Colonialism and After: a Study of Select Fictional Echoes from India and Africa Thesis
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
COLONIALISM AND AFTER: A STUDY OF SELECT FICTIONAL ECHOES FROM INDIA AND AFRICA THESIS Submitted to GOA UNIVERSITY For the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English by Dattaguru Gopal Joshi Under the guidance of Dr. (Mrs.) Kiran J. Budkuley, Professor and Head, Department of English, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa. India- 403 206 November, 2016. 1 CERTIFICATE As required under the University Ordinance, OB-9.9(viii), I hereby certify that the thesis entitled, Colonialism and After: A Study of Select Fictional Echoes from India and Africa, submitted by Mr. Dattaguru Gopal Joshi for the Award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English has been completed under my guidance. The thesis is the record of the research work conducted by the candidate during the period of his study and has not previously formed the basis for the award of any Degree, Diploma, Associateship, Fellowship or other similar titles to him by this or any other university. Dr. (Mrs.) K. J. Budkuley, Research Guide, Professor and Head, Department of English, Goa University. Date: i 2 DECLARATION As required under the University Ordinance, OB-9.9(v), I hereby certify that the thesis entitled, Colonialism and After: A Study of Select Fictional Echoes from India and Africa, is the outcome of my own research undertaken under the guidance of Dr. (Mrs.) K. J. Budkuley, Professor and Head, Department of English, Goa University. All the sources used in the course of this work have been duly acknowledged in the thesis. This work has not previously formed the basis of any award of Degree, Diploma, Associateship, Fellowship or other similar titles to me, by this or any other University. Dattaguru Gopal Joshi Research Scholar, Department of English, Goa University. Taleigao Plateau, Goa. Date: ii 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It is my humble duty to thank all those who have directly or indirectly helped me during this research. My sincere thanks to my research guide Dr.(Mrs.) Kiran J. Budkuley, Professor and Head, Department of English, Goa University, who made me see this day with her strict, motivating and affectionate approach. Frankly, the deepest gratitude is beyond words. My sincere thanks to all my teachers at the Department of English, Goa University. This includes, Prof. K. S. Bhat, Prof. Nina Caldeira, Dr. A. R. Fernandes, Dr. Anjali Chaube and also Dr. Isabel de Santa Rita Vas for their constant encouragement. I am also grateful to Dr. Prakash Paryekar, Head, Department of Konkani for his assistance from time to time. Also my sincere thanks to the administrative staff of the English Department, particularly, Mrs. Nutan Mohite, Mrs. Felcy Cardoso and Mr. Santosh Halankar. I thank my fellow research scholars Ms. Glenis Mendonca, Ms. Svetlana Fernandes and Ms. Palia Gaonkar for their continuous inspiration and valuable support. My sincere thanks to all my colleagues at Gogate-Walke College, Banda, especially the Principal Dr. S. B. Sawant, the President of Shikshan Prasarak Mandal, Shri Umesh Phatarphod and ex-president of SPM Dr. B. B. Gaitonde. The two important companions in this endeavour, who went through equal hardships, were my wife Gauri and son Atreya. They have been a continuous source of unconditional inspiration. I am very grateful to my parents, who have always been there with me through their words and blessings. My sincere and humble gratitude to the Almighty for the blessings and motivation without which this would not have been possible. Dattaguru Gopal Joshi Research Scholar, Department of English, Goa University. Date Taleigao Plateau, Goa. iii 4 CHAPTER ONE: Introduction Sr.No Contents Page No. 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Aims, objective and hypothesis of this study 2 1.3 Scope and range of study 3 1.4 Delimitation 4 1.5 Methodology adopted 4 1.6 Interest in Study 4 1.7 Primary Texts 5 1.7.1 Raja Rao‟s Kanthapura 6 1.7.2 Mahabaleshwar Sail‟s Yug Sanvar 7 1.7.3 Margaret Mascarenhas‟ Skin 8 1.7.4 Chinua Achebe‟s Things Fall Apart 9 1.7.5 Alan Paton‟s Cry, the Beloved Country 10 1.7.6 Ngugi Wa Thiongo‟s Petals of Blood 11 1.8 Historical context(s) of study 12 1.8.1 Yug Sanvar and Skin and the History of Goa 13 1.8.2 Things fall Apart History of Nigeria 16 1.8.3 Kanthapura and the Indian history 17 1.8.4 Cry The Beloved Country and the South African history 19 1.8.5 Petals of Blood and the Kenyan history 21 1.9 Role of Religion in India and Africa 23 1.9.1.1 Religious Conversion in Goa 24 1.9.1.2 Inquisition 25 1.9.1.3 An earlier example: the Spanish Inquisition 26 1.9.1.4 The Portuguese Inquisition 27 1.9.1.5 Inquisition in Goa in India 27 1.9.2 The Traditional African Religion 28 1.10 Focus of study 30 1.11 Literary Survey 31 1.12 Brief chapter outline 35 1.13 Conclusion 36 5 iv CHAPTER TWO: Colonialism: Notion, Analysis and Manifestation vis-a-vis India and Africa Sr.No Contents Page No 2.1 Introduction 38 2.1.1 Colonialism and Imperialism 40 2.2 Types of colonies 41 2.2.1 Settler Colonies 41 2.2.2 Dependencies 41 2.2.3 Plantation Colonies 42 2.2.4 Trading Posts 42 2.3 Exploration and Exploitation as twin planks of colonisation 42 2.3.1 The Driving forces behind Imperialism/Colonisation 44 2.3.1.1 Ideological props of Colonialism 45 2.3.1.2 Industrial Revolution: Its contextual and functional role 46 2.4 Expansion under Colonisation 47 2.4.1 Colonisation: Case of the erstwhile British India 48 2.4.1.1 Goa:Portuguese Colonialism and Religious conversion 49 2.4.2 Colonisation in Africa 50 2.5 Colonialism through theoretical prisms 52 2.5.1 Orientalism 54 2.5.2 Nativism 55 2.5.3 Mimicry and Hybridity 56 2.5.4 Subaltern studies 57 2.5.5 Manichean Allegory 60 2.5.6 Negritude 61 2.5.7 Diaspora 61 2.6 Models of study adopted to analyse colonialism and related issues 63 2.6.1 National or the Regional Model 63 2.6.2 Racial or the Ethnic Model 63 2.6.3 Comparative Model 63 2.6.4 Colonizer and the colonized model 63 6 2.6.5 Hybridity or the syncreticity model 64 2.7 Conclusion 64 v CHAPTER THREE: Before and after colonial encounter: Case of India and Africa (Things Fall Apart, Yug Sanvar, Skin) Sr.No Contents Page No 3.1 Introduction 65 3.1.1 About the novels 70 3.2 Native and „savage‟ vis-à-vis colonisation and „civilization‟ 72 3.3 Religion and religious conversion 74 3.3.1 Christianity in India 76 3.3.2 Goan society at the advent of colonialism 77 3.3.3 The mind-set of the Portuguese: 79 3.3.4 Religious Conversion in the Igbo society 80 3.3.5 The Gods and their place in the indigenous faith tradition 83 3.4 The men, the modes and the methods used for religious conversion 86 3.4.1 The Role of preachers in Things Fall Apart, Yug Sanvar and 86 Skin 3.4.2 Humiliating the indigenous 90 3.4.3 The Nativisation of the Church 91 3.4.4 The positive side of the Missionary activity 92 3.4.5 Denationalization of a community 93 3.5 The community life 94 3.5.1 An individual as a part of the larger society 95 3.5.2 Women characters in the patriarchal set-up 97 3.5.2.1 Expectations of patriarchal society 100 3.5.2.2 Women‟s role as mother 101 3.5.2.3 Place accorded to women characters in the text and context 102 3.5.3 The dehumanizing effects on the weaker section of the 105 community 3.5.3.1 The Caste System in the Indian society 105 7 3.5.3.2 Slavery in Africa 106 3.6 Conclusion 109 vi CHAPTER FOUR: From Colonial Crisis to Post-Colonial Predicaments: Question of Leadership (Kanthapura, Cry the Beloved Country, Petals Of Blood) Sr.No Contents Page No 4.1 Introduction. 114 4.1.1 Reasons that led to rise in Colonial Enterprise. 114 4.1.2 Colonialism and post-colonialism: Range of implications . 115 4.2 Re-visiting the novels 118 4.2.1 Kanthapura as an anticolonial ‘Sthalapurana’. 118 4.2.2 Cry,the Beloved Country and the case of South Africa. 119 4.2.3 Petals of Blood as a critique of Neo-colonialism: 121 4.2.4 A thematic and comparative statement. 122 4.2.4.1 Cry, the Beloved Country and Petals of Blood. 122 4.2.4.2 Kanthapura and Cry, the Beloved Country. 123 4.3 The novels as mirrors of revolution and social change. 123 4.4 Nature of Leadership: Objective and inspiration. 125 4.4.1 Moorthy, the iconic leader in Kanthapura. 127 4.4.2 Emergence of women as potential leaders in Kanthapura. 129 4.4.3 Arthur Jarvis, the leader in absentia in Cry the Beloved 131 Country. 4.4.4 Stephen Kumalo and Msimangu as „Mimic Men‟ turned 134 leaders. 4.4.5 Failed leadership in neo-colonial phase in Petals of Blood 137 4.5 Challenge for Leadership: The broken tribe 138 4.5.1 Cry, the Beloved Country and the fiction of reciprocity 141 4.5.2 Popular leadership and the process of neo-colonisation 142 4.5.3 Afro-pessimism in Cry, the Beloved Country and Petals of 145 Blood: 4.6 Solutions to the problems: 147 8 4.6.1 The Trusteeship Theory: 149 4.6.2 Empathizing and empowering the rural masses 154 4.7 Conclusion 157 vii CHAPTER FIVE: Locale of Engagement and Response: The Sthalapurana and The Sthalamahatmya of Nativity.