les productions inter-équipes (partie 3) et des attachés honoraires et ITA (partie 4). Les IF pour chaque revue sont ceux relevés sur ISI Web of knowledge en décembre 2011 A. Production scientifique 2007-2008 du CR2P (= UMR 5143 Paléobiodiversité et Paléoenvironnements : 5 équipes) ACL : Articles dans des revues à comité de lecture, indexées dans ISI Web of knowledge (WoS) 1. Adaci M., Tabuce R., Mebrouk F., Bensalah M., Fabre P.-H., Hautier L., Jaeger J.-J., Lazzari V., Mahboubi M., Marivaux L., Otero O., Peigné S. & Tong H., 2007. Nouveaux sites à vertébrés paléogènes dans la région des Gour Lazib (Sahara nord-occidental, Algérie). Comptes Rendus Palevol 6 : 535-544. [IF : 1,000] 2. Allain R. & Aquesbi N., 2008. Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Tazoudasaurus naimi (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the late Early Jurassic of Morocco. Geodiversitas 30 : 345-424. [IF: 0,986] 3. Allain R., Tykoski R., Aquesbi N., Jalil N.E., Monbaron M., Russell D. & Taquet P., 2007. An abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Jurassic of High Atlas Mountains, Morocco, and the radiation of ceratosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 : 610-624. [IF: 2,241] 4. Amiot R., Gohlich U.B., Lecuyer C., Muizon C.