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Universited'aix-Marseille UNIVERSITE D’AIX-MARSEILLE ECOLE DOCTORALE 355 ESPACES, CULTURES, ET SOCIETES INSTITUT DE RECHERCHES ASIATIQUES IRASIA /UMR 7306 Thèse présentée pour obtenir le grade universitaire de docteur en Histoire SARAH COULOUMA UNE ETHNO-HISTOIRE DES WA-PARAOK DE WENGDING (YUNNAN, CHINE) : PRATIQUES, REPRESENTATIONS ET ESPACE SOCIAL FACE AU TOURISME CUSTOMS, REPRESENTATIONS AND SOCIAL SPACE IN THE AGE OF TOURISM: AN ETHNO- HISTORICAL STUDY OF THE WA-PARAOK PEOPLE IN WENGDING (YUNNAN, CHINA) Soutenue le 07/12/2018 devant le jury : Catherine CAPDEVILLE-ZENG, Professeure à l’INALCO Rapporteure Béatrice DAVID, Maîtresse de conférences à l’Université Paris-8 Vincennes-à-St-Denis Examinatrice Bernard FORMOSO, Professeur à l’Université Montpellier 3 Examinateur Pierre KASER, Professeur à Aix-Marseille Université Examinateur Bernard SELLATO, Directeur de recherche émerite CNRS/EHESS/INALCO Rapporteur Chantal ZHENG, Professeure émérite à Aix-Marseille Université Directrice de thèse Numéro national de thèse/suffixe local : 2018AIXM0610/032ED355 1 2 A Rémy C., que m’ensenhèt a pujar las montanhas 3 4 REMERCIEMENTS Chaque page de cette thèse et chaque pas du chemin qui m’y ont menée ont été écrits avec l’aide, le soutien, l’amitié, les enseignements, la confiance et l’amour d’un grand nombre de personnes. Je souhaite leur exprimer ici toute ma reconnaissance. Sans le concours et l’accueil toujours amical et chaleureux que m’ont accordé les habitants de Wengding, ce travail n’aurait pas vu le jour. Les mots me manquent pour les en remercier. Plus particulièrement, AmMeung, AiKa, leurs trois enfants, AmLod, OkRai et AiSin`, ainsi que la mère d’AiKa, AmRong, sont devenus une seconde famille au fil de mes séjours dans leur demeure. Le terrain n’étant pas une chose aisée, par leur pudique tendresse et leur intérêt sincère pour mes recherches, ils m’ont toujours soutenue et leur maison a été un refuge. Je les remercie sincèrement du temps et de la confiance qu’ils m’ont accordés. Je remercie également tout particulièrement TaxNap, les membres de la famille de AmKhuat et NyiKhuat, mes amies tisserandes, Xiao IKa et Yang IKa. Merci à tous les villageois avec lesquels j’ai eu l’occasion de discuter, et à l’ensemble de la communauté pour la petite place qu’ils m’ont laissé occuper dans leur quotidien. Comme elle-même le dit, certaines séances de cours ne s’oublient jamais. Je remercie Chantal Zheng qui, avant d’être ma directrice de thèse, fut l’une de mes professeures : ses enseignements ont éveillé très tôt ma curiosité, marqué ma mémoire et dessiné les contours de mon parcours de jeune chercheuse. Je la remercie de m’avoir suivi, encouragé, guidé et soutenu, tant dans mes tâtonnements et dans mes questionnements académiques, que dans les aléas que la vie réserve à chacun. Je suis pleine de gratitude à son égard pour la liberté qu’elle m’a donné tout en encadrant d’une douce rigueur mes travaux tout au long de ces cinq années de doctorat. Je souhaite également remercier très sincèrement d’autres enseignants-chercheurs, dont beaucoup sont depuis plusieurs années des collègues. Philippe Che, Michel Dolinski, Noël Dutrait, Christine Graziani, Christian Henriot, Pierre Kaser et Chantal Zheng m’ont accueilli dans l’équipe enseignante de la section de chinois du département d’études asiatiques d’Aix-Marseille Université. Ils contribuent largement à inspirer et à former l’enseignante que j’aspire à devenir. Je leur suis très reconnaissante de m’avoir offert l’opportunité de dispenser des enseignements tout au long de mon doctorat, et de m’avoir épaulée dans cette aventure. Je remercie également les autres membres du département d’études asiatiques d’AMU et plus particulièrement Pauline Cherrier pour son amitié et ses 5 conseils, Mme Bai, Chen Xin et Li Shiwei pour leurs encouragements. Merci à Corinne Lochen qui fut la première à m’apprendre la langue chinoise et toutes ses merveilles. J’exprime ma gratitude aux membres des unités de recherche du CREDO, de l’IrAsia et de la MAP et les remercie pour l’environnement chaleureux qu’ils bâtissent chaque jour. Merci à Mathilde Lefebvre, Isabelle Dupeuble, Rosemarie Cano, Émilie Courel, Judith Hannoun, Pierre Lemonnier, Brahim Chaïeb, Fiorella Allio, Florence Renaud. Merci également à Fatoumata Soumare qui a facilité l’organisation technique et financière de tous mes terrains en Chine, et toujours dans la bonne humeur ! Je remercie Jean-Marc de Grave : nos ateliers de travail furent inspirants et motivants. Merci également à Louise Pichard- Bertaux qui m’a accueilli dans son bureau et dont les conseils, le soutien et l’amitié me sont si précieux. Merci enfin à Christophe Caudron pour sa bienveillance et son amitié. Je remercie également Noël Dutrait, Guy Faure, et Nguyen Phuong Ngoc, tous trois successivement directeurs et directrice de l’IrAsia : leur attention et leur soutien – académique, mais aussi financier – à l’égard des jeunes chercheurs comme moi sont une chance. Merci également à Sylvie Millet et Laetitia Roux Luzi de l’École doctorale 355 pour leur aide. Ces cinq années de doctorat ont été l’occasion de confronter, de discuter et d’alimenter mes réflexions dans des cadres divers. Je remercie chaleureusement les organisatrices des premières Assises de l’Anthropologie de la Chine en France de m’avoir offert l’occasion d’y présenter mes travaux : Caroline Bodolec, Catherine Capdeville-Zeng, Béatrice David et Aurélie Névot. Merci également au comité d’organisation de la Journée des Jeunes Chercheurs 2017 de l’AFEC de m’avoir donné une chance identique, ainsi que celle de publier dans la revue Études Chinoises. Ma gratitude va également à Justin Watkins, Magnus Fiskesjö et Alice Vitrant pour leurs conseils avisés. Merci à mes anciens professeurs de l’Université du Yunnan, à Kunming, pour leurs encouragements et leurs conseils, ainsi qu’aux chercheurs du Centre de recherche sur la culture wa de Chine du canton autonome wa de Cangyuan, et plus particulièrement Xiao Jinming. J’exprime également ma gratitude à Karine Xie et Antoine Mynard du Bureau du CNRS en Chine, ainsi qu’à Li Mei, responsable de l’antenne Campus France de Kunming, qui m’ont donné l’opportunité de présenter mes travaux à Kunming dans le cadre d’un Café des sciences, puis de publier une note de recherche dans le Magazine du CNRS en Chine. Merci également à l’EFEO de m’avoir accordé une allocation de terrain qui m’a permis de 6 réaliser mon deuxième séjour dans le Yunnan. Merci à Franciscus Verellen de m’avoir accueillie au centre de l’institution localisé à Hong-Kong. J’ai une pensée amicale pour Alice S., Aurélien, David, Diego, Jocelyn, Justine, Laurent, Loïc et Su-young, la famille des doctorants de la MAP. Nos discussions ont souvent été une source d’inspiration. Trois jeunes chercheuses talentueuses ont particulièrement compté au cours de ces années de doctorat : Maëlle Calandra, merci pour l’été studieux, mais si joyeux que nous avons partagé ; Adeline Martinez, chacune de nos discussions ont bousculé ma recherche, merci pour cet orage de réflexions toujours constructives ; enfin, Alice Fromonteil. Pour toi, les qualificatifs sont sans fin. Le partage de nos recherches, de nos centres d’intérêt, de nos inquiétudes, de nos espoirs et de nos joies sont des instants précieux. Tu as largement participé à l’achèvement de ce travail, merci infiniment. Le hasard fait souvent bien les choses. La rencontre de Hou Renyou, doctorant prometteur de l’INALCO, au cours d’une Journée d’étude du GIS des jeunes chercheurs sur l’Asie, organisée à Marseille il y a trois ans, m’a profondément marqué. Son amitié, ses encouragements, l’œil averti qu’il a porté sur mes recherches tout au long de ces années ont été particulièrement précieux. Nul doute que nos prochains pas dans le monde de la recherche continueront d’être conjoints, et les moments de partage nombreux. Merci à toutes les personnes qui ont accepté de prendre un peu de leur temps pour relire, corriger, questionner mes écrits : Adeline, Alice, Annie, Flore, Jean-Marc, Maëlle, Marie, Mélissa, Perrine et Renyou. Le moment est venu d’exprimer à mes proches mes plus profonds sentiments de reconnaissance. Votre soutien, vos encouragements, votre affection et votre amitié m’ont porté. Je remercie particulièrement Ai Hua, Caroline, Chantal et François, Claire, Clémence, Élisabeth, Flore, Guillaume, Kathy, Liang Xiao, Lucie, Nicolas, Pierre, Pol, Renyou, Viviane et Jean, ma famille lochoise, et Jean, mon grand-père résistant. J’ai fait mes premiers pas en Chine avec Perrine. Quelques années plus tard, avec Marie, nous y découvrions de nouvelles régions. J’ai une chance incroyable de vous avoir près de moi : vous m’entourez de votre amour et n’avez jamais cessé de m’encourager à trouver mon chemin. Merci d’être là mes grandes sœurs. Et bien sûr, Annie. Une mère forte et tranquille. Merci pour ton affection sans fin. Et merci d’avoir été si présente les dernières semaines de rédaction. Tu m’as insufflé l’énergie qu’il commençait à me manquer. Je porte dans mon cœur ceux qui sont partis un peu trop tôt, et bien que vous ne soyez plus là, votre souvenir m’accompagne. Mes plus tendres pensées vont vers vous, Rémy et Pierrette. 7 Celle qui partage ma vie aurait mérité les premiers mots, je lui dédie les derniers et plus profonds remerciements. Pour ton enthousiasme sans limites, ta patience, ton soutien, tes encouragements, ta joie qui rendent chaque jour plus doux qu’espéré. Cette thèse est aussi un peu la tienne. Merci Mélissa. À la mémoire de YaxAm : quelques mots particuliers L’aïeule de ma famille d’accueil à Wengding, AmRong, plus communément appelée YaxAm (grand-mère Am), est décédée le 12 septembre 2017.
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