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12/15/2014 of - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Persecution of Hindus refers to the inflicted upon Hindus. In modern times, Hindus in the Muslim-majority regions of , , and others have also suffered persecution.

Contents

1 Medieval 1.1 Persecution by Muslim Rulers 1.1.1 By Arabs 1.1.2 Mahmud of Ghazni 1.1.3 Timur's campaign against 1.1.4 Sultanate 1.1.4.1 Firuz Shah Tughlaq 1.1.5 In the Mughal 1.1.6 Haidar and Tipu 1.1.7 In Kashmir 1.2 During European rule of the 1.2.1 1.2.2 British 2 Modern 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 Naokhali Riots 2.1.3 During the era of Nizam state of Hyderabad 2.1.4 Pakistan 2.1.4.1 1971 Bangladesh 2.2 Contemporary persecution 2.2.1 Persecution by Buddhists 2.2.1.1 Bhutan 2.2.2 South 2.2.2.1 Republic of India 2.2.2.1.1 and Kashmir 2.2.2.1.2 2.2.2.1.3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus 2.2.2.1.4 1/33 12/15/2014 Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 2.2.2.1.4 Kerala 2.2.2.2 Bangladesh 2.2.2.3 Pakistan 2.2.2.3.1 curriculum issues 2.2.2.3.2 Forced conversions 2.2.2.3.3 Temple Destruction 2.2.2.3.4 due to the rise of 2.2.2.4 Afghanistan 2.2.2.5 2.2.3 In other countries 2.2.3.1 Germany 2.2.3.2 Italy 2.2.3.3 Kazakhstan 2.2.3.4 2.2.3.5 Saudi Arabia 2.2.3.6 2.2.3.7 Trinidad & Tobago 2.2.3.8 South Africa 2.2.3.9 United States 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links

Medieval

Persecution by Muslim Rulers

By Arabs

Muslim conquest of the Indian subcontinent began during the early 8th century, when the Umayyad of Damascus, Hajjaj responded to a casus belli provided by the kidnapping of Muslim women and treasures by pirates off the coast of Debal,[1] by mobilising an expedition of 6,000 cavalry under bin-Qasim in 712 CE. Records from the campaign recorded in the Chach Nama record temple demolitions, and mass executions of resisting Sindhi forces and the enslavement of their dependents. This action was particularly extensive in Debal, of which Qasim is reported to have been under orders to make an example of while freeing both the captured women and the prisoners of a previous failed expedition. Bin Qasim then enlisted the support of the local Jat, Meds and Bhutto tribes and began the process of subduing and conquering the countryside. The capture of towns was also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus 2/33 12/15/2014 Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia usually accomplished by means of a treaty with a party from among his "enemy", who were then extended special privileges and material rewards.[2] However, his superior Hajjaj reportedly objected to his method by saying that it would make him look weak and advocated a more hardline military strategy, saying "Henceforth grant pardon to no one of the enemy and spare none of them, or else all will consider you a weak-minded man."[3]

In a subsequent communication, Hajjaj reiterated that all able-bodied men were to be killed, and that their underage sons and daughters were to be imprisoned and retained as hostages. Qasim obeyed, and on his arrival at the town of Brahminabad massacred between 6,000 and 16,000 of the defending forces.[4] The historian, Upendra records the persecution of Hindus and Buddhists:

When Muhammad Kasim invaded Sind in 711 AD, had no resistance to offer to their fire and steel. The rosary could not be a match for the sword and the terms Love and Peace had no meaning to them. They carried fire and sword wherever they went and obliterated all that came their way. Muhammad triumphantly marched into the country, conquering Debal, Sehwan, Nerun, Brahmanadabad, Alor and Multan one after the other in quick succession, and in less than a year and a half, the far-flung Hindu kingdom was crushed, the great civilization fell back and Sind entered the darkest period of its history. There was a fearful outbreak of religious bigotry in several places and temples were wantonly desecrated. At Debal, the Nairun and Aror temples were demolished and converted into .[Resistors] were put to death and women made captives. The was exacted with special care.[Hindus] were required to feed Muslim travellers for three days and three nights.[5]

Other historians and archaeologists such as J E Lohuizen-de Leeuw, take the following stance regarding events preceding the sack of Debal:

In fact, we have clear evidence that the Arabs were very tolerant towards both Buddhists and Hindus during the rest of the campaign and throughout the time they ruled Sind...Of course that does not mean that no monuments were ever destroyed, for war always means a certain amount of damage to buildings but it does prove that there was no wanton and systematic destruction of each and every religious center of the Buddhists and Hindus in Sind.[6]

In 725 CE Junayad, the Arab governor of Sind, sent his armies to destroy the temple of Somnath.[7] The Gurjara Pratihara king Nagabhata II rebuilt the temple in 815, a large structure of red sandstone.

Mahmud of Ghazni

Mahmud of Ghazni, Sultan of the Ghaznavid empire, invaded the Indian subcontinent during the early 11th century. His campaigns across the gangetic plains are often cited for their iconoclast plundering and destruction of temples.

According to military historian Victoria Schofield, Sabuktagin, the Turkish ruler of Ghazni and father of Mahmud, "set as his goal the expulsion of the Hindus from the Kabul valley and Gandhara (Khandar), as the vale of Peshwar was still called. His son and successor, the Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, continued his work, carrying the holy war against the Hindus into India."[8] Till the year 980 CE, this area of Ghandhara was under Hindus until Sabuktagin http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus 3/33 12/15/2014 Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia from Ghazni invaded it and displaced its last Hindu Shahi king Jaya Pala.[9] Shahi was an important kingdom in Northwest India at that time. According to some sources (like Ibn Batuta[10]) the name of Kush mountains of the region means "Hindu kill"[9][11] probably because raiders would capture Hindu slaves from the plains and take them away but they would die of cold in the mountains.[12][13]

Mahmud of Ghazni sacked the second in 1026, and looted it of gems and precious stones and the famous of the temple was destroyed .[14] Following the defeat of the Confederacy, after deciding to retaliate for their combined resistance, Mahmud had then set out on regular expeditions against them, leaving the conquered kingdoms in the hands of Hindu vassals annexing only the Punjab region.[15] By 1665, the temple, one of many, was once again ordered destroyed by Mughal Emperor .[16]

Mahmud utterly ruined the prosperity of the country, and performed there wonderful exploits, by which the Hindus became like atoms of dust scattered in all directions, and Somanatha Temple , Gujarat, from the like a tale of old in the mouth of the people.[17] Archaeological Survey of India, taken by D.H. Sykes in c.1869

Alberuni, a historian who accompanied Mahmud of Ghazni, described the conquests in North by stating that Mahmud impoverished the region and that the civilisation of the scattered Hindus declined and retreated from the North West.[18]

This is the reason, too, why Hindu sciences have retired far away from those parts of the country conquered by us, and have fled to places which our hand cannot yet reach, to Kashmir, Benares, and other places.[17]

Holt et al. hold an opposing view, that he was "no mere robber or bloody thirsty tyrant" . Mahmud shed no blood "except in the exigencies of war",[15] and was tolerant in dealings with his own Hindu subjects, some of whom rose to high posts in his administration, such as his Hindu General Tilak[15]

Timur's campaign against India

Timur began a trek starting in 1397 to invade the territory of the reigning Sultan Nasir-u Din Mehmud of the Tughlaq in the north Indian city of Delhi. He crossed the Indus River at on 24 September. The capture of towns and villages was often followed by the of their inhabitants and the raping of their women, as well as pillaging to support his massive army.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus 4/33 12/15/2014 Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Timur's invasion did not go unopposed and he did meet some resistance during his march to Delhi, most notably by the Sarv Khap coalition in northern India, and the Governor of . Although impressed and momentarily stalled by the valour of Ilyaas Awan, Timur was able to continue his relentless approach to Delhi, arriving in 1398 to combat the armies of Sultan Mehmud, already weakened by an internal battle for ascension within the royal family. The Sultan's army was easily defeated on 17 December 1398. Timur entered Delhi and the city was sacked, destroyed, and left in ruins. Before the battle for Delhi, Timur executed more than 100,000 captives.

During the ransacking of Delhi, almost all inhabitants not killed were captured and enslaved. Timur left Delhi in approximately January 1399. In April he had returned to his own capital beyond the Oxus (Amu Darya). Immense quantities of spoils were taken from India. According to Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo, 90 captured elephants were employed merely to carry precious stones looted from his conquest, so as to erect a at Samarkand – what historians today believe is the enormous Bibi-Khanym Mosque. Ironically, the mosque was constructed too quickly and suffered greatly from disrepair within a few decades of its construction.

When Timur invaded India in 1398-99, collection of slaves formed an important object for his army. 100,000 Hindu slaves had been seized by his soldiers and camp followers. Even a pious saint had gathered together fifteen slaves. Regretably, all had to be slaughtered before the attack on Delhi for fear that they might rebel. But after the occupation of Delhi the inhabitants were brought out and distributed as slaves among Timur's nobles, the captives including several thousand artisans and professional people.[19]

Delhi Sultanate

Firuz Shah Tughlaq

Firuz Shah Tughluq was the third ruler of the of the . The "Tarikh-i-Firuz Shah" is a historical record written during his reign that attests to the systematic persecution of Hindus under his rule.[20] In particular, it records atrocities committed against Hindu priests who refused to convert to :

An order was accordingly given to the and was brought before Sultan. The true faith was declared to the Brahman and the right course pointed out. but he refused to accept it. A pile was risen on which the Kaffir with his hands and legs tied was thrown into and the wooden tablet on the top. The pile was lit at two places his head and his feet. The fire first reached him in the feet and drew from him a cry and then fire completely enveloped him. Behold Sultan for his strict adherence to law and rectitude.[20]

Under his rule, Hindus who were forced to pay the mandatory Jizya tax were recorded as infidels, their communities monitored and, if they violated Imperial ordinances and built temples, they were destroyed. In particular, an incident in the village of Gohana in was recorded in the "Insha-i-Mahry" (another historical record written by Amud Din Abdullah bin Mahru) where Hindus had erected a and were arrested, brought to the palace and executed en-masse.[20]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus 5/33 12/15/2014 Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In 1230, the Hindu King of Anangabhima III consolidated his rule and proclaimed that an attack on Odisha constituted an attack on the king's god. A sign of Anangabhima's determination to protect Hindu culture is the fact that he named is new capital in Cuttack "Abhinava ." His anxieties about further Muslim advances in Odisha proved to be well founded.

In the

The Kesava Deo temple in , marked the place that Hindus believe was the birthplace of Shri .[21] In 1661 Aurangzeb ordered the demolition of the temple, and constructed the Katra Masjid mosque. Traces of the ancient can be seen from the back of the mosque. Aurangzeb also destroyed what was the most famous temple in Varanasi- the Vishwanath Temple.[21] The temple had changed its location over the years, but in 1585 Akbar had authorised its location at Gyan Vapi. Aurangzeb ordered its demolition in 1669 and constructed a mosque on the site, whose minarets stand 71 metres above the . Traces of the old temple can be seen behind the mosque. Centuries later, emotional debate about these wanton acts of cultural continues. Aurangzeb also destroyed the Somnath temple in 1706.[21]

Hindu nationalists claim that Mughals destroyed the Ram Mandir in , located at the birthplace of , and built the on the holy site, which has since been a source of tension between the Hindu and Muslim communities. Following an archaeological survey the High Court ruled in 2010 that the 2,400 square feet (220 m2) disputed land in Ayodhya, on which the Babri Masjid stood before it was demolished on 6 December 1992, will be divided into three parts: the site of the Ramlala idol to Lord Ram, Sunni Wakf Board gets one third and Nirmohi gets Rasoi and Ram Chabutara.[22]

Writer Fernand Braudel wrote in A History of Civilizations (Penguin 1988/1963, p. 232–236), Islamic rule in India as a "colonial experiment" was "extremely violent", and "the could not rule the country except by systematic terror. Cruelty was the norm – burnings, summary executions, crucifixions or impalements, inventive . Hindu temples were destroyed to make way for mosques. On occasion there were forced conversions. If ever there were an uprising, it was instantly and savagely repressed: houses were burned, the countryside was laid waste, men were slaughtered and women were taken as slaves."

Haidar Ali and

There are historians who state that Tippu Sultan was a religious persecutor of Hindus.[24][25] C. K. Kareem also notes that Tippu Sultan issued an edict for the destruction of Hindu temples in Kerala.[26] Hindu groups revile Tipu Sultan as a bigot who massacred Hindus.[27] He was known to carry out forced conversions of Hindus and .[28]

Tipu got Runmust Khan, the of Kurool, to launch a surprise attack upon the Kodava Hindus (also called Coorgs or Coorgis) who were besieged by the invading Muslim army. 500 were killed and over 40,000 Kodavas fled to the woods and concealed themselves in the mountains.[29] Thousands of Kodava Hindus were seized along with the and held captive at (). They were also subjected to forcible conversions to Islam, death, and .[30]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus 6/33 12/15/2014 Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In Seringapatam, the young men who were forcibly circumcised were incorporated into the Ahmedy Corps, and they formed eight Risalas or regiments.[29] The actual number of Kodavas that were captured in the operation is unclear. The British administrator gives it as 70,000, Historian Lewis Rice arrives at the figure of 85,000, while Mir Kirmani's score for the Coorg campaign is 80,000 men, women and child prisoners.[29] In a letter to Runmust Khan, Tipu himself stated:[31]

We proceeded with the utmost speed, and, at once, made prisoners of 40,000 occasion-seeking and sedition-exciting Coorgis, who alarmed at the approach of our victorious army, had slunk into woods, and concealed themselves in lofty mountains, inaccessible even to birds. Then carrying them away from their native country (the native place of sedition) we raised them to the honour of Islam, and incorporated them into our Ahmedy corps.

In 1788, Tipu ordered his governor in Calicut Sher Khan to begin the process of converting Hindus to Islam, and in July of that year, 200 were forcibly converted and made to eat beef.[32] Mohibbul Hasan, Prof. Sheikh Ali, and other historians cast great doubt on the scale of the deportations and forced conversions in Coorg in particular, and Hasan says that the British versions of what happened were intended to malign Tipu Sultan, and to be used as propaganda against him. He argues that little reliance can be placed in Muslim accounts such as Kirmani's Nishan-e Haidari; in their anxiety to represent the Sultan as a champion of Islam, they had a tendency to exaggerate and distort the facts: Kirmani claims that 70,000 Coorgis were converted, when forty years later the entire population of Coorg was still less than that number. An 1868 photograph of the ruins of the Empire at According to Ramchandra Rao Punganuri , now a UNESCO World Heritage Site[23] the true number of converts was about 500.[33]

Tipu sent a letter on 19 January 1790 to the Governor of Bekal, Budruz Zuman Khan. It says:

Don't you know I have achieved a great victory recently in Malabar and over four lakh Hindus were converted to Islam? I am determined to march against that cursed Raman (Rajah of ) very soon. Since I am overjoyed at the prospect of converting him and his subjects to Islam, I have happily abandoned the idea of going back to Srirangapatanam now.[34]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus 7/33 12/15/2014 Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The following is a translation of an inscription on the stone found at Seringapatam, which was situated in a conspicuous place in the fort:[35]

Oh Almighty God! dispose the whole body of infidels! Scatter their tribe, cause their feet to stagger! Overthrow their councils, change their state, destroy their very root! Cause death to be near them, cut off from them the means of sustenance! Shorten their days! Be their bodies the constant object of their cares (i.e., infest them with diseases), deprive their eyes of sight, make black their faces (i.e., bring shame).

He also corresponded with the Shankaracharya – expressing grief and indignation at a raid by bandit horsemen (called Pindari), which killed many and plundered the monastery of its valuable possessions,[36] patronised the Melkote temple (which has gold and silver vessels with inscriptions indicating that they were presented under the Sultan), for which a decree was issued that the Shrivaishnava (Hindu sectary) invocatory verses there should be recited in the traditional form. Tipu Sultan also presented four silver cups to the Lakshmikanta Temple at Kalale[37] and probably presented the Ranganatha temple at Srirangapatana with seven silver cups and a silver camphor burner.[38] Some historians have argued that these acts happened after the Third war, where he had to negotiate on the terms of surrender. They claim that these acts were motivated by a political desire to get the support of his Hindu subjects.

Historian Hayavadana C. Rao wrote about Tippu in his encyclopaedic work on the History of Mysore. He asserted that Tippu's "religious fanaticism and the excesses committed in the name of religion, both in Mysore and in the provinces, stand condemned for all time. His bigotry, indeed, was so great that it precluded all ideas of ". He further asserts that the acts of Tippu that were constructive towards Hindus were largely political and ostentatious rather than an indication of genuine tolerance.[39]

In Kashmir

The Hindu minority in Kashmir has also been historically persecuted by Muslim rulers.[40] While Hindus and Muslims lived in harmony for certain periods of time, several Muslim rulers of Kashmir were intolerant of other religions. Sultãn Sikandar Butshikan of Kashmir (AD 1389–1413) is often considered the worst of these. Historians have recorded many of his atrocities. The Tarikh-i- records that Sikandar persecuted the Hindus and issued orders proscribing the residency of any other than Muslims in Kashmir. He also ordered the breaking of all "golden and silver images". The Tarikh-i-Firishta further states: "Many of the Brahmins, rather than abandon their religion or their country, poisoned themselves; some emigrated from their native homes, while a few escaped the evil of banishment by becoming Mahomedans. After the emigration of the Bramins, Sikundur ordered all the temples in Kashmir to be thrown down. Having broken all the images in Kashmeer, (Sikandar) acquired the title of ‘Destroyer of Idols’".[40]

During European rule of the Indian subcontinent

Goa

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus 8/33 12/15/2014 Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Goa , was established in 1560 by Portuguese in . Aimed primarily at converts who were thought to have returned to their original Hindu or Islamic faith, it is recorded to have executed 57 apostates until its abolition in 1774.[41]

According to Teotónio de Souza the Hindus faced severe persecution with great fortitude under the Portuguese in Goa.[42] Vicar general Miguel Vaz had written to the king of Portugal in 1543 from Goa requesting that the Inquisition be established in Goa as well. Three years later made a similar request in view of the Muslims in the region and the Christians abandoning their faith. On hearing of the excesses of the Inquisition in Goa, Lourenco Pires, Portuguese ambassador at Rome, expressed his St. Francis Xavier who requested the displeasure to while warning that this zeal for religion was Inquisition in 1545 actually becoming a disservice to God and the kingdom. Again according to de Souza, the Inquisition was bad for its victims and led to the downfall of the in the East.[42]

In 1620, an order was passed to prohibit the Hindus from performing their marriage rituals.[43] Charles Dellon experienced first hand the cruelty of the Inquisition's agents.[44] He published a book in 1687 describing his experiences in Goa. L'Inquisition de Goa (The Inquisition of Goa).[44]

British Colonial India

The British Company engaged in a covert and well-financed campaign of evangelical conversions in the . While officially discouraging conversions, officers of the Company routinely converted Sepoys to Christianity, often by force. This was one of the factors that led to the .[45] Modern

While the vast majority of Hindus live in Hindu-majority areas of India, Hindus in other parts of and in the diaspora have sometimes faced persecution.

Partition of India

Before the partition, there was large scale violence against Hindus during the first Partition of . Thousands of Hindus were killed in Muslim dominated portions of Bengal (which geographically also included the present day states of and Orrisa). Close after that arrived spearheaded by Ali brothers in which Hindus of and the province of Bombay(which included the present day Gujrat and Maharashtra in it) were killed, maimed and massacred. The Moplaah rebellion in Kerala got encouragement due to Gandhi ji's support to Khilafat movement. Again, the victims in the so-called rebellion against the British government's inaction against Mustafa Kamal in far away Turkey were Hindu women, men and children who were raped, killed and orphaned in thousands.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus 9/33 12/15/2014 Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Hindus, like Muslims, , and members of other religious groups, experienced severe dislocation and violence during the massive population exchanges associated with the partition of India, as members of various communities moved to what they hoped was the relative safety of an area where they would be a religious majority. Hindus were among the between 200,000 and a million who died during the rioting and other violence associated with the partition.[46]

Direct Action Day

In 1946 the Cabinet Mission to India was planning the transfer of power from the to the Indian leadership. At that time, fearing Hindu domination, the Muslim League's leader Jinnah proposed to divide British India into a Hindu-majority India and a Muslim-majority Pakistan. The rejected this proposal and so the Muslim League planned a hartal (general strike) on 16 August 1946 (called Direct Action Day).[47] Upon the request of Suhrawardy, Muslim League Chief Minister of Bengal, the Governor of Bengal Frederick Burrows declared a public holiday that day.[47][48][49] The Congress and the Hindu Mahasabha in Bengal protested to this; they didn't want to be seen as supporting the hartal. They urged the Hindus to instead keep their shops open and to continue their business as usual on that hartal day.[50] On the afternoon of Direct Action Day Suhrawardy and another speaker Nazimuddin addressed a Muslim rally.[47] As soon as many of the listeners left the meeting they were reported to have started violently attacking the Hindus and looting their shops.[47][49] Later Suhrawardy reportedly tried to get British officials to bring the army in but nothing happened until steps towards an army intervention began in the afternoon of 17 August.[47] The Hindus, supported by Sikhs, in the city of Calcutta retaliated.[51][52] All these events are known as the Great Calcutta killings of 1946.[51]

On 17 August the President of a Textile Workers' Union led a hooligan and his mob (all Muslims) into the compound of a Birla owned Kesoram Cotton Mill. The Mill was looted while the workers, including 300 Oriya speakers, (their religion is disputed) were massacred.[53][54][55] In Calcutta, within 72 hours, more than 4,000 people lost their lives and 100,000 residents in the city of Calcutta were left homeless.[49][56] Some sources claim that between 7000-10000 people were killed, including both Hindus and Muslims.[57] On 21 August Bengal was brought under the Viceroy's rule.[58] British troops entered the place, and the rioting was reduced by 22 August.[59] This sparked off several riots between Muslims and Hindus in Noakhali, Bihar and Punjab that year. There also occurred communal violence in Delhi, Bombay, Punjab and the Northwest Frontier Province.

Naokhali Riots

Around seven weeks after Direct Action Day, violence was directed against the Hindu minority in the villages of Noakhali and Tippera in district in .[60][61] Rioting in the region began in the Ramganj police station area by a mob.[62] The rioting spread to the neighbouring police station areas of Raipur, Lakshmipur, Begumganj and Sandip in Noakhali and Faridganj, Hajiganj, Chandpur, Laksham and Chudagram in Tippera.[62] From 2 October, there were instances of stray killings.[63]

Relief operations took place and Gandhiji visited the place on a peace mission even as threats against the Hindus continued.[64] While claims varied, the official Muslim League Bengal Government estimates of those killed were placed at a conservative 200.[65] According to Suhrawardy 9,895 people were forcibly converted in Tippera

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus 10/33 12/15/2014 Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia alone.[66] Ghulam Sarwar Hossain, a religious leader who belonged to a local political party dominated by Muslims,[67] was the main organiser of the riot.[68] It was said that the local administration had planned the riot and that the police helped Ghulam Sarwar escape arrest.[68] A large number of victims were (a Bengali Hindu Lower ).[69] According to a source quoting from the Archives, in Naokhali 178 Hindus and 42 Muslims were killed while in Tippera 39 Hindus and 26 Muslims were killed.[70] Women were abducted and forced into marriage.[61][70] In retaliation Muslims were massacred in Bihar and in Garhmukteshwara in the United Provinces.[62] These attacks began between 25 and 28 October in the Chhapra and Saran districts of Bihar and then spread to , Munger, Bhagalpur and a large number of scattered villages of Bihar.[62] The official estimates of the dead at that time were 445.[62]

During the era of Nizam state of Hyderabad

Hindus were severely repressed under the autocratic dictatorial rule of the Nizam in . The Hindu majority were denied fundamental rights by the Nizams of Hyderabad state. Hindus were called gaddaar (traitor) by Muslims in the Nizam state of Hyderabad.[71] Many Hindus were murdered, looted and thrown to jail. Construction of temples were declared illegal and Hindu scriptures like , were banned.[72]

Hindus were treated as second class citizens within Hyderabad state and they were severely discriminated against, despite the vast majority of the population being Hindu. The 1941 census estimated the population of Hyderabad to be 16.34 million. Over 85% of the populace were Hindus with Muslims accounting for about 12%. Hyderabad was also a multi-lingual state consisting of peoples speaking Telugu (48.2%), Marathi (26.4%), Kannada (12.3%) and (10.3%). Nonetheless, the number of Hindus in government positions was disproportionately small. Of 1765 officers, 1268 were Muslims, 421 were Hindus, and 121 were "Others" (presumably British Christians, and Sikhs). Of the officials drawing pay between Rs. 600–1200 pm, 59 were Muslims, 38 were "Others", and a mere 5 were Hindus. The Nizam and his nobles, who were mostly Muslims, owned 40% of the total land in the kingdom.[73]

In 1947; Nizam, the ruler of Hyderabad refused to merge his kingdom with India. For the independence of the Islamic state of Hyderabad and to resist Indian integration, All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen, the then dominating political party persecuted Hindus and their 150,000 cadre strong militant wing named Razakars killed a number of Hindus under the leadership of Qasim Rizwi.[74]

Pakistan

There were 8.8 million Hindus in Pakistan in 1951. In 1951, Hindus constituted 22% of the Pakistani population (including present-day Bangladesh);[75][76] Today, the Hindu minority amounts to 1.7 percent of Pakistan's population.[77] Hindu minorities living under the influence of the Taliban in Swat, Pakistan, were forced to wear red headgear such as as a symbol of .[78] In July 2010, around 60 members of the minority Hindus in were attacked and ethnically cleansed following an incident when a Hindu youth drank from a tap near an Islamic mosque.[79][80] The Commission of Pakistan came out with a report in 2010 stating that at least 25 Hindu girls are abducted in Pakistan every month.[81] In January 2014, in an attack on a temple, the guard was gunned down.[82] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus 11/33 12/15/2014 Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

During the 1971 Bangladesh genocide there were widespread killings and acts of of civilians in Bangladesh (then , a province of Pakistan), and widespread violations of human rights were carried out by the Pakistani Army, which was supported by political and religious militias during the Bangladesh Liberation War. In Bangladesh, the atrocities are identified as a genocide. Time magazine reported that "The Hindus, who account for three-fourths of the refugees and a majority of the dead, have borne the brunt of the Muslim military's hatred."[83]

The Bangladesh Liberation War (1971) resulted in one of the largest of the 20th century. While estimates of the number of casualties was 3,000,000, it is reasonably certain that Hindus bore a disproportionate brunt of the 's onslaught against the Bengali population of what was East Pakistan. An article in Time magazine dated 2 August 1971, stated "The Hindus, who account for three-fourths of the refugees and a majority of the dead, have borne the brunt of the Muslim military hatred."[84] Senator Edward Kennedy wrote in a report that was part of United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations testimony dated 1 November 1971, "Hardest hit have been members of the Hindu community who have been robbed of their lands and shops, systematically slaughtered, and in some places, painted with yellow patches marked "H". All of this has been officially sanctioned, ordered and implemented under martial law from ". In the same report, Senator Kennedy reported that 80% of the were Hindus and according to numerous international relief agencies such as UNESCO and World Health Organization the number of East Pakistani refugees at their peak in India was close to 10 million. Given that the Hindu population in East Pakistan was around 11 million in 1971, this suggests that up to 8 million, or more than 70% of the Hindu population had fled the country.The Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist Sydney Schanberg covered the start of the war and wrote extensively on the suffering of the East , including the Hindus both during and after the conflict. In a syndicated column "The Pakistani Slaughter That Nixon Ignored", he wrote about his return to liberated Bangladesh in 1972. "Other reminders were the yellow "H"s the Pakistanis had painted on the homes of Hindus, particular targets of the Muslim army" (by "Muslim army", meaning the Pakistan Army, which had targeted as well), (, 29 April 1994).

Contemporary persecution

Persecution by Buddhists

Bhutan

In 1991–92, Bhutan expelled roughly 100,000 ethnic Nepalis (Lhotshampa), most of whom have been living in seven refugee camps in eastern ever since. The Lhotshampa are generally classified as Hindus.[85] In March 2008, this population began a multiyear resettlement to third countries including the US, Canada, New Zealand, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands and Australia.[86] At present, the United States is working towards resettling more than 60,000 of these refugees in the US as third country settlement programme.[87]

South Asia

Republic of India

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus 12/33 12/15/2014 Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Although the Indian government allows for , its constitution provides special rights to minorities and their places of worship. More over, minority institutes also receive government patronage in form of Exemption from 2005 Amendment to the Article 15, 95% grant-in-aid, College Scholarship to pursue higher education.[88][89][90][91] Some states like , offer reservation in education for Muslims and Christians. The Indian government offers huge subsidies for Muslims towards Haj Pilgrimage. There have been instances where Hindu temples have been damaged by miscreants.[92] The leaders of some political parties have spoken out against what they see as superstitious or barbarous practices followed by certain groups of Hindus.[93]

Jammu and Kashmir

The population living in the Muslim majority region of Jammu and Kashmir has often come under threat from Islamic militants in recent years, in stark contrast to centuries of peace between the two religious communities in the State. Historians have suggested that some of these attacks have been in retaliation for the anti- Muslim violence propagated by the movement during the demolition of the Babri Masjid, and the .[94] This threat has been pronounced during periods of unrest in the , such as in 1989. Along with the Hindus, large sections of the Muslim population have also been attacked, ostensibly for "cooperating" with the Indian state. Some authors have found evidence that these militants had the support of the Pakistani security establishment.[95][96] The incidents of violence included the Wandhama Massacre in 1998, in which 24 Kashmiri Hindus were gunned down by Muslims disguised as Indian soldiers. Many Kashmiri Non- Muslims have been killed and thousands of children orphaned over the course of the conflict in Kashmir. The 2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre was another such incident where 30 Hindu pilgrims were killed en route to the .[97]

Northeast India

In Northeastern India, especially in , Hindus are not able to celebrate and other religious festivals due to and killing by Christian terrorist groups. In ,[98] the NLFT(National Liberation Front of Tripura), has targeted Swamis and temples for attacks. They are known to have forcefully converted Hindus to Christianity.[99][100]

In , members of the primarily Christian Hmar ethnic group have placed bloodstained crosses in temples and forced Hindus to convert at gunpoint.[101]

The 2012 Assam violence arose in the state of Assam between indigenous Bodos and Bengali Muslims due to the high influx of Muslims illegally from Bangladesh.[102] Muslim illegal immigrants in Assam are regularly attacked by indigenous people.[103] As of 8 August 2012, 77 people had died and over 400,000 people were taking shelter in 270 relief camps, after being displaced from almost 400 villages. Eleven people have been reported missing. In retaliation, Muslims mounted attacks on students and workers from the north-east India across various places including , Pune, Andhra Pradesh and . Muslim mobs resorted to large scale violence against media persons, bystanders, shops, vehicles and tourists in several cities including , and Allahabad.[104] 30,000 people from North East India fled after attacks on them by Muslims.[105]

Punjab

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus 13/33 12/15/2014 Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The period of around saw clashes of the Sikh militants with the police, as well as with the Hindu-Nirankari groups resulting in many Hindu deaths. In 1987, 32 Hindus were pulled out of a bus and shot, near Lalru in Punjab by Sikh militants.[106]

Kerala

On 2 May 2003, eight Hindus were killed by a Muslim mob at Marad beack in district, Kerala. One of the attackers was also killed. The judicial commission that probed the incident concluded that members of several political parties were directly involved in planning and executing the killing.[107] The commission affirmed "a clear communal conspiracy, with Muslim fundamentalist and terrorist organisations involved".[107] The courts sentenced 62 Muslims to life imprisonment for committing the massacre in 2009.[108]

Bangladesh

There have been several instances where Hindu refugees from Bangladesh have stated that they were the victims of torture and .[109][110] A US-based human rights organisation, Refugees International, has claimed that religious minorities, especially Hindus, still face discrimination in Bangladesh.[111]

One of the major political parties in Bangladesh, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party, openly calls for 'Talibanisation' of the state.[112][113][114] However, the prospect of actually "Talibanizing" the state is regarded as a remote possibility, since Bangladeshi Islamic society is generally more progressive than the extremist Taliban of Afghanistan. Political scholars conclude that while the Islamization of Bangladesh is real, the country is not on the brink of being Talibanized.[112] In 1971 at the time of the liberation of Bangladesh from East Pakistan, the Hindu population accounted for 15% of the total population. Thirty years on, it is now estimated at just 10.5%.[115] The 'Vested Property Act' previously named the 'Enemy Property Act' has seen up to 40% of Hindu land snatched away forcibly. Hindu temples in Bangladesh have also been vandalised.[116] The United States Congressional Caucus on India has condemned these atrocities.[117]

Bangladeshi feminist 's 1993 novel Lajja deals with the anti-Hindu riots and anti-secular sentiment in Bangladesh in the wake of the destruction of the Babri Masjid in India. The book was banned in Bangladesh, and helped draw international attention to the situation of the Bangladeshi Hindu minority.

In October 2006, the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom published a report titled 'Policy Focus on Bangladesh', which said that since its last election, 'Bangladesh has experienced growing violence by religious extremists, intensifying concerns expressed by the countries religious minorities'. The report further stated that Hindus are particularly vulnerable in a period of rising violence and extremism, whether motivated by religious, political or criminal factors, or some combination. The report noted that Hindus had multiple disadvantages against them in Bangladesh, such as perceptions of with respect to India and religious beliefs that are not tolerated by the politically dominant Islamic Fundamentalists of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party. Violence against Hindus has taken place "in order to encourage them to flee in order to seize their property".The previous reports of the Hindu American Foundation were acknowledged and confirmed by this non-partisan report.[118]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus 14/33 12/15/2014 Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia On 2 November 2006, USCIRF criticised Bangladesh for its continuing persecution of minority Hindus. It also urged the Bush administration to get to ensure protection of religious freedom and minority rights before Bangladesh's next national elections in January 2007.[118]

On 6 February 2010, Sonargaon temple in Narayanganj district of Bangladesh was destroyed by Islamic fanatics. Five people were seriously injured during the attack.[119] Temples were also attacked and destroyed in 2011[120]

In 2013, the International Crimes Tribunal indicted several Jamaat members for war crimes against Hindus during the 1971 Bangladesh atrocities. In retaliation, violence against Hindu minorities in Bangladesh was instigated by the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami . The violence included the looting of Hindu properties and businesses, the burning of Hindu homes, of Hindu women and desecration and destruction of Hindu temples.[121]

On 28 February 2013, the International Crimes Tribunal sentenced , the Vice President of the Jamaat-e-Islami to death for the war crimes committed during the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. Following the sentence, activists of Jamaat-e-Islami and its student wing Islami Chhatra Shibir attacked the Hindus in different parts of the country. Hindu properties were looted, Hindu houses were burnt into ashes and Hindu temples were desecrated and set on fire.[122][123] While the government has held the Jamaat-e-Islami responsible for the attacks on the minorities, the Jamaat-e-Islami leadership has denied any involvement. The minority leaders have protested the attacks and appealed for justice. The Supreme Court of Bangladesh has directed the law enforcement to start suo motu investigation into the attacks. US Ambassador to Bangladesh express concern about attack of Jamaat on Bengali Hindu community.[124][125] The violence included the looting of Hindu properties and businesses, the burning of Hindu homes, rape of Hindu women and desecration and destruction of Hindu temples.[121] According to community leaders, more than 50 Hindu temples and 1,500 Hindu homes were destroyed in 20 districts.[126]

Pakistan

Pakistan Studies curriculum issues

According to the Sustainable Development Policy Institute report 'Associated with the insistence on the Ideology of Pakistan has been an essential component of hate against India and the Hindus. For the upholders of the Ideology of Pakistan, the existence of Pakistan is defined only in relation to Hindus, and hence the Hindus have to be painted as negatively as possible'[127] A 2005 report by the National Commission for Justice and Peace a non-profit organisation in Pakistan, found that Pakistan Studies textbooks in Pakistan have been used to articulate the hatred that Pakistani policy-makers have attempted to inculcate towards the Hindus. 'Vituperative animosities legitimise military and autocratic rule, nurturing a mentality. Pakistan Studies textbooks are an active site to represent India as a hostile neighbour' the report stated. 'The story of Pakistan’s past is intentionally written to be distinct from, and often in direct contrast with, interpretations of history found in India. From the government-issued textbooks, students are taught that Hindus are backward and superstitious.' Further the report stated 'Textbooks reflect intentional obfuscation. Today’s students, citizens of Pakistan and its future leaders are the victims of these partial truths'.[128][129][130][131]

An editorial in Pakistan's oldest newspaper commenting on a report in The Guardian on Pakistani Textbooks noted 'By propagating concepts such as , the inferiority of non-Muslims, India’s ingrained enmity with Pakistan, etc., the textbook board publications used by all government schools promote a mindset that is bigoted and obscurantist. Since there are more children studying in these schools than in madrassahs the damage done is

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus 15/33 12/15/2014 Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia greater. '[132][133] According to the historian Professor Mubarak Ali, textbook reform in Pakistan began with the introduction of Pakistan Studies and Islamic studies by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto in 1971 into the national curriculum as a compulsory subject. Former military dictator Gen Zia-ul-Haq under a general drive towards Islamization, started the process of historical revisionism in earnest and exploited this initiative. 'The Pakistani establishment taught their children right from the beginning that this state was built on the basis of religion – that's why they don't have tolerance for other religions and want to wipe-out all of them.'[133][134]

According to Pervez Hoodbhoy, a physics professor at Quaid-i-Azam University in Islamabad, the "Islamizing" of Pakistan's schools began in 1976 when an act of parliament required all government and private schools (except those teaching the British O-levels from Grade 9) to follow a curriculum that includes learning outcomes for the federally approved Grade 5 social studies class such as: 'Acknowledge and identify forces that may be working against Pakistan,' 'Make speeches on Jihad,' 'Collect pictures of policemen, soldiers, and national guards,' and 'India's evil designs against Pakistan.'[135]

Forced conversions

Hindu women have also been known to be victims of kidnapping and to Islam.[136] Around 20 to 25 Hindu girls are abducted every month and converted to Islam forcibly.[137] Krishan Bheel, a Hindu member of the National Assembly of Pakistan, came into the recently for manhandling Qari Gul Rehman after being taunted with a religious insult.[138]

On 18 October 2005, Sanno Amra and Champa, a Hindu couple residing in the Punjab Colony, Karachi, returned home to find that their three teenage daughters had disappeared. After inquiries to the local police, the couple discovered that their daughters had been taken to a local madrassah, had been converted to Islam, and were denied unsupervised contact with their parents.[139]

A politician has stated that abduction of Hindus and Sikhs is a business in Pakistan, along with conversions of Hindus to Islam.[140] Forced conversion, rape, and forced marriages of Hindu (akin to ) have recently become very controversial in Pakistan.[141][142]

Temple Destruction

In 2006, the last Hindu temple in was destroyed to pave the way for construction of a multi-storied commercial building. When reporters from Pakistan-based newspaper Dawn tried to cover the incident, they were accosted by the henchmen of the property developer, who denied that a Hindu temple existed at the site.[143] In January 2014, a policeman standing guard outside a Hindu temple at was gunned down.[144]

Discrimination due to the rise of Taliban

Although Hindus were frequently soft targets in Pakistan,[145][146] the rise of Taliban forces in the political arena has particularly unsettled the already fragile situation for the minority community. Increasing persecution, ostracism from locals and lack of a social support system is forcing more and more Hindus to flee to India.[147][148] This has been observed in the past whenever the conflicts between the two nations escalated[149] but this has been a notable trend http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus 16/33 12/15/2014 Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia in view of the fact the recent developments are due to internal factors almost exclusively. The Taliban have used false methods of luring, as well as the co-operation of zealots within local authorities to perpetrate religious cleansing.[150]

Afghanistan

During the Taliban regime, Sumptuary laws were passed in 2001 which forced Hindus to wear yellow badges in public to identify themselves as such. This has been similar to 's treatment of in during World War II.[151][152] Hindu women were forced to dress according to Islamic , ostensibly a measure to "protect" them from harassment. This was part of the Taliban's plan to segregate "un-Islamic" and "idolatrous" communities from Islamic ones.[153] In addition, Hindus were forced to mark their places of residence identifying them as Hindu homes.

The decree was condemned by the Indian and United States governments as a violation of religious freedom.[154] Widespread protests against the Taliban regime broke out in , India. In the United States, chairman of the Anti- League compared the decree to the practices of Nazi Germany, where Jews were required to wear labels identifying them as such.[155] The comparison was also drawn by California Democrat and holocaust survivor , and Democrat and author of the bipartisan 'Sense of the Congress' non-binding resolution against the anti-Hindu decree Eliot L Engel.[156] In the United States, congressmen and several lawmakers.[156] wore yellow badges on the floor of the Senate during the debate as a demonstration of their solidarity with the Hindu minority in Afghanistan.[157]

Indian analyst Rahul Banerjee said that this was not the first time that Hindus have been singled out for state- sponsored in Afghanistan. Violence against Hindus has caused a rapid depletion in the Hindu population over the years.[157] Since the 1990s many Afghan Hindus have fled the country, seeking asylum in countries such as Germany.[158]

Sri Lanka

Most of the LTTE leaders were captured and gunned down at blank range in May, 2009, after which a genocide of Sri Lankan in the Northern Province, Sri Lanka has started.[159][160][161] Even a book, The Tamil Genocide by Sri Lanka has been written on this genocide. Tamils Against Genocide hired US attorney Bruce Fein[162] to file human rights violation charges against two Sri Lankan officials associated with the civil war in Sri Lanka which has reportedly claimed the lives of thousands of civilians.[163]

In other countries

Germany

In Bonn, a Hindu student was beaten up and had his tongue slashed by suspected Islamists after refusing to convert to Islam.[164]

Italy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus 17/33 12/15/2014 Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In Italy, was previously not recognised as a religion, and during celebrations, the Italian police shut down a previously approved Durga Puja celebration in Rome. The affront was seen by some as a statement against alleged persecution of Christians in India.[165]

However, on 14 December 2012, Hinduism, along with Buddhism, was recognised and given freedom as a religion not conflicting with the Italian Law, as per Article 8 of the Italian constitution. The move has been hailed as a new milestone for religious freedom and equality between religions.[166]

Kazakhstan

In 2005 and 2006 Kazakh officials persistently and repeatedly tried to close down the farming community near Almaty.

On 20 November 2006, three buses full of riot police, two ambulances, two empty lorries, and executors of the Karasai district arrived at the community in sub-zero weather and evicted the Hare Krishna followers from thirteen homes, which the police proceeded to demolish.

The Forum 18 News Service reported, "Riot police who took part in the destruction threw the personal belongings of the Hare Krishna devotees into the snow, and many devotees were left without clothes. Power for lighting and heating systems had been cut off before the demolition began. Furniture and larger household belongings were loaded onto trucks. Officials said these possessions would be destroyed. Two men who tried to prevent the bailiffs from entering a house to destroy it were seized by 15 police officers who twisted their hands and took them away to the police car."[167]

The Hare Krishna community had been promised that no action would be taken before the report of a state commission – supposedly set up to resolve the dispute – was made public. On the day the demolition began, the commission's chairman, Amanbek Mukhashev, told Forum 18, "I know nothing about the demolition of the Hare Krishna homes – I'm on holiday." He added, "As soon as I return to work at the beginning of December we will officially announce the results of the Commission's investigation." Other officials also refused to comment.

The United States urged Kazakhstan's authorities to end what it called an "aggressive" campaign against the country's tiny Hare Krishna community.[168]

Malaysia

Approximately nine percent of the population of Malaysia are Tamil Indians, of whom nearly 90 percent are practising Hindus. Indian settlers came to Malaysia from Tamil Nadu in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Between April to May 2006, several Hindu temples were demolished by city hall authorities in the country, accompanied by violence against Hindus.[169] On 21 April 2006, the Malaimel Sri Selva Kaliamman Temple in was reduced to rubble after the city hall sent in bulldozers.[170]

The president of the Consumers Association of Subang and in State has been helping to organise efforts to stop the local authorities in the Muslim dominated city of Shah Alam from demolishing a 107- year-old Hindu temple. The growing Islamization in Malaysia is a cause for concern to many Malaysians who follow minority religions such as Hinduism.[171] On 11 May 2006, armed city hall officers from Kuala Lumpur forcefully demolished part of a 60-year-old suburban temple that serves more than 1,000 Hindus. The "Hindu Rights Action Force", a coalition of several NGO's, have protested these demolitions by lodging complaints with the Malaysian http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus 18/33 12/15/2014 Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Prime Minister.[172] Many Hindu advocacy groups have protested what they allege is a systematic plan of temple cleansing in Malaysia. The official reason given by the Malaysian government has been that the temples were built "illegally". However, several of the temples are centuries old.[172] According to a lawyer for the Hindu Rights Action Task Force, a Hindu temple is demolished in Malaysia once every three weeks.[173]

Malaysian Muslims have also grown more anti-Hindu over the years. In response to the proposed construction of a temple in Selangor, Muslims chopped off the head of a cow to protest, with leaders saying there would be blood if a temple was constructed in Shah Alam.[174]

Laws in the country, especially those concerning religious identity, are generally slanted towards compulsion into converting to Islam.[175]

Saudi Arabia

On 24 March 2005, Saudi authorities destroyed religious items found in a raid on a makeshift Hindu shrine found in an apartment in .[176]

Fiji

Hindus in Fiji constitute approximately 38% of the population. During the late 1990s there were several riots against Hindus by radical elements in Fiji. In the Spring of 2000, the democratically elected Fijian government led by Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry was held hostage by a guerilla group, headed by George Speight. They were demanding a segregated state exclusively for the native Fijians, thereby legally abolishing any rights the Hindu inhabitants have now. The majority of Fijian land is reserved for the ethnically Fijian community.[177] Since the The burnt out remains of Govinda's practitioners of Hindu faith are predominantly Indians, racist attacks by Restaurant in Suva: over 100 shops the extremist Fijian Nationalists too often culminated into violence against and businesses were ransacked in the institutions of Hinduism. According to official reports, attacks on Suva's central business district on 19 Hindu institutions increased by 14% compared to 2004. Hindus and May Hinduism, being labelled the "outside others," especially in the aftermath of the May 2000 coup, have been victimised by Fijian fundamentalist and nationalists who wish to create a theocratic Christian state in Fiji. This intolerance of Hindus has found expression in anti-Hindu speeches and destruction of temples, the two most common forms of immediate and direct violence against Hindus. Between 2001 and April 2005, one hundred cases of temple attacks have been registered with the police. The alarming increase of temple destruction has spread fear and intimidation among the Hindu minorities and has hastened immigration to neighbouring Australia and New Zealand. Organised religious institutions, such as the Methodist Church of Fiji, have repeatedly called for the creation of a theocratic Christian State and have propagated anti-Hindu sentiment.[178]

The Methodist church of Fiji repeatedly calls for the creation of a Christian State since a coup d'état in 1987[177][179] and has stated that those who are not Christian should be "tolerated as long as they obey Christian law".

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus 19/33 12/15/2014 Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Methodist Church of Fiji specifically objects to the constitutional protection of minority religious communities such as Hindus and Muslims. State favouritism of Christianity, and systematic attacks on temples, are some of the greatest threats faced by Fijian Hindus. Despite the creation of a human rights commission, the plight of Hindus in Fiji continues to be precarious.[178]

Trinidad & Tobago

During the initial decades of Indian indenture, Indian cultural forms were met with either contempt or indifference by the Christian majority.[180] Hindus have made many contributions to Trinidad history and culture even though the state historically regarded Hindus as second class citizens. Hindus in Trinidad struggled over the granting of adult franchise, the Hindu marriage bill, the divorce bill, cremation ordinance, and others.[180] After Trinidad's independence from colonial rule, Hindus were marginalised by the African based People's National Movement. The opposing party, the People's Democratic party, was portrayed as a "Hindu group", and Hindus were castigated as a "recalcitrant and hostile minority".[180] The displacement of PNM from power in 1985 would improve the situation.

Intensified protests over the course of the 1980s led to an improvement in the state's attitudes towards Hindus.[180] The divergence of some of the fundamental aspects of local Hindu culture, the segregation of the Hindu community from Trinidad, and the disinclination to risk erasing the more fundamental aspects of what had been constructed as "Trinidad Hinduism" in which the identity of the group had been rooted, would often generate dissension when certain dimensions of Hindu culture came into contact with the State. While the incongruences continue to generate debate, and often conflict, it is now tempered with growing awareness and consideration on the part of the state to the Hindu minority.[180] Hindus have been also been subjected to persistent proselytisation by Christian missionaries.[181] Specifically the evangelical and Pentecostal Christians. Such activities reflect racial tensions that at times arise between the Christianized Afro-Trinidadian and Hindu Indo-Trinidadian communities.[181]

South Africa

South Africa is home to a small Hindu minority. In 2006, the son of an Islamic cleric named Ahmed Deedat, circulated a DVD that denounced South African Hindus. The elder Deedat, former head of the Arab funded "Islamic Propagation Centre International" (IPCI), had previously circulated an anti-Hindu video in the 1980s where he said that Indian Muslims were 'fortunate' that their Hindu forefathers 'saw the light' and converted to Islam when Muslim rulers dominated some areas of India. His video was widely criticised. While Hindus in South Africa have largely ignored the new anti-Hindu DVD circulated by Deedat Junior, he has been severely criticised by local Muslims, including other members of the IPCI.The IPCI said in a statement that Yusuf Deedat did not represent the organisation in any way. Deedat Junior, undeterred by the opposition from his own brethren, continues to circulate the material.He has placed advertisements in newspapers inviting anyone to collect a free copy from his residence to see for themselves "what the controversy is about".[182]

United States

Hindu immigrants constitute approximately 0.5% of the total population of the United States. They are also the second most affluent religious group after the Jews. Hindus in the US enjoy both de jure and de facto legal equality. However, a series of attacks were made on people Indian origin by a street gang called the "" in in 1987, the dot signifying the dot sticker worn on the forehead by Indian women.[183] The http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus 20/33 12/15/2014 Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia lackadaisical attitude of the local police prompted the South Asian community to arrange small groups all across the state to fight back against the street gang. The perpetrators have been put to trial. On 2 January 2012, a Hindu worship center in New York City was firebombed.[184]

The Dotbusters was a in Jersey City, New Jersey, that attacked and threatened South Asians in the fall of 1987. The name originated from the fact that traditional Hindu women and girls wear a bindi on their forehead. In July 1987, they had a letter published in the Jersey Journal[185] stating that they would take any means necessary to drive the Indians out of Jersey City:

I'm writing about your article during July about the abuse of . Well I'm here to state the other side. I hate them, if you had to live near them you would also. We are an organization called dot busters. We have been around for 2 years. We will go to any extreme to get Indians to move out of Jersey City. If I'm walking down the street and I see a Hindu and the setting is right, I will hit him or her. We plan some of our most extreme attacks such as breaking windows, breaking car windows, and crashing family parties. We use the phone books and look up the name Patel. Have you seen how many of them there are? Do you even live in Jersey City? Do you walk down Central avenue and experience what its like to be near them: we have and we just don't want it anymore. You said that they will have to start protecting themselves because the police cannot always be there. They will never do anything. They are a week [sic] race Physically and mentally. We are going to continue our way. We will never be stopped.[186]

Later that month, a group of youths attacked Navroze Mody, an Indian man of Parsi (Persian) origin, who was mistaken for a Hindu, after he had left the Gold Coast Cafe with his friend who fell into a coma. Mody died four days later. The four convicted of the attack were Luis Acevedo, Ralph Gonzalez and Luis Padilla - who were convicted of aggravated assault; and William Acevedo - who was convicted of simple assault. The attack was with fists and feet and with an unknown object that was described as either a baseball bat or a brick, and occurred after members of the group, which was estimated as being between ten and twelve youths, had surrounded Mr. Mody and taunted him for his baldness as either "Kojak" or "baldie". Mody's father, Jamshid Mody, later brought charges against the city and police force of Hoboken, New Jersey, claiming that "the Hoboken police's indifference to acts of violence perpetrated against Asian Indians violated Navroze Mody's equal protection rights" under the Fourteenth Amendment.[187] Mody lost the case; the court ruled that the attack had not been proven a , nor had there been proven any malfeasance by the police or prosecutors of the city.[187]

A few days after the attack on Mody, another Indian was beaten into a coma; this time on a busy street corner in Jersey City Heights. The victim, Kaushal Saran, was found unconscious at Central and Ferry Avenues, near a city park and firehouse, according to police reports. Saran, a licensed physician in India who was awaiting licensing in the United States, was discharged later from University Hospital in Newark.[188] The unprovoked attack left Saran in a partial coma for over a week with severe damage to his skull and brain. In September 1992, Thomas Kozak, Martin Ricciardi, and Mark Evangelista were brought to trial on federal civil rights charges in connection with the attack on Saran. However, the three were acquitted of the charges in two separate trials in 1993. Saran testified at both trials that he could not remember the incident.[189]

The Dotbusters were primarily based in New York and New Jersey and committed most of their crimes in Jersey City. A number of perpetrators have been brought to trial for these assaults. Although tougher anti-hate crime laws were passed by the New Jersey legislature in 1990, the attacks continued, with 58 cases of hate crimes against http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus 21/33 12/15/2014 Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Indians in New Jersey reported in 1991.[186] See also

Anti-Hinduism Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent The , as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period (Book) Negationism in India - Concealing the Record of Islam Hindu Temples - What Happened to Them Conversion of non-Muslim places of worship into mosques Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab 1947 Expulsion of Indians from Burma in 1962 Multan Sun Temple Hinduism in 2007 HINDRAF rally Love Jihad Forced conversion

Notes

1. ^ Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg: The Chachnamah, An Ancient History of Sind, Giving the Hindu period down to the Arab Conquest. [1] (http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=12701030&ct=18) 2. ^ Wink, Andre, "Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World", Brill Academic Publishers, 1 August 2002, ISBN 0-391-04173-8 pg. 204 3. ^ Trifkovic, Serge (11 September 2002). The Sword of the Prophet: History, Theology, Impact on the World. Regina Orthodox Press. ISBN 1-928653-11-1. 4. ^ Trifkovic, Serge. "Islam’s Other Victims: India" (http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/Printable.asp? ID=4649). FrontPageMagazine.com. Retrieved 26 August 2006. 5. ^ Sindhi Culture by U.T. Thakkur, Univ. of Bombay Publications, 1959 6. ^ J E Lohuizen-de Leeuw, South Asian Archaeology 1975, pg 152–153, January 1, 1979, Brill Academic Publishers, ISBN 90-04-05996-2 7. ^ "Somnath - The Symbol of National Pride" (http://web.archive.org/web/20101028102913/http://www.indiafirstfoundation.org/Glimpses%20of%20Indian%20 History/Articles/Leaves%20From%20The%20Past/Somnath%20thesymbolofNtionalpride_m.htm). Leaves from the Past. Archived from the original (http://www.indiafirstfoundation.org/Glimpses%20of%20Indian%20History/Articles/Leaves%20From%20The%20 Past/Somnath%20thesymbolofNtionalpride_m.htm) on October 28, 2010. 8. ^ Schofield, Victoria (2010). Afghan Frontier: At the Crossroads of Conflict (http://books.google.co.in/books? id=2CXfd1johOAC&pg=PA25&dq=hindus&hl=en&sa=X&ei=aqPnUvLxIYH8rAf2- ICICg&ved=0CFUQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=hindus&f=false). Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 25. Retrieved http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus 22/33 12/15/2014ICICg&ved=0CFUQ6AEwCA#v=onepPaegrsee&cuqtio=nh oifn Hdiundsu&s -f =Wfikaiplsedei)a., tThea furerei se nPcyacrlokpee dPiaaperbacks. p. 25. Retrieved 28 January 2014. 9. ^ a b Kapoor, Subodh (2002). Ancient Hindu society (http://books.google.co.in/books? id=q8cCespTlNEC&pg=PA364&dq=ghazni+Hindus&hl=en&sa=X&ei=SmnnUo_5KMKGrgfu- 4H4BQ&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=ghazni%20Hindus&f=false). Genesis. p. 365. Retrieved 28 January 2014. 10. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica 14 (15 ed.). July 1987. pp. 238–240. 11. ^ The World Book Encyclopedia 19. 1990. p. 237. 12. ^ Douglas, W.O., (July 1958). "West of Khyber Pass". National Geographic Magazine. 114,1: 13–23. 13. ^ Encyclopedia Americana 14. 1993. p. 206. 14. ^ Kakar, Sudhir. The Colors of Violence: Cultural Identities, Religion, and Conflict. University of Chicago Press P 50. ISBN 0-226-42284-4. 15. ^ a b c P. M. 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Report of the project A Civil Society Initiative in Curricula and Textbooks Reform. Sustainable Development Policy Institute, Islamabad. 128. ^ Hate mongering worries minorities (http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp? page=2006%5C04%5C25%5Cstory_25-4-2006_pg7_26), Daily Times (Pakistan), 25 April 2006 129. ^ In Pakistan's Public Schools, Jihad Still Part of Lesson Plan – The Muslim nation's public school texts still promote hatred and jihad, reformers say. (http://articles.latimes.com/2005/aug/18/world/fg-schools18) By Paul Watson, Times Staff Writer; 18 August 2005; Los Angeles Times. 4 Page article online Retrieved on 2 January 2010 130. ^ Primers Of Hate – History or biology, Pakistani students get anti-India lessons in all their textbooks; 'Hindu, Enemy Of Islam' – These are extracts from government-sponsored textbooks approved by the National Curriculum Wing of the Federal Ministry of Education. (http://www.outlookindia.com/fullprint.asp? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus 29/33 12/15/2014Wing of the Federal Ministry of EducaPtieorsne.c u(thiotnt pof: /H/windwusw - W.oikuiptelodioak, tihned frieae. cenocmyc/lofpueldlpiarint.asp? choice=2&fodname=20051010&fname=Pakistan+%28F%29&sid=1) By AMIR MIR; 10 October 2005; Outlook India Magazine Retrieved on 2 January 2010 131. ^ Noor's cure: A contrast in views (http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jul/16guest.htm); by Arindam Banerji; 16 July 2003; Rediff India Abroad Retrieved on 2 January 2010 132. ^ Curriculum of hatred (http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/11- curriculum-of-hatred--03), Dawn (newspaper), 20 May 2009 133. ^ a b ‘School texts spreading more extremism than seminaries’ (http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn- content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/national/school-texts-spreading-more-extremism-than-seminaries-959) By Our Special Correspondent; Tuesday, 19 May 2009; Dawn Newspaper. 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The Times of India. 5 September 2001. http1:/5/e0n.w ik^ip eGdioa.oodrgb/wyieki /PTeors eTchuteio nH_oinf_dHuin dGushettos (http://www.tehelka.com/story_main43.asp? 30/33 12/15/2014 Persecution of Hindus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 150. ^ Goodbye To The Hindu Ghettos (http://www.tehelka.com/story_main43.asp? filename=Ne171009goodbye_to.asp) Tehelka – 17 October 2009 issue 151. ^ US Lawmakers Condemn Taliban Treatment Of Hindus (http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewPrint.asp? Page=%5CForeignBureaus%5Carchive%5C200106%5CFor20010615b.html), T.C. Malhotra 152. ^ US lawmakers say: We are Hindus Aziz Haniffa (http://www.rediff.com/us/2001/jun/14us1.htm) 153. ^ Taliban to mark Afghan Hindus (http://archives.cnn.com/2001/fyi/news/05/22/taleban.hindus/index.html),CNN 154. ^ India deplores Taleban decree against Hindus (http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/may/21tale1.htm) 155. ^ Taliban: Hindus Must Wear Identity Labels (http://english.people.com.cn/english/200105/23/eng20010523_70812.html),People's Daily 156. ^ a b US lawmakers say: We are Hindus (http://www.rediff.com/us/2001/jun/14us1.htm),Rediff.com 157. ^ a b US Lawmakers Condemn Taliban Treatment Of Hindus (http://www.cnsnews.com/ViewPrint.asp? Page=%5CForeignBureaus%5Carchive%5C200106%5CFor20010615b.html),CNSnews.com 158. ^ Immigrant Hinduism in Germany: Tamils from Sri Lanka and Their Temples (http://www.pluralism.org/resources/slideshow/hindgerm/index.php),pluralism.org 159. ^ Bruce Haigh (January 2, 2014). "Tribunal delivers Sri Lanka's guilty verdict" (http://www.canberratimes.com.au/comment/tribunal-delivers-sri-lankas-guilty-verdict-20140101-305zf.html). http://www.canberratimes.com.au/comment/tribunal-delivers-sri-lankas-guilty-verdict-20140101-305zf.html. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 6 February 2014. 160. ^ "Contacts" (http://www.tamilsagainstgenocide.org/Contacts.aspx). Tamils Against Genocide. April 29, 2011. Retrieved May 3, 2011. 161. ^ Rosie DiManno (February 6, 2014). "Sri Lanka’s hidden genocide" (http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/11/04/sri_lankas_hidden_genocide.html). http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/11/04/sri_lankas_hidden_genocide.html (Toronto Star Newspapers Ltd.). Retrieved 6 February 2014. 162. ^ "Tamil group files lawsuit against Rajapaksa in US - Indian Express" (http://www.indianexpress.com/news/tamil- group-files-lawsuit-against-rajapaksa-in-us/743516/). The Indian Express. 29 January 2011. 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References

Prabhu, Alan Machado (1999). Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians. I.J.A. Publications. ISBN 978-81-86778-25-8..

External links

Human Rights Congress for Bangladesh Minorities (http://www.hrcbm.org) The Hindu Minority in Bangladesh (http://www.hrdc.net/sahrdc/hrfeatures/HRF13.htm) Attacks on the Hindu Minority in Bangladesh (http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA130062001? open&of=ENG-BGD) – Amnesty International Atrocities on Hindus catch US Congressmen's attention (http://www.uscirf.gov/mediaroom/news/news_archive/2005/july/07142005_atrocities.html) – United States Commission on Religious Freedom Row over Krishna temple in Moscow (http://in.rediff.com/news/2004/mar/24russia.htm)

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Categories: Persecution of Hindus Anti-Hinduism Religious persecution Violence against Hindus

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