DOCSLIB.ORG

World Bank Document

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
World Bank Document Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized o. Economic w. wane Department Geograpl\v", Population, National Income • . Political Organi~ation •••••• . 2 A.,~r1culture a.nd Food Supply • • . 3 Industry • . s Transport . 7 . 8 Ba~ng Structure . 9 st~te Budget and Public Debt • . 10 Honey and Prices • • • • • . 12 (Foreign J!."xchange Pod t1on 13 1'­ . • . f Foreign !rade • • • . 17 Balance of P~menta . 19 ~» The Dollar Problem . • 20 Conclusions • • • • • . • . 22 Bi 'bliograpey • • • • . • • • • • . • • • • • 'i!OC£112St· PffR»laUon. National Incmu Egypt, ~ing at the northeastern corner of Afr1oa, baa a total area of )86,110 @quare m11ea (or 1,000,000 square kilometers). Of this area, over 9S per cent ia barren desert, and the rest is accounted for bw the Mile Vall~ and the Delta. which contain on}J 1),200 square miles. During the last fU'ty ;rears, the population of Egypt has nearly doubled. At the census of 194?, the total population was 19.0 m1111on, as corapared to 9.6 million in 189?, when the flrat census wa~ taken. As a result of the rapid growth of ita population, Egypt is now one of the most denselJ populated countries in the world. The 193? census showed a population density of 1,198 persons per square mile (463 per kilometer). It mu.st be added that according to t,~;tian ceneua practice, figure! on population density relate only to the Delta and the Nile Valley, exclusive of the outlJing desert areas. Over 99 per o~mt of the 193? population, numbering 1.$.9 million, lived 1n the Delta and the ~>file Valley. '!'he Mohammedans, representing over 91 per cent of the population in 1937, predominate in all areas of Egypt. !be estimated future growth of ~gypt 1 e population ranges between 20.8 and 24.0 million by 1970. This estimate represents an increase b.y 10-25 per cent over 1947 population. 1~ official estimate of the national income of Egypt is available. A recent estiJnate, based on asAumed per capita income of U.S. $92, gives the national income of U.S. $1,7)? million for 1946. ~~other estimate for 1940 yields the total income as $1,5?9 million, or $95.6 per capita. The e~timate of tota.l income for 1946, though compr.>.ring favorably v1 th that for l<JL~O in nominal value, shovw no expaneion in rPa1 income, if taken into a.eaount the increase 1n whole~a.le prices, the index of which rose from 1~4 in l94o to 31? - 2 - in 1946. Bowever, 1n view of the ~~bitrary nature of the estimate, it is difficult to oompare the total inoome in real terms. Pol~Ugg,l Otcsha.tio,a Since 1517 Egypt vas a part of the Turkish ~mpire. After 1882. the British Ar~ occupied Egypt. Between 1914 and 1922 Egypt was the British Protectorate. Since 1922, Egypt has been an independent state. The form of llgptian Government is a consti tutiona.l monarchy. The throne is hereditar,y in the fami~ of Mohamed Ali. The Oon~titution was fir~t established in 1923~ but later vas abrogated in 19?3 and reintroduced in 1935. The Constitution in~titutes a two-chamber parliament -- The Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. The members of the parliament are elected by a nniver0al male suffrage, except two-fifths of the members of the Senate are nominated b,y the King. Soldier~ have no vote in the parliament e1eot1on. The cabinet h nominated by the E.lng, but responsible to the parliament. Egypt was a member of the Leat.-!Ue of :!'lations. It nov belongs to the United Nations. Since its Independence in 1922, Egypt haR several que~tions at issue under dispute with the Briti!h. Chief among these were the British Arm,y of Occupation and the Sudan. Under the An.glo-Y:gyptia.n Treaty of 1936, the Eri tish Mtli tary Occupation of Egypt was terminated, but the mili tar;r forces were transferred to the Suez Canal Zone until l~gypt is sufficiently powertul to undertake the defense of the Canal, and the question of sovereignty of the SUdan was left in suspense -- the Sudan remains jolntl.T ruled by the British and the Egyptians. The Egyptians are not satisfied with the ~ettle­ rnent of the Sudan. Their position is that, for the unity of Egypt. the Sudan must be put under the mgyptian Crown. In recent years, negotiat1ons between _,_ the two countries have been resumed. The questions at iRsue are the evacua­ tion of the British foroes and the increase in the Egyptian share of the joint administration of the Sudan. So far, no agreemen' has• as yet been reached. Aa a member of the Arab Leag11e, Egypt 18 against the partitietn of Palestine. Since the termination of the Bri thh f·fandate in Palestine on !~ 15, 1948, an Egyptian Expeditionary force has been dispatched and h now fighting against Israel in the Negeb desert of the Southern Pale~tina. The United !lations have intervened in thG> :Pal~stine issue and are trying to UP.e its office as a mediator to restore peace in this area. So far, the war in Palestine is etlll going on and no immediate settlement is in ~ight. Agrig;g.ltwe pd lorul §»;p:el:z Egypt is a predominantly agricultural countr;y. In 1937, 71 per cent of the gainful~ emplo7ed population were directly engaged in ~~ieulture, and the proportion of the total population directly dependent on agriculture vas 6) per cent. In 1944 the total cultivated area of Egypt waa 5.? million feddans!f which represented only less than 2.5 per cent of the total area of the eountr,r. The increase in cultivated 8Tea during the last thirt7 yeara was insignificant. However. the crop area rose considerably-- from 7.7 million feddane tn 1912 to 9.:3 million feddans during 194J-44. Thh increase 1a ohiefl7 due to the favorable climate and a developed sy~tem of irrigation, and, thus, it is possible to grow over a wide area two or even three crops a year on the same plot of land. l/ One :feddan equals 1.038 acres. - 4- Only lees than one-half percent of the land is state-owned, leaving the re~t in private ownership. The distribu,ion of private land-ownership is extremely unee'{Ual. In l94LL. 70 per cent of landowners owned one feddan or less, and their combined holdings represented only 13 per cent of the land. On the other hand. 0.5 per cent of the landowners held farms over 50 feddane, and their total holdings amounted to j6 per cent of the total land. llideum proprietors with farms from S to 10 feddans owned 30 per cent of t~~ land, and those with 1 to 5 feddans 20 per cent. In recent years, the number of amall holdings up to l feddan was 7 per cent higher than that in 1939. The most important crop of Egypt h cotton. Normally, Egypt produces 6o per cent of the world's output of long staple cotton (over 1-3/8 inches) and 25-40 per cent of the medium staple (1-1/8 to 1-3/8 inches). Exports of cotton and its by-products normally a.coount for about 75-85 per cent of the value of Egypt' e total export trade. Prior to tb8 war the total cotton- growing area. averaged 1.8 million feddans, representing 20 per cent of the crop a.rea. During the reeent war. the area undeJ> cotton was drastically reduced, in order to increase the production of food«tuffa. In 1942 and 194), it was less than half the prewar average, amounting to only 700.000 feddans. In 1947 the area increased to l.J million feddana. and the official estimated production of cotton was 6.J million kantare,ll as compared with the annual average of 9.J million kantare during 1937-1939. Following cotton in importance are clover (or berseem), maize. and wheat. Together, these four crops oeoup,y three-fourths of all Egypt's crop l!•.illt! area. The remaining area is accounted for 'b7 rice, barley • ~ .!fer.....,._, l/ One ka.nta.r equals to 99.05 pounds. - s- beans. and augar cane. fJ.'he total acreage under cereals (Le. wheat. mahe, barl-.y. rice and ...._ III@haa) represents over half the total crop area. The main foodstuffs !or the population are wheat. mai1e and millet. Before the war, Egypt was self-sufficient in foodstuffs with hardly ~ sur~ plus for exportation. At present, with the increase o! 20 per cent tn the population dnce 19)'7 and a serious fall in the import of fertilhers, the production of cereals is insufficient tor local consumption. In 1947, there was a deficit of 1.? million ton~ of wheat and maize. Allocations of Je.i 1 -fir,.; · i i- -; ( .-lr ,~,'/ · &1!4 AlltJ'~l.\lU'e O..gazai aat.iOA to Egypt for that year were 2'70 • 000 tons of wheat and 290.000 of maize; the rest of the deficit had to be imported from other countries. ~art of rice production was exported in exchange for wheat and ma.ise. The indust17 of Egypt owee 1ts development to two world ware. Owing to the cessation of foreign imports during the first war, ~ industries were expanded or created to meet local demand. The recent war has greatl7 encouraged the local ind:a.stey. because of the ahortap of imports,!the consequent rise •l in pri~s, and:' increased demande a.rhtng trom the presence ot A.lli ed.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Egypt Market Watch
    JANUARY 2017 MARKETWATCH Information from Cartus on Relocation and International Assignment Trends and Practices. EMERGING MARKETS: EGYPT Egypt’s strong links with western countries instead of the Egyptian pound (EGP) due to the latter’s loss in has made it a popular destination for many value. However, the gap between US and Egyptian currency is now beginning to narrow, which means landlords are more multinational organisations wanting a foothold willing to accept payments in EGP. into Africa and the Middle East. Like most emerging markets, Egypt still remains a Cairo. Cairo is the most frequent expatriate destination in Egypt and as such there is a high demand for rental properties. Over challenging location for some international the past 15 years there has been an increase in new compounds assignees with housing and security issues to meet expatriate demand. These are mainly located in New currently highlighted as key areas of focus. Cairo in the east of the city and in 6th of October City to the west. With a large number of international organisations having Key Challenge Areas head offices in 6th of October City and New Cairo, many assignees and their families choose to live in these areas, which Input from Cartus’ Destination Service Provider on the ground in have good access to schools and nearby markets. Other popular Egypt, highlights the following key areas for assignees: neighbourhoods for assignees include Maadi, Zamalek, Dokki, Security Garden City and Rehab City. Housing Lease Conditions. Leases are typically for a minimum of one year, Transportation although bi-annual leases are available for a slightly higher cost.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Money in Palestine: from the 1900S to the Present
    A History of Money in Palestine: From the 1900s to the Present The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Mitter, Sreemati. 2014. A History of Money in Palestine: From the 1900s to the Present. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:12269876 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA A History of Money in Palestine: From the 1900s to the Present A dissertation presented by Sreemati Mitter to The History Department in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts January 2014 © 2013 – Sreemati Mitter All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Professor Roger Owen Sreemati Mitter A History of Money in Palestine: From the 1900s to the Present Abstract How does the condition of statelessness, which is usually thought of as a political problem, affect the economic and monetary lives of ordinary people? This dissertation addresses this question by examining the economic behavior of a stateless people, the Palestinians, over a hundred year period, from the last decades of Ottoman rule in the early 1900s to the present. Through this historical narrative, it investigates what happened to the financial and economic assets of ordinary Palestinians when they were either rendered stateless overnight (as happened in 1948) or when they suffered a gradual loss of sovereignty and control over their economic lives (as happened between the early 1900s to the 1930s, or again between 1967 and the present).
    [Show full text]
  • Egyptian Cotton on the Rise 2018 Cotton and Products Annual Egypt
    THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S. GOVERNMENT POLICY Required Report - public distribution Date: 3/27/2018 GAIN Report Number: EG18011 Egypt 2018 Cotton and Products Annual Egyptian Cotton on the Rise Approved By: Ali Abdi, Agricultural Minister Counselor Prepared By: Dr. Ahmed Wally, Agricultural Specialist, and Bret Tate, Agricultural Attaché Report Highlights: After years of declining production, Egyptian cotton is again on the rise. A currency devaluation, new policies to increase yields and improve quality, and high farm-gate prices are encouraging farmers to expand cotton area and increase production. Under this new economic environment, cotton exports are expected to rise during the coming years, while imports decrease marginally. FAS Cairo expects MY 2018/19 production to reach 420,000 bales, a near 40 percent increase over MY 2017/18. Production: Since early 2017 the Government of Egypt has been actively taking steps to protect the cotton industry from further decline. The Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation (MALR) is now directly overseeing cottonseed quality and handling seed distribution. Additionally, the government increased their reported indicative price for cotton by over EGP 400 ($22.72) over the previous season. The indicative price for extra-long staple cotton produced in the Nile Delta increased to EGP 2700 per kantar ($743.42 per bale), while the indicative price for medium and short staple increased to EGP 2500 per kantar ($688.35 per bale). [Note: 1 kantar ≈ 45.02 kg lint cotton. End note.] With the policy shifts and higher prices, planted area and yields are expected to increase in the coming years.
    [Show full text]
  • Pax Britannica and the Anti-Systemic Movement of Viceroy Mehmet Ali Pasha of Egypt
    PAX BRITANNICA AND THE ANTI-SYSTEMIC MOVEMENT OF VICEROY MEHMET ALI PASHA OF EGYPT A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY OKYANUS AKIN IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS DECEMBER 2019 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Yaşar Kondakçı Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof. Dr. Oktay Tanrısever Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Fatih Tayfur Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı (METU, IR) Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Fatih Tayfur (METU, IR) Prof. Dr. Çınar Özen (Ankara Uni., IR) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Okyanus Akın Signature: iii ABSTRACT PAX BRITANNICA AND THE ANTI-SYSTEMIC MOVEMENT OF VICEROY MEHMET ALI PASHA OF EGYPT Akın, Okyanus M.S., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Fatih Tayfur December 2019, 234 pages The Pax Britannica, as a system, defined the political-economy of the nineteenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pound Sterling
    ESSAYS IN INTERNATIONAL FINANCE No. 13, February 1952 THE POUND STERLING ROY F. HARROD INTERNATIONAL FINANCE SECTION DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS PRINCETON UNIVERSITY Princeton, New Jersey The present essay is the thirteenth in the series ESSAYS IN INTERNATIONAL FINANCE published by the International Finance Section of the Department of Economics and Social Institutions in Princeton University. The author, R. F. Harrod, is joint editor of the ECONOMIC JOURNAL, Lecturer in economics at Christ Church, Oxford, Fellow of the British Academy, and• Member of the Council of the Royal Economic So- ciety. He served in the Prime Minister's Office dur- ing most of World War II and from 1947 to 1950 was a member of the United Nations Sub-Committee on Employment and Economic Stability. While the Section sponsors the essays in this series, it takes no further responsibility for the opinions therein expressed. The writer's are free to develop their topics as they will and their ideas may or may - • v not be shared by the editorial committee of the Sec- tion or the members of the Department. The Section welcomes the submission of manu- scripts for this series and will assume responsibility for a careful reading of them and for returning to the authors those found unacceptable for publication. GARDNER PATTERSON, Director International Finance Section THE POUND STERLING ROY F. HARROD Christ Church, Oxford I. PRESUPPOSITIONS OF EARLY POLICY S' TERLING was at its heyday before 1914. It was. something ' more than the British currency; it was universally accepted as the most satisfactory medium for international transactions and might be regarded as a world currency, even indeed as the world cur- rency: Its special position waS,no doubt connected with the widespread ramifications of Britain's foreign trade and investment.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019-Egypt-Skydive.Pdf
    Giza Pyramids Skydive Adventure February 15-19, 2019 “Yesterday we fell over the pyramids of Giza. Today we climbed into the King’s Chamber of the Great Pyramid. I could not think of any other way on (or above) the earth to experience all of the awe inspiring mysteries that this world has to offer.” JUMP Like a Pharaoh in 2019 Start making plans now for our first Tandem Jump Adventure over the Pyramids of Giza! Tandem Skydive over the Great Giza Pyramid, one of the Seven Ancient Wonders of the World. Leap from an Egyptian military Hercules C-130 and land between the pyramids. No prior skydiving experience is necessary….just bring your sense of adventure! Skydive Egypt – Sample Itinerary February 15th-19th, 2019 Day 1, February 15 – Arrival Arrive in Cairo, Egypt at own expense Met by Incredible Adventures Representative Transfer to Mercure La Sphinx Hotel * Days 2, 3 - February 16 – 17 – Designated Jump Days** Arrive at Drop Zone Review and sign any necessary waivers Group briefing and equipment fitting Review of aircraft safety procedures and features Individual training with assigned tandem master Complete incredible Great Giza Tandem Skydive Day 4 (5) – February 18 (19) Free Day for Sightseeing & Jump Back-Up Day - Depart Egypt Note: Hotel room will be kept until check-out time on the 19th. American clients should plan to depart on an “overnight flight” leaving after midnight on the 18th. * Designated hotel may change, based on availability. Upgrade to the Marriott Mena for an additional fee. ** You’ll be scheduled in advance to tandem jump on Day 2 or 3, with Day 4 serving as a weather back-up day.
    [Show full text]
  • Problems of the Sterling Area with Special Reference to Australia
    ESSAYS IN INTERNATIONAL FINANCE No. 17, September 1953 PROBLEMS OF THE STERLING AREA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO AUSTRALIA SIR DOUGLAS COPLAND INTERNATIONAL FINANCE SECTION DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS PRINCETON UNIVERSITY Princeton, New Jersey This essay was prepared as the *seventeenth in the series ESSAYS IN INTERNATIONAL FINANCE published by the International Finance Section of the Depart- ment of Economics and Social Institutions in Prince- ton University. The author, Sir Douglas Copland, is an Austral- ian economist and was formerly Vice-Chancellor of the Australian National University. At present he is Australian High Commissioner in Canada. The views he expresses here do not purport to reflect those of his Government. The Section sponsors the essays in this series but it takes no further responsibility for the opinions expressed in them. The writers are free to develop their topics as they will and their ideas may or may not be shared by the editarial committee of the Sec- tion or the members of the Department. The Section welcomes the submission of manu- scripts for this series and will assume responsibility for a careful reading of them and for returning to the authors those found unacceptable for publication. GARDNER PATTERSON, Director International Finance Section ESSAYS IN INTERNATIONAL FINANCE No. 17, September 1953 PROBLEMS OF THE STERLING AREA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO AUSTRALIA SIR DOUGLAS COPLAND INTERNATIONAL/ FINANCE SECTION • DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS PRINCETON UNIVERSITY Princeton,- New Jersey 9 PROBLEMS OF THE STERLING AREA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO AUSTRALIA SIR DOUGLAS COPLAND I. INTRODUCTION N the latter stages of the 1939-45 war, when policies were being evolved for a united world operating through a new and grand Iconception of a United Nations and its agencies, plans for coopera- tive action on the economic front, in international finance and trade, were discussed with much fervour and hope.
    [Show full text]
  • Egypt in Transition the Third Republic
    Egypt in Transition The Third Republic BY M. CHERIF BASSIOUNI n January 25, 2011, the Egyptian people took to the streets and in 18 days were able to bring down the 30-year corrupt dictatorial regime of Hosni Mubarak, using entirely Opeaceful means. That revolution set the Arab Republic of Egypt on a hopeful path to democracy. After Mubarak resigned, the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) became the custodian of the transition. In June of 2012, in Egypt’s first free and fair presidential election, Muslim Brotherhood candidate Mohammed Morsi was elected President. Slightly more than 50 percent of registered voters actually voted, and those voters gave Morsi a majority of just less than 52 percent. Having won by this slim margin, Morsi was sworn in as President on June 30, 2012, and thus the Second Republic came to be.1 He was removed by the military on July 3, 2013 and a temporary President, Adly Mansour, was appointed on July 4, 2013. Thus began the Third Republic. The Second Republic Five months later, Morsi declared his decisions beyond judicial review, and thus his authority unchallengeable. In December, 2012, he pushed a pro-Islamist constitution through a popular referendum; it passed but with less than 30 percent of the popular vote. There was no constitu- tional way to recall, impeach, or remove Morsi. The path to democracy was taking a turn towards theocratic autocracy. The serving People’s Assembly (Majliss al-Sha‘ab) had been elected under a law later declared unconstitutional. Over 60 percent of the members of the new parliament were Muslim Brotherhood (MB) and Salafists.
    [Show full text]
  • Egypt State of Environment Report 2008
    Egypt State of Environment Report Egypt State of Environment Report 2008 1 Egypt State of Environment Report 2 Egypt State of Environment Report Acknowledgment I would like to extend my thanks and appreciation to all who contributed in producing this report whether from the Ministry,s staff, other ministries, institutions or experts who contributed to the preparation of various parts of this report as well as their distinguished efforts to finalize it. Particular thanks go to Prof. Dr Mustafa Kamal Tolba, president of the International Center for Environment and Development; Whom EEAA Board of Directors is honored with his membership; as well as for his valuable recommendations and supervision in the development of this report . May God be our Guide,,, Minister of State for Environmental Affairs Eng. Maged George Elias 7 Egypt State of Environment Report 8 Egypt State of Environment Report Foreword It gives me great pleasure to foreword State of Environment Report -2008 of the Arab Republic of Egypt, which is issued for the fifth year successively as a significant step of the political environmental commitment of Government of Egypt “GoE”. This comes in the framework of law no.4 /1994 on Environment and its amendment law no.9/2009, which stipulates in its Chapter Two on developing an annual State of Environment Report to be submitted to the president of the Republic and the Cabinet with a copy lodged in the People’s Assembly ; as well as keenness of Egypt’s political leadership to integrate environmental dimension in all fields to achieve sustainable development , which springs from its belief that protecting the environment has become a necessary requirement to protect People’s health and increased production through the optimum utilization of resources .
    [Show full text]
  • New Central Banks, July 1964
    FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF NEW YORK 133 New Central Banks * The Central Sixteen new central banks have opened their doors since as the Equatorial African central bank.) the States of West Africa serves Dahomey, Ivory the beginning of 1959—the Central Bank of the States of Bank of Africa and of Cameroon, the Central Bank of Coast, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Togo, and Upper Equatorial Afri- the States of West Africa, the Bank of Morocco, and the Volta. (This bank, which will here be termed West served Mali until Both of Central Bank of Nigeria in 1959; the Bank of Sudan, the can central bank, also 1962.) Bank of the of Guinea, and the Somali National these institutions were organized under French auspices Republic After Bank in 1960;the Bank of Jamaica, the Malagasy Bank of before the independence of the countries concerned. these countries Issue, and the Bank of the Republic of Mali in 1962; the becoming independent in 1960-61, signed with France 1960-62) under which all Central Bank of Algeria and the Central Bank of Cyprus agreements (during in the Bank of the National Bank of (except Mali) have continued to use the facilities of the 1963; Lebanon, and Rwanda, the Bank of the Kingdom of Burundi, and the existing central banks, whose organization power National Bank of the Congo (Leopoidville) in 1964. The have been considerably modifiedto conform to the changed central banks of Morocco, Nigeria, Sudan, andGuinea were situation. the twelve new described in a previous article in this Review:' the other All but two of the countries served by twelve newcentral banks willbe discussedhere.2 central banks had a monetary authority or currency board the The Central Bank of the States of Equatorial Africa prior to the establishment of the new banks; excep- and where and of Cameroon serves the newly independent states of tions were the Malagasy Republic Lebanon, been held Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, Congo the note-issuing privilege had in each case by a banks retain (Brazzaville), and Gabon.
    [Show full text]
  • Conflict Analysis of Egypt
    Helpdesk Report Conflict analysis of Egypt Anna Louise Strachan 27. 02. 2017 Question What does the literature indicate about the current conflict dynamics in Egypt (excluding the Sinai Peninsula1), including key actors, proximate and structural causes, dynamics and triggers, and opportunities for peace and institutional resilience? Contents 1. Overview 2. Conflict dynamics and triggers 3. Key actors 4. Proximate causes of conflict 5. Structural causes of conflict 6. External pressures 7. Opportunities for peace and institutional resilience 8. References 1. Overview In 2011 Egypt experienced mass protests culminating in the fall of long serving president, Hosni Mubarak. The country’s first democratically elected President, the Muslim Brotherhood’s Mohamed Morsi’s, time in power was short-lived. He was deposed by Egypt’s military on 3 July 2013, following anti-government demonstrations (Tobin et al, 2015, p. 31). Abdul Fatah el-Sisi, former head of the armed forces, was elected in June 2014 (Tobin et al, 2015, p. 31). Sisi’s presidency has seen a return to military rule. There has also been a rise in the number of terrorist attacks in Egypt since he came to power in 2014. 1 For a conflict analysis of the Sinai Peninsula see Idris, I. (2017). Conflict analysis of Sinai (K4D Helpdesk Research Report). Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies.. The K4D helpdesk service provides brief summaries of current research, evidence, and lessons learned. Helpdesk reports are not rigorous or systematic reviews; they are intended to provide an introduction to the most important evidence related to a research question. They draw on a rapid desk-based review of published literature and consultation with subject specialists.
    [Show full text]
  • Egypt's Finances and Foreign Campaigns, 1810-1840. by 1 Ali A
    Egypt's Finances and Foreign Campaigns, 1810-1840. by 1 Ali A. Soliman, Visiting Professor, Cairo University0F , and M. Mabrouk Kotb, Assoc. Professor, Fayoum University, Egypt. I. Introduction: In May 1805 Egypt selected for the first time in its long history a ruler of its own choice. "Muhammad Ali Pasha" was chosen by the Cairo intellectuals (Ulemas) and community leaders to rule them after a long period of turmoil following the departure of the French forces who tried to subjugate Egypt, 1798-1801. The expulsion of the French from Egypt was the result of three supporting forces, the Ottomans who had ruled Egypt since 1517, the British, who would not allow the French to threaten their route to India, and the Egyptian nationals who staged two costly revolts which made the continuation of French presence untenable. Although "Muhammad Ali" had served in the Ottoman army which was sent to regain Egypt, he was willing to accept the peoples' mandate to rule them fairly and according to their wishes (Al- Jabbarti, 1867) and (Dodwell, 1931). Such an accord was not accepted by the Ottomans, and the British alike. The first tried to remove him to another post after one year of his rule. Again, popular support and the right amount of bribes to the Sultan and his entourage assured his continuation as "Waly" (viceroy) of Egypt. A year later, the British sent an occupying force under "Frasier" that was defeated, a short distance of its landing in Alexandria, near Rosetta (1807). For most of the years of his long reign, 1805- 1848, "Muhammad Ali Pasha" (we shall refer to him also as the Pasha) had to engage in five major wars to solidify his position as a ruler of Egypt.
    [Show full text]