Long Night of the Tankers: Hitler’S War Against Caribbean Oil
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University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository University of Calgary Press University of Calgary Press Open Access Books 2014 Long Night of the Tankers: Hitler’s War Against Caribbean Oil Bercuson, David J.; Herwig, Holger H. University of Calgary Press Bercuson, D. J. & Herwig, H. H. "Long Night of the Tankers: Hitler’s War Against Caribbean Oil". Beyond Boundaries: Canadian Defence and Strategic Studies Series; 4. University of Calgary Press, Calgary, Alberta, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/49998 book http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 International Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca University of Calgary Press www.uofcpress.com LONG NIGHT OF THE TANKERS: HITLER’S WAR AGAINST CARIBBEAN OIL David J. Bercuson and Holger H. Herwig ISBN 978-1-55238-760-3 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. 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Acknowledgement: We acknowledge the wording around open access used by Australian publisher, re.press, and thank them for giving us permission to adapt their wording to our policy http://www.re-press.org 12 THE ALLIES STRIKE BACK By the end of 1942, the Caribbean was interlaced with 27 different convoy routes. The intricate convoy network required far more escort vessels than were available. The three main navies fighting the Battle of the Atlantic – the Royal Navy, the Royal Canadian Navy, and the United States Navy – were hard pressed in 1942 to provide escorts in the Caribbean because all three suffered an acute shortage of destroyers and other escort vessels. Almost all new US Navy destroyers were being pushed into the Pacific as fast as they were commissioned. The Royal Navy had been so hard pressed for escorts in the late summer of 1940 that it had been forced to con- clude the destroyers-for-bases deal in order to obtain 50 World War I–era American destroyers. The British possessed some 200 escort vessels of all types in the spring of 1942 – including the Flower-class corvettes, lightly armed, slow, coastal defense vessels pressed into service for mid-ocean duty. But the ships were spread out over half the globe: ten (all corvettes) had been transferred directly to the US Navy; 61 were in the South At- lantic, Mediterranean, or the Pacific; 37 were in British home waters; 78 were on the North Atlantic run; and six were on convoy duty to Russia. Only Escort Group B5 was available for full-time duty in the Caribbean, supplemented from time to time by a half dozen other vessels.1 The Royal Canadian Navy was only able to detach four corvettes and the occasional destroyer to escort oil convoys to and from Canada’s east coast. Although the Caribbean was a vital war theater, the North Atlantic remained the most important area of operations, and it came first for all three navies. * * * 213 The US Navy was singularly unready even to fight a war in the Atlantic, let alone the Caribbean. There were about 100 destroyers in the Atlan- tic Fleet at the outbreak of war, but only Task Force 4, operating out of Argentia, Newfoundland, made its destroyers available for convoy escort duty, and only a few of those were detached to subordinate commands such as the Caribbean Sea Frontier. As Vice Admiral Royal E. Ingersoll, Commander in Chief, Atlantic Fleet, later recalled: The Sea Frontiers (i.e., Caribbean Sea Frontier) had their own coastal forces but they were small ships and were not really good anti-submarine vessels. The subchasers, of which the navy had a lot, weren’t very good. They were one of Mr. Roosevelt’s fads.… The submarine chaser was no craft to combat submarines on the high seas.2 And yet, after Pearl Harbor, the Americans had little choice but to use their motley fleet in the Caribbean; they had little else. The Naval Oper- ating Base at Port of Spain, Trinidad, was almost denuded of defenses in December 1941, with two 500-ton converted yachts, two patrol craft, four Catalina flying boats of VP-31, and one utility transport, all guarded by a mixed force of 172 Marines and “bluejackets,” as the navy called its noncommissioned personnel.3 Rear Admiral Hoover’s odd collection of ships was directed mainly from three headquarters: San Juan, Puerto Rico; Guantánamo, Cuba; and Trinidad. The only rapid reinforcement sent after the attack on Aruba was one additional squadron of PBYs. Hoover’s Caribbean fleet included Roosevelt’s cherished sub-chas- ers. Most displaced 450 tons and had a top speed of 21 knots. They were armed with two three-inch guns, five 20-mm rapid fire anti-aircraft/ anti-motor-torpedo-boat guns, two depth-charge throwers, and two depth-charge racks astern. As well, Hoover had at his disposal so-called “Q-ships.” They had first been used in ASW during World War I, and followed a long tradition of navies disguising warships at sea as merchant vessels in order to draw in and then destroy unsuspecting enemy warships. In January 1942 the US Navy ordered several “Q-ships” fitted with four- inch guns, .50-caliber machine guns and 20-mm anti-aircraft/anti-tor- pedo boat guns. The first of these ships – USS Atik – was sunk by U-123 214 Long Night of the Tankers on the night of March 26, 1942. No one was recovered. No wreckage was found. A German radio report announced that “a Q-boat … was among 13 vessels sunk off the American Atlantic coast … by a submarine only after a ‘bitter battle’, fought partly on the surface with artillery and partly beneath the water with bombs and torpedoes.”4 Two of the American “Q-ships” were deployed to the Caribbean. USS Asterion operated out of the American naval base on Trinidad and made a few convoy runs westward of Aruba before returning to New York at the end of December. It encountered no German submarines. USS Big Horn worked out of Trinidad and Curaçao. On October 16, 1942, it was steaming in the wake of convoy T-19, eastward from Trinidad, when two freighters were torpedoed. Its gunners trained on a periscope but could not open fire without damaging some of the ships in convoy. Not long after, another chance to shoot arose, but a sub-chaser crossed in between Big Horn’s guns and the target. On November 10, Big Horn was sailing in convoy TAG-20 when U-boats attacked the gunboat USS Erie, just 1,000 yards off its starboard bow. But again, the “Q-ship” had no chance to avenge the attack. Big Horn’s failure to actually engage a submarine dur- ing two convoy attacks and the sinking of the Atik on its maiden voyage are apt testimony to the uselessness of the “Q-ship” program.5 At President Roosevelt’s initiative, the United States mounted a major ship construction program in the late 1930s. Beginning in Fiscal Year 1938, 73 destroyers of the Porter, Somers, Benson/Gleaves, and Bristol classes were authorized, bringing the total of modern destroyers up to 100 by the time of Pearl Harbor. There were minor differences in these differ- ent classes of ships, but in the main they were fast and well-armed.