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UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY The Anomalies in the Epitaphs of the Emperor Claudius' Familia by Beverley Margaret Johnson A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF GREEK AND ROMAN STUDIES CALGARY, ALBERTA APRIL, 2010 © Beverley Margaret Johnson 2010 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaONK1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-64144-6 Our file Notre r6f6rence ISBN: 978-0-494-64144-6 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Nnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. •+• Canada Abstract History has marked the emperor Claudius (41-54 CE) as a rather comical figure, ruled by his freedmen and wives. Yet, Claudius was also credited with reforming the imperial administration and undertaking major public works which were considered by both ancient authors and modern scholars as remarkable. To achieve this he turned to the members of his familia, particularly his freedmen, and expanded their traditional household roles into a civil service that saw them develop their world beyond the imperial household and into the community. This group has largely been ignored in interpretations of the influence of Claudius' reign on Roman history. However, a statistical analysis of their epitaphs reveals that they, far more than any other in the imperial Julio-Claudian^am/7/a, changed their perception of themselves from an extension of the imperial household to creators of their own households and legitimate participants in the social world of Rome. iii Acknowledgem ents The undertaking of this thesis would not have been possible without the support of a number of people and groups. I would firstly like to thank both the department of Greek and Roman studies and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research council for the generous financial support they provided. I would also like to thank the teachers I have had through my years as an undergraduate and graduate student, especially all my Latin and Greek teachers for showing me that these languages had a beauty all their own and were not merely a hurdle to overcome. Thanks too, must go to Dr Peter Toohey for always being there to lend an ear and be a continual voice of reason. My fellow graduate students have made the pursuit of this degree much more enriching by both their dedication and enthusiasm for a discipline that can be a tough taskmaster. I'd like to single out Lindsay Penner and Alison Jeppesen for the support they have provided in dealing with inscriptions, and in particular my friend Lesley Bolton for being such great company for the last eight years. Always the voice of sober second thought to my leaps of imagination, she has been a great help, both with her intelligence and her time. I must include a big thank you to Dr John Humphrey not only for teaching me that Latin is hard and ruins are more than rubble, but for providing me with the opportunity to travel to Greece and Turkey, to see first hand what remains of the world I've studied for so long. He is a tremendous teacher. Also to be thanked are Dr Allison Dube and Dr Barry Cooper for introducing me to the strong element of political theory in the classical texts and showing me why they are as relevant today as they were in the ancient world. iv The idea for this thesis would not even exist without Dr Hanne Sigismund- Nielsen introducing me to Latin inscriptions and the Julio-Claudians. Her vast knowledge of inscriptions and how they should be understood has helped me avoid a number of the errors that a rookie tends to make using them. The greatest debt this thesis owes, however, is to my supervisor Dr Lisa Hughes. She not only gave generously of her time but whenever I lost my way and my focus (too many times to count) she was always there to encourage me with sound advice and keep me on track. She has the rare gift of always finding the gems in the rubble and extracting them. One day Lisa I promise I will learn how to use commas. Lastly and most importantly, I dedicate this thesis to the men in my life. To my father, William Graham, who always wanted me to pursue a degree and would have been very proud of what I have achieved. To my boys Tomas and Anthony who have been enriching my life ever since their arrival and have taught me what it means to love unconditionally. Finally, to my husband and best mate Craig who has been sharing adventures with me for more than half my life. It was no different with this particular adventure. His love and support made the journey a pleasure. 77 amo. v Table of Contents Approval Page ii Abstract iii Acknowledgements iv Table of Contents vii List of Tables viii List of Figures ix List of Abbreviations x Introduction 1 Chapter One: Modern Interpretations of the Primary Literary Sources 10 Chapter Two: The Primary Literary Sources 40 Chapter Three: The Statistical Analysis 78 Chapter Four: Social Realities of the Familia Claudiana 107 Conclusion 117 Bibliography 120 Appendix 127 vi List of Tables Table 1. The Breakdown of Epitaphs from All regions and from Rome Page 127 Table 2. The Breakdown of the Commemorated, Dedicators and Self-Commemorators Page 127 Table 3. The Gender Breakdown of the Commemorated Page 127 Table 4. The Gender Breakdown of the Dedicators Page 128 Table 5. The Gender Breakdown of the Self-Commemorators Page 128 Table 6. The Breakdown of the Commemorated in Columbaria Epitaphs Page 128 Table 7. The Breakdown of the Dedicators in Columbaria Epitaphs Page 129 Table 8. The Breakdown by Status of the Commemorated Page 129 Table 9. The Breakdown by Status of the Commemorated in Columbaria Epitaphs Page 130 Table 10. The Breakdown by Status of the Dedicators Page 130 Table 11. The Breakdown by Gender of the Commemorated with a Term of Relationship Page 131 Table 12. The Breakdown by Gender of the Dedicators with a Term of Relationship (Including Self-comrnemorators) Page 131 Table 13. The Breakdown by Gender of Self-Commemorators with a Term of Relationship Page 132 Table 14. The Breakdown of the Terms of Relationship for the Commemorated Page 132 Table 15. The Breakdown of the Terms of Relationships for the Dedicators Page 133 Table 16. The Breakdown of the Terms of Relationship for Self-commemorators Page 133 Table 17. The Breakdown of the Epithets used for the Commemorated Page 134 vii Table 18. The Age Breakdown of the Commemorated Page 135 Table 19. The Breakdown of Occupations for the Commemorated Page 138 Table 20. Breakdown of Occupations for the Dedicators Page 143 Table 21. The Breakdown of the Number of Occupations for the Commemorated Page 145 Table 22. The Breakdown of the Number of Occupations for the Dedicators Page 145 vin List of Figures Figure 1. Database Entry Form Page 9 IX Abbreviations AE L Annee Epigraphique AJP American Journal of Philology CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum Clauss/Slaby Epigraphik datenbank Clauss/Slaby CQ Classical Quarterly Dio Dio Cassius. Roman History Fam P.R.C. Weaver, Familia Caesaris JRS Journal of Roman Studies OCD Oxford Classical Dictionary OLD Oxford Latin Dictionary Plin. HN. Pliny the Elder, Natural History Plin. EP. Pliny the Younger, Epistles Sen. Seneca (the Younger) Apocol. Apocolocyntosis Ben. De Benefwiis Ep. Ad Lucilium Epistulae Morales Polyb. Ad Polybium Provid. De Providentia Nat. Q. Naturales Questiones Suet. Claud. Suetonius, Divus Claudius Tac. Ann. Tacitus, The Annals Hanne Sigismund-Nielsen, Understanding URR Roman Relations 1 Introduction ov nivtoi xod Sia xavd' OIJTUX;, ooov IUTO TE TOW 8^eXEu6eQa)v xal itjto tcbv yuvawc&v alg auvfrv, EXCCXUVETO. IIEQL cj)av£axata yag tcbv ouoixov E5ouk)XQcn;f|6r| TE aaa xai EYUVOUXO XQat;f)6r| However it was not because of these things, as much as from the freedmen and women whom he associated with, that he behaved badly. For he, most conspicuously of his fellow emperors, was ruled both by slaves and by women.
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