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Index

abandonment, 18 aunts, 127–8, 135 citizenship, 33–4, 44, 51, 72, 73, 82, 89–92, 127, Acutia Blanda, 61–2 Aurelia Cansauna, 98 154 adoption, 107, 129, 133 Aurelia Firmilla, 135 Clarus, 37, 124 Aelia Materio, 61 Aurelia Germanilla, 105, 110 Claturnius, L., 73 Aelia Procula, 58, 146 Aurelia Pothentina, 24 Claudia Iulia, 96 Aelia Vera, 135 Aurelia Quartina, 105, 118–19 Claudia Ursa and Gesatia Lucia, 21, 102 Aeliola, 28 Aurelia Sabina, 24 Claudia Victorina, 62 Aelius Ianuarius, 22 Aurelia Surilla, 24 Claudius, 3, 20 Aeresius Saenus, C., 89, 110 Aurelius Mercurialis, 26–7 Claudius Antonius, 99 affection, see emotion Aurelius Plotianus, 22 Claudius Liberalis, Ti., 7 age, 19–25, 27–32, 53, 55, 154 Aurelius Rufinianus, M.,84 Claudius Victor, Ti., 23 definitions,3–8 Aurunceius Primitivus, C., 75 clothing, 92–3 manipulation of, 3, 19–21, 59 Gallic tunic, 93 rounding, 19, 24 Backe-Dahmen, Annika, 5, 9, 42 sagum, 84, 88, 92 Agrippina, 131 Belgica, monuments from, 4, 28, 45, 46, 50, 52, stola, 61, 79, 142 Albius Memor, P., 11–12 89, 108 toga, 3, 12, 16, 33, 34, 39, 51, 52, 59, 72, 73, 74, Alcides, 80 Blescius Diovicus, 30, 32 89, 92, 93, 103, 113, 142, 154, see also toga Alexander Severus, 3, 133 Blussus, 124–5 virilis alimenta, 4, 19, 67 Boatwright, Mary, 9, 96, 98 Cocceius Nonnus, M., 46, 90 alumni, 129–30, 132 boys, 5, 17–19, 37, 45, 52–3, 55, 56–8, 59–60, 63, Cocillus, 38, 93 Amicia Digniola, 46 74, 81–2, 106–7, 142, see also child collegia, 17 Ammaea Urbana, 59 Bradley, Keith, 1, 29, 41, 48, 65, 71, 123, 131, colliberti, 23, 72, 135, see also freedmen animals, 42 138 Collingwood, R. G., 32 birds, 7, 26, 33, 34, 37, 42, 43, 46, 51, Britannia, monuments from, 2, 4, 13, 22, 25–7, columbaria, 135, 146, 148–50 54, 88, 90, 102, 118, 127, 128, 140, 144, 30, 32–3, 42, 46, 51, 54, 62, 89, 90, 110 commemoration 149, 154 Brittius Princeps, P., 127 changes in, 68–71 cats, 41 bullae, 3, 5, 12, 16, 63, 74–5, 79, 93, 125, 149 retrospective, 105, 108–12 dogs, 23, 37–8, 42, 51, 52, 54, 140, 144, 154 concubines, 73, 127 goats, 39 Caecilius Nymphius, Q., 83 consecratio in formam deorum, 7, 14, 20–1, 40, horses, 39 Caecilius Rufinianus, P.,130 , 131 55–9, 108 rabbits, 38, 42, 54 Caetennia Pollitta, 59 constitutio Antoniniana, 34, 89 Annius Fortunatus, L., 60 Calpurnia Anthis, 124 contubernia, 73, 82–3, 135 Anthus, 38 Candida, 62 conubium, 73, 85, see also marriage Antonius Basilides, M., 1 Canula, 38 Corellia Optata, 13, 62 Antonius Optatus, M., 128 Caracalla, 2, 3, 85, 90, 133 Cornelia Fausta, 70 Apana, 93 Carroll, Maureen, 9, 10, 30, 85, 145 Cornelia Onesima, 23–4 apotheosis, 36, 59 Cartorii relief, 72 Cornelius Businnius, 68 Aquitania, monuments from, 28, 32, 37, 38, 40, Cassius Marinus, C., 88 Cornelius Protoctetus, P., 148 45, 113 Cassius Maternianus, P., 34 Cornutus, 108 Ara Pacis, 75–9, 115–16, see also imperial reliefs Castorina, 31 Coulon, Gérard, 8, 9 Ariès, Philippe, 8 Cespius Optatus, M., 135 craftsmen, workshops,14 , 36, 120, 133 Ariomanus, 34 child, children, childhood ‘stock’ pieces, 23–4, 36, 110 armaria, 72, 83 adult views of, 3, 36, 46 Crixius Secundus, C., 23, 99, 112 Arrii relief, 63, 72, 128 definition of, 3–8 Aster, 59 identification of, 5–8, 19–27, 102–3 D’Ambra, Eve, 130 Atilius Piso, T., 72 lack of evidence for, 8 Dacia, monuments from, 22, 24, 37, 43, 54, 68, attributes, 36–48, 51–5 valuation of, 8, 11–15, 30, 31, 68–71, 75, 87, 69, 103, 106, 108, 120, 122 of adults, 54 112, 133–4 damnatio memoriae, 81, 85 of children, 36–48, 124, 127, 154 childbirth, 28, 80, 97–8, 138 death, untimely, see mors immatura Aucta, 124 Chloe, 127 delicia, 33, 127 Augustus, 2, 20, 67, 75, 80, 85, 132–3 Chrysantus, 57 dextrarum iunctio, 72–3, 75, 89, 99, 112, 116 Aulus Gellius, 4, 138 Cicero, 8, 11, 65 dies lustricus, 4, 97

Index 395

Dionysus of Halicarnassus, 18 Fronto, 37, 42 Immosta, 135 divorce, 96, 131 fruits, 7, 29, 33, 36, 42–3, 46, 52, 53, 54, 61, 120, imperial Dixon, Suzanne, 5, 70, 123 124, 127, 149, 154 imagery, 2, 3, 19–20, 60, 67, 80, 85, 100, dolls, 46 funerary iconography 115–16, 133 Domitian, 2 identification problems, 17, 27, 36–7, 45–6, promotion of children, 2–3, 80 domus, 65, 82, 123 56, 59, 102–3, 105, 132–3 reliefs, 2, 20, 67, 79, 100, 116, see also Ara symbolic sizing, 24–5 Pacis; Trajan education, 43–5, 52, 60, 141–3 symbolism, 41–2, 43–4, 48, 52, 54, 56–62, 82, infants, 4, 18, 30, 66, 96–9 Egrilius Magnus, A., 39–40 87, 98–9, 140, 154 infans, infantia, 4, 19 Egrilius Masculinus, A., 124 funerary monuments under-representation of, 29 Elagabalus, 3, 133 cherry-picking, 11 ingenuus, ingenui, see freeborn emotion, affection, grief, 8–15, 29, 30–1, 59, 62, chronology, 1–2, 80, 86–7, 150 inscriptions, 9, 13–14, 19, 30–1, 62, 66, 80–1, 81, 82, 85, 94, 96, 97, 112, 113, 123, 131, 134, context of, 144–53 101, 131–2, 145, 151 138, 140, 141, 154, 155 expense of, 13, 16–17, 29, 81, 89, 140, 146 Isias, 124 employment Greek, 2, 23, 42, 70, 98, 99, 105, 115 Isis iconography, 34, 55–6, 113, 128, 154 adult, 50, 138–43, 146, 151 reuse of, 22 Italia, monuments from, 1, 23, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, child, 50, 130 Furius Philocalus, 142 38, 42, 44, 47, 50, 51, 52, 56, 60, 61–2, 63, slave, 4, 50–2, 130, 141–2, 146 65, 70, 72, 73–4, 79, 83, 116, 125, 127–8, 134, epigraphy, see inscriptions Gaius and Lucius Caesar, 60, 76, 79, 133 136, 142 epithets, 6, 12, 13–14, 30, 52–3, 65, 129 Gallienus, 133 Iulia Cupita, 135 Erasina, 13 Gardner, Jane, 65, 82 Iulia Dubitata, 65 Espérandieu, Émile, 40, 46, 108 Gavii relief, 50 Iulia Priscilla, 120 Eutiches, 36, 59 Gavius Musicus, Q., 142 Iulia Secunda, 13, 44, 58, 94 Evans, John, 46, 70 Gemelius Dignianus, 37 Iulia Velva, 26–7 exposure, see abandonment gender, 17–19, 52–3, 91, 116, 122 Iulia Victorina, 61 biases, 17–18, 36, 55, 59, 63, 106–7, 154 Iulianus, 13, 56 Fabius Proculus, Q., 28, 60, 128 stereotypes, 43, 45, 54 Iulius Avitus, Ti., 91 Facundus, 51 George, Michele, 9 Iulius Carus, L., 124 familia, 65 Germania, monuments from, 4, 14, 29–30, 39, Iulius Philetus, C., 51, 140 family 40, 50, 52, 54, 56, 62, 83, 89, 91, 108, 124–5, Iulius Secundus, 69 extended, 134–7 132, 139–40, 142 Iunia Pia, 53, 59, 134 legitimate, 72, 87 gestures, see dextrarum iunctio; physical contact Iunia Procula, 13, 80–1, 131 nuclear, 65–8, 123, 140, 144 Geta, 2, 85 Iunianus (son of Burranus), 44 surrogate, 66, 123–34 girls, 5, 17–19, 38, 43, 45, 46, 52–3, 55, 58, 60–2, Iunius Iustus, M., 53, 134 fathers, 4, 101, 123 75, see also child Iunius Rufus, M., 141–2 Faustina the Younger, 2 Glaucias, 126 Faustus, 70 Golden, Mark, 70 Julia, 133 Felix, 60, 82, 124 grandparents, 105, 128, 135–6 Julia Domna, 85 Festius, 33, 127 Grania Faustina, 112 Junian Latins, 82, 129, 135, see also freedmen festivals (funerary), 145 Greek, see funerary monuments filiation, 12, 34, 72, 83, 90, 93, 128 grief, see emotion Kampen, Natalie, 9, 122 Firmii relief, 72, 125–6, 134 King, Margaret, 13, 31, 66 Flavia Aiulo, 97 Hadrian, 86 Kleiner, Diana, 9, 96 Flavius Amandus and Constans, 102 Harlow, Mary, 5, 8 Flavius Constantinus, T., 135 Hateria Superba, 154–5 Laberia Daphne, 20–1, 56 Flavius Germanus, T., 90 Haterii relief, 50, 151–3 Laes, Christian, 5, 9, 14, 49, 126 Florii relief, 127 Helvius Quartus, T., 65 Laetus, 40 Florus, 134 Hermetio, 129 Laudatio Turiae, 60 Fortunata, 132 Hilarus and Filumene, 47, 53, 56 Laurence, Ray, 5, 8 foster-children, see alumni Hipponicus, 14, 56 legislation, 9, 85–6 freeborn Hope, Valerie, 9, 17, 73 lex Iulia et Papia, 80, 131 children, 12, 18, 39, 56, 60, 63, 72, 73, 74–5, 79, Hopkins, Keith, 13 Lemonius Mollo, C., 83 81–2, 90–1, 103, 107, 126, 128, 141, 149, 151 Horace, 38, 46 Lemuria, see festivals families, 72, 83, 136 Hordionius Suavis, Q., 72 Leucimara and Finitus, 136 freedmen, 71–82, see also Junian Latins horus lock, see Isis iconography Liberalinius Probinus, 89 families. 11–12, 18, 44, 50, 56, 59, 60, 62, 63, Huskinson, Janet, 9, 18, 42, 47, 56, 59, 71, 145 liberti, libertini, see freedmen 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 79, 80, 81, 83, 103, 111, libertination, 71–2 124, 128, 134, 146, 151 Iantuna, 91 Licinius Faustus, M., 149 imperial, 72, 146 identity, Roman, 32–5, 94 literacy, rates of, 14, 73, 145

396 Index

literary sources, 4, 5, 8–9, 11, 14, 18, 37, 38, 41, Nerantus, 51 definition of, 27 42, 46, 60, 65, 123, 126, 137, 138, 141, 142, Nero, 3, 37, 39 emphasis of, 62–4, 75, 134 144 Neumagen monument, 89 Prepon, 82 Livia, 20, 131, 133 Nico and Eutyches, 28, 44, 73, 107, 124, 126 Primulus, 4, 46, 52 Lollius Geminus, 50 Nonius Pius, C., 55 prospection, 20, 21, 26, 28, 44, 59–62, 107, 108, Lucia Secunda, 79 Noricum, monuments from, 13, 24, 34, 44, 52, 110, 128, 154 Lucius Caesar, see Gaius and Lucius Caesar 86, 88, 91, 93, 105, 118–19, 122, 128, 136 puberty, 5 Lucius Verus, 133 noverca, 131, see also step-relationships pudicitia, 62, 63, 72 Lucretius, 65 Novius, L., 74 puer senex, 59 Lugdunensis, monuments from, 38, 40, 93, 132 nuclear, see family Lupius Eustachius, 45 Numa Pompilius, 19 Quartulus, 50 Lusitania, monuments from, 13, 33, 55, 56, 71, Numisia Heorte, 124 Quartus, 58 129–30 Nunnius, 50, 146–7 Quintilian, 123, 138 Lutatia Felicitas, 124 nurses, nutrices, 137–41 Lutatia Lupata, 129–30 nutritores, 137, 138 Raetia, monuments from, 21–2, 37, 86, 102, 140 Rawson, Beryl, 2, 5, 9, 18, 29, 44, 58, 71, 80, 83, Maelius Faustus, Sex., 73 Octavia, 133 101, 129 Maena Mellusa, 111 regionality, regional variation, 9, 13–15, 18, 25, mammae, 137 paedagogi, 141–2 32–5, 44, 54–5, 64, 66, 68–70, 71, 72, 87, Mantinia Maerica, 26 Paetus, 128 93, 102, 105–6, 117, 124, 134, 135, 155 manumission, 33, 44, 72, 73, 75, 80, 82, 83, 104, painted portraits, 2, 43, 58, 85 Regulus, 41 111, 124, 127, 129, 134, 138, 141 Pannonia, monuments from, 1, 2, 7, 19, 22, 24, remarriage, see divorce; step-relationships Marcia Bassilla, 127 32, 34, 36, 38, 42, 43, 45, 46, 61, 63, 65, 84, Restituta and Gemellus, 102 Marcia Furnilla, 20 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 102, Romanisation, 89 Marcianus, 16, 62, 73 105, 108, 110, 117, 119, 120, 124, 125, 128, Romanius Modestus, P., 83 Marcius Pacatus, L., 58 129, 134, 135, 139 Rome, monuments from, 1, 6–7, 11–12, 13, Marcus Agrippa, 133 Papirius Speratus, L., 56 16, 20–1, 23–4, 28, 37, 38, 39–40, 43, Marcus Aurelius, 2, 133 papyri, 9, 48, 138 44, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, marriage, 6, 72–3, 131 Parentalia, see festivals 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, ages of, 5, 94 parents 79, 80–1, 82, 94, 96, 99, 103–5, 107, 108, importance of, 5, 6, 60, 62, 80, 87 hopes/expectations, 1, 8, 12, 30, 32, 44, 59, 111, 112, 113, 116, 117, 124, 127, 128, 131, Martial, 126, 141 62, 65, 80, 154 134, 137, 138, 140, 141–2, 143, 146–53, Martialis, 25–6, 51 indifference hypothesis, 8, 14, 18, 29, 138 154–5 Matugenta, 124 Parthenopa, 129 Rothe, Ursula, 140 Mercator, 52 Passienius Doryphorus, L., 75, 113 Rufellius Rufus, C., 127–8 Minicia Marcella, 9, 60, 137 patrons, 72, 80, 134–5 Rufius Achilleus, Sex., 57 mining, 50 Patterson, John, 65 Rutilius Felix, L., 44, 148 Minten, Eva, 9, 12, 27, 50, 54, 150 peculium, 83, 135 Minucia Suavis, 6 peregrini, 89, 91 Sabina, 7 mors immatura, 8, 13, 30, 44, 59, 62, 65, 127, 154 Peregrinus, 51, 140 Saetibolus and Quintus, 119 mortality Petersen, Lauren Hackworth, 73, 144 Saller, Richard, 9, 65, 66 diseases, 28, 108 Petilliena Ingenua, 88 Sallust, 14, 38 rates of, 1, 65, 94 Petronia Hedone, 94 sarcophagi, 47–8, 56, 69–70, 140, 143 mothers, 94–9, 100, 101 Petronia Valeria, 108 Satto, 124–5 mourning, levels of, 19 Petronius, 37, 38, 144 Scheidel, Walter, 18, 85 Munatius Novellus, C., 83 Petronius Virianus Postumus, C., 128 scrolls, 16, 26, 39, 43–5, 52, 54, 83, 88, 89, 91, 93, Mussius Pinus, L., 56 pets, 41, see also animals 107, 120, 141, 142, 148 Phoebus, 58 Secundina and Aiucco, 93 Naevius Primus, Q., 23, 62, 70 physical contact, 112–22 Seneca, 42, 46 names, 4, 20, 33–4, 93, 96, 105, 131 Pinnia Phoebe, 42 Septimius Severus, 2, 3, 85, 86, 133 order, size, 19, 30, 73, 75, 80–1, 91, 102, 107, Plautus, 37 Servilii relief, 73 108, 110, 134, 135, 136, 139, 141, 144, 146, 154 Pliny the Elder, 37 Servilius Globulus, P., 63 unnamed children, 30, 83, 97–8, 99, 112 Pliny the Younger, 9, 38, 41, 60, 137 Severan tondo, 85 Narbonensis, monuments from, 79, 116, 122, Plutarch, 46, 138 Severina, nutrix, 139–41 128 Pomponius Hylas, columbarium of, 148–50 Severus, 83 Natronius Venustus, Ti., 147 Pontius, M., 72, 83 seviri, 73–4 Nebris, 142 portraits Shaw, Brent, 66 necropolis, character of, 145–6 accuracy of, 19–27 siblings, 53, 74, 75, 101–11, 119, 123, 135 nepotes, 128, 132 as ‘snapshots’, 12 Sigismund Nielsen, Hanne, 9, 81, 129, 135

Index 397

slaves, 3–4, 25–7, 50–2, 82–3, 105, 146, toga virilis, 3, 5, see also clothing Vellibia Ertola, 22 see also contubernia; delicia; vernae tollere liberos, 4 vernae, 23–4, 107, 123–6 soldiers, 1, 31, 84–9, 110, 129, 136 Totenmahl, 25–7, 51 Vettia Polla and Eleutheris, 75 Sorabella, Jean, 41 toys, 36–7, 48, 52, 54 Vettii relief, 103–5, 107 Soterichus, paedagogus, 141–2 Trajan, 2, 60, 67, 91 via Triumphalis, 146–8 Statius, 126 arch at Benevento, 67 Vibena, 125 step-relationships, 132 column of, 67, 100 Vibius, 128 Stercorius, 31 transvectio equitum, 7, 39, 128, 141 Vibius Felicio Felix, L., 60, 63 Successa, 82 Trimalchio, 144 Virgil, 14 Succesus, 60 Turranius Benedictus, M., 137 Vitalinius Gromatius, 4 Suetonius, 126 Vitalinus, 63, 99, 110 Sulpicius Maximus, Q., 43, 59, 150–1 Ulpius Avitus, 99 Vitellius, 2 swaddling, 28, 46 Ulpius Maternus, M., 7, 69 Voltilius Domesticus, C., 71 uncles, 127–8, 135 Voltius Viator, Q., 39, 50 Tarlow, Sarah, 13 untimely, see mors immatura Tarraconensis, monuments from, 38, 50, 93 Ursio, 38, 52 Walker, Susan, 23 tatae, 137 Uzzi, Jeannine, 5, 9, 58, 67, 100, 116 wall-paintings, 43, 47, 49, 58, see also painted teachers, 142–3 portraits Telesphoris, 29–30, 62 Vaberius Celsinus, T., 134 Weaver, Paul, 102 Tertia, 97 Vacia, 4, 42 Wileman, Julie, 70 Tiberius, 2, 133 Valentina and Donicus, 84, 117 work, see employment Titius Finitus, P., 91 Valeria, 128 Wrede, Henning, 55 Titius Primus, Sex., 73–4, 127 Valerius Masculus and Verus, M., 56 Todia Inpetrata and Flavia Ispana, 102 Valerius Natalis, 42 Zanker, Paul, 9