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Fisa De Tara Georgia 1. Harta Tarii Georgia Este O Tara Din Regiunea

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Fisa De Tara Georgia 1. Harta Tarii Georgia Este O Tara Din Regiunea www.referat.ro Fisa de tara Georgia 1. Harta tarii Georgia este o tara din regiunea Caucazului de Eurasia. Situata la conjunctura din Europa de Est si Asia de Vest, este delimitata la vest de Marea Neagra, la nord de Rusia, la sud de Turcia si Armenia, si la est de Azerbaidjan. Coordonate geografice: 42o 00" N, 43o 30" E 2. Scurt istoric Istoria Georgiei incepe inca din paleoliticul mediu, georgienii formand unul din cele mai vechi popoare ale lumii. Acest popor a luat ființă din trei asociații tribale: kartlii, lazii si svanii. In secolul al VI-lea i.Hr. a luat fiinta statul georgian de vest, Colchis, în secolul al IV-lea i.Hr. cel de est, Iberia. Cele doua regate georgiene din antichitatea tarzie, Iberia si Egrisi in vest, au fost printre primele state din lume care au adoptat crestinismul (in 337 AD si respectiv 523 AD). Iberia a devenit curand dupa aceea o parte a Imperiului Persan. Egrisi a fost de multe ori un teatru de razboi pentru doua imperii rivale, Persia si Imperiul Bizantin, fiecare dintre ele reusind sa cucereasca vestul Georgiei de cateva ori. Ca rezultat, aceste doua regate au fost dezintegrate in mai multe principate feudale in epoca feudala timpurie. A fost usor pentru arabi sa ocupe Georgia în secolul al VII-lea. Principatele razvratite au fost eliberate si apoi unite in Regatul Georgia la inceputul secolului al XI-lea. Incepand cu secolul al XII-lea, autoritatea acestui regat se extindea asupra intregului Caucaz de sud, in partea nord-estica si aproape pe toata coasta de nord a Turciei de azi, si de asemenea in cateva districte din Persia. Perioada de inflorire a regatului a fost curmata de invazia mongola din secolul XIV. Dupa o indelungata perioada de cuceriri otomane si lupte impotriva turcilor, regatul est-georgian al Kartliei- Kahetiei va accepta, in anul 1783, protectia Rusiei. Rusia va ocupa treptat, de-a lungul secolului al XIX-lea, toate provinciile georgiene. Dupa o scurta perioada de independenta dupa Revolutia din octombrie, Georgia va fi anexata in 1921 de Uniunea Sovietica. În decursul celui de-al nouălea deceniu al secolului XX au luat ființă puternice mișcări de independență, care și-au atins țelul la 9 aprilie 1991, odată cu declarația de independență față de Uniunea Sovietică. În același timp au izbucnit în Abhazia și Oseția de Sudest războaie de secesiune. Prezența armată a Rusiei împiedică până azi controlul guvernului georgian asupra întregului teritoriu al țării. Oseția de Sudest a ieșit victorioasă din războiul de secesiune, cu ajutorul rus, în regiunea independentă a Abhaziei domnește până azi un acord foarte precar de încetare a ostilităților. (surse de inspiratie: Wikipedia, http://www.scribd.com/doc/40259989/Georgia ) 3. Indicatori fizico-geografici: 3.1. Suprafata tarii: 69.700 km² din care: uscat: 69.700 km² apă: 0 km² 3.2. Structura administrativ-teritoriala: Georgia este împărțită în 11 provincii, 53 de orase si 2 republici autonome, din care una si-a proclamat unilateral independenta. Provincii si capitale de provincii: 1. Abhazia (declarată republică independentă în 1991) - Suhumi 2. Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti - Zugdidi 3.Guria - Ozuvgeti 4.Adjaria - Batumi 5. Racha-Lechjumi ș i Kvemo Svaneti - Ambrolauri 6. Imereti - Kutaisi 7. Samtsje - Javajeti Akhaltsikhe 8. Shida Kartli - Gori 9. Mtsjeta-Mtianeti - Mtskheta 10. Kvemo Kartli - Rustavi 11. Kajeti - Telavi 12 .Tbilisi - Tbilisi Republici autonome: Abhazia (declarata independenta), Adjaria. Orase: Batumi, Chiatura, Gori, Kutaisi, Pi ț unda, Poti, Rustavi, Suhumi, Tbilisi, Tq'ibuli, Tsq'altubo, Ț hinvali. Districte: Abasha, Adigeni, Akhalgora, Akhaltsikhe, Akhmeta, Ambrolauri, Aspindza, Baghdati, Bolnisi, Borjomi, Chkhorotsq'u, Chokhatauri, Dedoplistsq'aro, Dmanisi, Dusheti, Gardabani, Gurjaani, Java, Kareli, Kaspi, Kharagauli, Khashuri, Khobi, Khoni, Lagodekhi, Lanchkhuti, Lentekhi, Marneuli, Martvili, Mestia, Mtskheta, Ninotsminda, Oni, Ozurgeti, Q'azbegi, Q'vareli, Sachkhere, Sagarejo, Samtredia, Senaki, Sighnaghi, Telavi, Terjola, Tetritsq'aro, Tianeti, Tsageri, Tsalenjikha, Tsalka, Vani, Zestaponi, Zugdidi. 3.3. Configuratia teritoriala Relieful Georgiei este in maré parte muntos, cu muntii Marii Caucaz in nord si muntii Micii Caucaz in sud. Kolkhet'is Dablobi (Campia Kolkhida) se intinde spre Marea Neagra in vest; bazinul raului Mtkvari în est Muntii reprezinta caracteristica dominanta geografica a Georgiei. Lantul muntos Range Likhi imparte tara in jumatati - de est si de vest. Principalele drumuri care duc catre teritoriul Rusiei sunt : tunelul Roki intre Osetia de Nord si de Sud si Cheile Darial. Peisajul general al Georgiei de Est cuprinde numeroase vai si chei, care sunt separate prin munti. Cel mai inalt munte din Georgia este Muntele Shkhara (5201 m), iar al doilea cel mai mare este Muntele Janga (5051 m). Alte varfuri proeminente includ Kazbegi (5074 m), Tetnuldi (4974 m), Shota Rustaveli (4960 m), Mt. Ushba (4710 m) si Ailama (4525 m). Dintre aceste varfuri doar Kazbegi este de origine vulcanica. Regiunea dintre Kazbegi si Shkhara este dominata de ghetari numerosi. Sudul Gerogiei este o regiune tanara si instabila geologic cu mari activitati seismice si reprezinta locul unde s- au petrecut cele mai semnificative cutremure din Georgia. (sursa de inspiratie: Wikipedia) 3.4. Climat Climatul Georgiei este unul mediteraneean, cald și placut, asemănător celui de pe țărmul Mării Negre. 3.5. Resurse naturale si energetice păduri, energie hidro-electrica, zacaminte de mangan, fier, cupru, zacaminte mici de carbune si petrol; clima si solul de pe țărmul Mării Negre permit cultivarea ceaiului și citricelor. Principalele ramuri ale industriei sunt: oţel, aparate de zbor, unelte, topitorii, macarale, re-export de combustibili.Georgia are una dintre cele mai veche culturi viticole ale lumii. Parţial mai sunt folosite procedee de vinificare străvechi, de fermentare a mustului în ulcioare de lut. Pentru export, se produc cu mijloace moderne vinuri de amestec precum Mukuzani sau Tsinandali, georgienii preferă, însă, vinurile obţinute prin metode tradiţionale. Regiunea Kakhetiei, din estul ţării, unde se produc două treimi din vinul georgian, a devenit renumită mai ales prin vinuri grele roşii, dintre care Saperavi este cel mai răspândit, dar produce între timp şi vinuri albe de nivel acceptabil ca Tibaani, Rkatsiteli sau Gurjaani. Kartli rămâne însă cea mai importantă zonă viticolă (în sud-estul Georgiei). În ultima perioadă au început şi investorii străini să producă vinuri georgiene care se exportă în cantităţi mari. În Kakhetia compania GWS a fost preluată de concernul Pernod Richard, firma americană Bagrationi produce vinuri spumoase uşoare. Pe plan internaţional renumele vinului georgian este în creştere, în pofida deselor lui interdicţii pe abumite pieţe. (surse de inspiratie: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/geos/gg.html, Wikipedia) 3.6. Avantaj competitiv Avantajul competitiv al Georgiei consta in pozitionarea sa strategica in estul Marii Negre, detinand totodata un control ridicat asupra muntilor Caucaz si a rutelor care trec prin ei. Un avantaj competitiv important il reprezinta factorul energetic, Georgia fiind privita ca o cheie energética a Europei datorita imenselor zacaminte din Caucaz si zona Caspica, dar si datorita numeroaselor conducte de gaze naturale si petrol care ii strabat teritoriul. In mozaicul rusesc, Georgia este fara indoiala una din cele mai importante piese. Caderea Georgiei in mainile Rusiei ar insemna implicit totala dependenta Europeana de hidrocarburile cumparate de la rusi. Pe de alta parte destabilizarea Georgiei poate sa interzica pe termen scurt si mediu orice ruta alternativa la cele controlate de Rusia pentru resursele caspice de hidrocarburi (cum a fost cazul ocuparii portului Poti, ce a pus sub semnul intrebari proiectul eruopean al gazoductului Nabucco - Nabucco prevedea ca gazul din Azerbaidjan, principalul furnizor, sa ajunga la Poti si de acolo in Europa. Acum, Poti e ocupat, iar Gazpromul a facut Azerbaidjanului o oferta care ii confera, practic, monopolul asupra gazului azer). Georgia joaca un rol regional important, fiind activa in promovarea cooperarii regionale in zona Caucazului de Sud, in special in cadrul initiativelor GUAM, Marii Negre si Bazinului Caspic. GUUAM este o initiativă regionala din cinci state, denumirea ei provine de la initialele statelor fondatoare: Georgia, Ucraina, Republica Uzbekistan, Republica Azerbaidjan si Republica Moldova, vizand dezvoltarea cooperarii cvadrilaterale pentru intarirea stabilitatii si securitatii in Europa bazindu-se pe urmatoarele principii: respectarea suveranitătii; integritatea teritoriala; inviolabilitatea hotarelor statului; democratiei; suprematiei legii si respectării drepturilor omului. Ariile de cooperare in toate aceste initiative includ mediul, educatia, managementul frontierei, transportul, energia, stiinta si dezvoltarea tehnologica. Georgia detine un avantaj competitiv nu doar la nívelul Europei, ci la nível global datorita rolului sau geostrategic unic. Georgia reprezinta un factor decisiv in ceea ce priveste asigurarea sigurantei pe Marea Neagra, contribuind la puterea si securitatea echilibrului la granitele Uniunii Europene, dar avand de asemenea si implicatii globale. Un alt avantaj competitive ar putea fi productia de vin, pentru care Georgia este renumita. 4. Indicatori demografici: 4.1. Marimea populatiei tarii este de 4 585 874 (iulie, 2011). 4.2. Densitatea medie a populatiei: 65 loc./km². 4.3. Durata medie de viata: Barbati: 73,8 ani (2011) Femei: 80,82 ani (2011) 4.4.
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