Chemical Decomposition of Silanes for the Production of Solar Grade Silicon

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Chemical Decomposition of Silanes for the Production of Solar Grade Silicon UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS DE TELECOMUNICACIÓN TESIS DOCTORAL CHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION OF SILANES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SOLAR GRADE SILICON Gonzalo del Coso Sánchez Ingeniero Industrial 2010 UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID Instituto de Energía Solar Departamento de Electrónica Física Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación TESIS DOCTORAL DESCOMPOSICIÓN QUÍMICA DE SILANOS PARA LA OBTENCIÓN DE SILICIO DE CALIDAD SOLAR AUTOR: Gonzalo del Coso Sánchez Ingeniero Industrial DIRECTORES: Antonio Luque López Doctor Ingeniero de Telecomunicación Carlos del Cañizo Nadal Doctor Ingeniero de Telecomunicación 2010 Tribunal nombrado por el Magfco. Y Excmo. Sr. Rector de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. PRESIDENTE: VOCALES: SECRETARIO: SUPLENTES: Realizado el acto de defensa y lectura de la Tesis en Madrid, el día ___ de _____ de 200__ . Calificación: EL PRESIDENTE LOS VOCALES EL SECRETARIO A Dacil, mi vida. A Garo´e,mi cachito. No te quedes inm´ovil al borde del camino no congeles el j´ubilo no quieras con desgana no te salves ahora ni nunca no te salves no te llenes de calma no reserves del mundo s´oloun rinc´ontranquilo no dejes caer los p´arpados pesados como juicios no te quedes sin labios no te duermas sin sue~no no te pienses sin sangre no te juzgues sin tiempo pero si pese a todo no puedes evitarlo y congelas el j´ubilo y quieres con desgana y te salvas ahora y te llenas de calma y reservas del mundo s´oloun rinc´ontranquilo y dejas caer los p´arpados pesados como juicios y te secas sin labios y te duermes sin sue~no y te piensas sin sangre y te juzgas sin tiempo y te quedas inm´ovil al borde del camino y te salvas entonces no te quedes conmigo. No te salves MARIO BENEDETTI Agradecimientos Yo hoy no ser´ıalo que soy, ni estar´ıadonde estoy, sin ti, Dacil. Eres el sol que ilumina mi vida. Y lo peor de todo, es que no s´esi lo sabes. Me has protegido y apoyado durante todo este proceso, y seguramente he tratado m´asy mejor a la tesis que a ti. Estoy en deuda contigo, Dacil. Te agradezco enormemente que seas mi hogar y mi felicidad. Y que me aguantes. Durante la tesis me has acompa~nadoen estancias y congresos: hemos perdido dinero en Las Vegas (de acuerdo, lo perd´ıyo), hemos pasado fr´ıoen Yosemite (tambi´en por mi culpa) y por poco somos comidos por los osos. Hemos visitado mecas del cine, universidades de pel´ıcula,fiordos y dem´as.Dicen que la tesis es dura, pero a tu lado todo ha sido muy sencillo. De mi hija, Garo´e,he aprendido mucho en este a~noy pico de vida que tiene. La lecci´on m´asimportante: ten paciencia, pap´a.A la vida hay que ponerle una sonrisa e ilusi´on.La quiero mucho m´asde lo que puedo expresar. A mi madre y a mi padre les agradezco lo mucho que me han ense~nadode la vida. Hicieron cosas hace 30 a~nosque no se generalizar´anen Espa~nahasta dentro de 40. As´ı son ellos, un modelo para nosotros sus hijos. A Carlos, el director de mi tesis, siempre lo recordar´econ extraordinario cari~no.Ha sacado lo mejor de m´ıhasta el ´ultimod´ıa. Yo siempre he pensado que tiene madera de gestor. Es una buena persona, justo, inteligente y leal. Te deseo lo mejor, Carlos, y espero que sigamos en contacto. A Luque, sin ´elyo no hubiera venido al IES, ni hubiera cre´ıdotanto, ni me hubiera esforzado tanto. A su lado yo no encuentro el desaliento. A todo el IES, y aqu´ıtermino. He pasado los cinco a~nosm´asbonitos de mi vida. Me voy y no quiero regodearme. Me voy y me llevo a todos en mi coraz´on. RESUMEN Esta Tesis Doctoral se centra en la reducci´ondel coste y del consumo de energ´ıadurante el proceso de producci´onde silicio ultrapuro, el tambi´enllamado polisilicio. Estas reducciones ayudan a la tecnolog´ıa fotovoltaica basada en silicio a alcanzar dos de sus principales objetivos para establecerse como una tecnolog´ıa viable: bajos costes de producci´ony bajos tiempos de recuperaci´onde la energ´ıa. Se ha definido una tecnolog´ıafotovoltaica, basada en silicio cristalino, y se han presen- tado sus costes de producci´on. Este an´alisispermite estimar el impacto de la reducci´on de costes de la materia prima, el polisilicio, en el producto final, el modulo fotovoltaico. Tambi´en,mediante dicho an´alisisse ha podido estudiar el impacto sobre el coste del m´odulo de las dos principales v´ıaspara producir polisilicio: la v´ıaqu´ımica,con altos costes y altas calidades, y la v´ıametal´urgica, con menores costes y menores calidades. Este ejercicio de an´alisismuestra que la calidad de la materia prima (evaluada como la eficiencia de c´elula)es un inductor de coste muy importante. Como consequencia, esta Tesis Doctoral se centra en la v´ıaqu´ımica,capaz de producir polisilicio de mayor calidad, proponiendo alternativas y mejoras en el proceso para disminuir los costes de producci´ony el consumo energ´etico. El an´alisiste´oricodel dep´ositode polisilicio en un reactor de dep´ositoqu´ımicoen fase vapor (CVD), presentado en esta memoria, comprende: (a) el estudio de las condiciones ´optimasde dep´ositomediante la teor´ıa fluido-mec´anica; (b) el estudio de la radiaci´on t´ermicade las varillas calientes de silicio por medio de la teor´ıade transferencia de calor por radiaci´on;y (c) el estudio del calentamiento el´ectricode las varillas de silicio mediante la teor´ıaelectromagn´etica. Se ha presentado un modelo fluido-mec´aniconovedoso que propone expresiones anal´ıti- cas para la tasa de crecimento de polisilicio sobre las varillas de silicio y para las p´erdidas energ´eticaspor convecci´on.La condiciones ´optimasde dep´osito,basadas en el criterio de minimizaci´ondel consumo energ´etico,se han obtenido del modelo. La transferencia de calor por radiaci´ondentro del reactor CVD se ha analizado en detalle para tres configuraciones que son estado del arte: 36 varillas organizadas en 3 anillos, 48 varillas organizadas en 4 anillos y 60 varillas organizadas en 4 anillos. Se han propuesto alternativas para disminuir las p´erdidasenerg´eticaspor radiaci´on:aumentar la capacidad de los reactores, mejorar la reflectividad de la pared del reactor e introducir escudos t´ermicosdentro del reactor. Resumen Un inductor importante para la reducci´ondel consumo energ´eticoes el di´ametro m´aximode la varilla cuando se para el proceso. La principal limitaci´onpara aumentar dicho di´ametrom´aximoes el riesgo de que se funda el centro de la varilla. El modelo para el calentamiento el´ectricode las varillas, presentado en esta memoria, permite conocer el perfil de temperatura dentro de la varilla de silicio, deduciendo el di´ametrode varilla l´ımite, en el cual el centro de la varilla se funde. Se han propuesto en esta Tesis Doctoral dos alternativas para incrementar el di´ametrom´aximomediante la homogenizaci´ondel perfil de temperaturas: incrementar la reflectividad de la pared, introducir escudos t´ermicosy utilizar fuentes de corriente de alta frecuencia para calentar las varillas de silicio. Se ha propuesto un proceso de dep´osticocompleto, basado en las aproximaciones te´oricaspresentadas en esta Tesis y caracterizado por el bajo consumo energ´etico. Se han detallado las condiciones de dep´ositoy las condiciones el´ectricas,tensi´ony corriente, para calentar las varillas en un reactor CVD de 36 varillas. El an´alisiste´oricose ha equilibrado con trabajo experimental, usando tanto triclorosi- lano como silano como gases precursores. El trabajo experimental ha mostrado las di- ficultades para trabajar en la condiciones ´optimasde trabajo, ya que pueden originarse dendritas. Tambi´enel car´actercorrosivo del triclorosilano se ha puesto de manifiesto du- rante la operaci´onde reactor de dep´osito a escala de laboratorio, dise~nado, desarrollado y construido en el Instituto de Energ´ıaSolar. ii ABSTRACT This Doctoral Thesis comprises research on the reduction of cost and energy con- sumption of the production of ultrapurified silicon, so-called polysilicon. These respective reductions are essential to achieving two wider objectives for silicon based photovoltaic technology: low production cost and low energy payback time. A crystalline silicon photovoltaic module technology is defined and its production costs are presented. This allows cost and energy reduction measures to be compared and valued with regard to their impact on the final product. It further permits a cost-per-kilowatt comparison of the two main polysilicon production routes: the chemical route, with high quality and high cost; and the metallurgical route, with lower quality and lower cost. This costing exercise shows the quality of polysilicon (evaluated as the cell efficiency) to be an important driver for module cost-per-kilowatt reduction. Consequently, the presented research focuses on the high-quality chemical route. The presented theoretical analysis of polysilicon deposition in a CVD reactor consists in: (a) the study of the optimum deposition conditions by means of fluid mechanical theory; (b) the study of the thermal radiation of the hot silicon rods by means of thermal radiation heat transfer theory; and (c) the study of the electric heating of the silicon rod by means of electromagnetic theory. A novel fluid mechanical model is presented that proposes analytical expressions for the growth rate of polysilicon onto the silicon rods and for the energy loss by convection. The optimum deposition conditions, which reduce energy consumption, are derived from the model. The thermal radiation heat transfer within the CVD reactor is studied in detail for three state-of-the-art configurations: 36 rods arranged in 3 rings, 48 rods arranged in 3 rings and 60 rods arranged in 4 rings.
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