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Emographic Aspects of Migration Nest Africa-Volume 1 emographic Aspects of Migration Nest Africa-Volume 1 109 Public Disclosure Authorized SWP414 Id Bank Staff Working Paper No. 414 (ember 1980 Joint I> i 0 Public Disclosure Authorized Ad by K. C. Zachariah Development Economics Department Public Disclosure Authorized Julien Conde OECD Development Centre, Paris N. K. Nair Chike S.Okoye Eugene K. Campbell M. L Srivastava Kenneth Swindell Consultants Development Economics Department ,yright (D1980 World Bank _ BH Street, N.W. 'shington, D C. 20433, U.S.A. Public Disclosure Authorized Ie views and interpretations in this document are those of the authors d should not be attributed to the World Bank, to its affiliated 'rizations, or to any individual acting in their behalf. 183112 If;51 ~oi k ! The views and interpretations in this document are those of the authors and should not be attributed to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to any individual acting in their behalf. WORLD BANK World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 414 September 1980 DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS OF MIGRATION IN WEST AFRICA - VOLUME 1 This working paper brings together country-level analyses of the demographic aspects of migration in English-speaking West Africa. They are written by Bank staff and consultants under the overall direction of K. C. Zachariah. Eight country studies, including 2 annexes, have been prepared on West Africa migration and are issued in two volumes. Volume 1 (World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 414) is devoted to the English-speaking countries: Ghana, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and the Gambia. Volume 2 (World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 415) covers the French-speaking countries: the Ivory Coast, Upper Volta, Senegal, and Togo. Each country analysis focuses on the volume and direction of external and internal migration in that country and the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of migrants and non-migrants. These data yield insights concerning population distribution and the effects of migration on population growth. They also provide the background data necessary for further analysis of the economic consequences of migration in the region -- a study which is now being initiated by West African scholars as a follow-up to these country studies. A complementary regional-level analysis based on the findings con- tained in the country studies is found in Migration in West Africa: Demo- graphic Aspects by K. C. Zachariah and Julien Conde (London: Oxford University Press, 1980). Prepared by: Copyright Q 1980 The World Bank K. C. Zachariah 1818 H Street, N.W. Development Economics Department Washington, D.C. 20433 Julien Conde OECD Development Centre, Paris N. K. Nair Chike S. Okoye Eugene K. Campbell M. L. Srivastava Kenneth Swindell Consultants Development Economics Department DEMOGRAPHIC ASPECTS OF MIGRATION IN WEST AFRICA: Volume 1 ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES Ghana by K. C. Zachariah and N. K. Nair Sierra Leone by Chike S. Okoye, Annex by Eugene K. Campbell Liberia by M. L. Srivastava The Gambia by K. C. Zachariah, Annex by Kenneth Swindell Prepared as part of a joint World Bank/Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Research Project. World Bank Staff Working Paper No. 414 The World Bank Washington, D.C. July 1980 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. Preface .................................................... iii-iv Acknowledgments ........................................... v-vi Demographic Aspects of Recent International and Internal Migration in Ghana by K. C. Zachariah and N. K. Nair ..... Gh.i-Gh.128 Migration in Sierra Leone by Chike S. Okoye .... ........... S.L. i-S.L.40 Annex: Some Aspects of Migration in the Western Area of Sierra Leone by Eugene K. Campbell.. S.L.41-S.L.88 Migration to Liberia by M. L. Srivastava .... ............... L. i-L.80 Migration in the Gambia by K. C. Zachariah .... ............. G. i-G.31 Annex: A Report on Migrant Farmers in the Gambia by Kenneth Swindell ..... ................... G.32-G.66 Bibliography . .............................................. 1 - 7 - ii - PREFACE Migration patterns across and within national boundaries affect the distribution of resources -- especially human capital. When, as in West Africa, millions of people are involved, the economic and social effects of migration are significant to the development of both the countries of origin and those of destination. Data from the 1960 and 1970 series of censuses and surveys in West Africa indicate the magnitude of the flow. From 1965 to 1975, six countries (the Ivory Coast, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Liberia and the Gambia) had a net gain of 1.3 million people from migration alone while three countries (Upper Volta, Ghana, and Mali) experienced a net loss of 1.2 million. About 4.4 million people migrated within their respective countries. For both international and internal movements, the direction of the flow -- from the interior toward the coast and from rural to urban areas -- affects the regional development of the individual countries and con- tributes to the problems of urban growth. For these reasons the World Bank and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) agreed in 1975 to sponsor a research project to investigate regional migration patterns and trends in West Africa. It was the first such study ever attempted regarding this area of the world where migration is of great important to national development. The project was originally designed as an ambitious two-part study. The first part was to measure the demographic dimensions and characteristics of migration, and the second part was to analyse the causes and consequences of migration in three countries in West Africa -- namely Ghana, the Ivory Coast, and Upper Volta. The demographic aspect was to be studied from data existing at that time and population censuses that were soon to be available. The analytical part was to be based on data especially collected for the purpose through sample surveys in selected eco-regions in the three coun- tries.l/ Plans for these sample surveys were abandoned, however, because of disagreement on the arrangements with potential collaborating organiza- tions in the region. The proposal to go ahead with the demographic element of the project was approved by the World Bank's Research Committee in 1975, and the OECD agreed to provide the services of a francophone demographer. Within a few weeks, the study was initiated with analysis of the census data for Ghana, but the project was prolonged for two and a half years because the principal countries, the Ivory Coast and Upper Volta, took their first census in 1975, and these data were not available until May 1977. 1/ An eco-region is a geographically limited area with a common system of economic production or natural resource base, or both; that is, sharing an economic and ecological base. - iii - - iv - This volume includes the country reports and bibliography for the English-speaking countries: Ghana, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and the Gambia. The country studies of the French-speaking countries (the Ivory Coast, Upper Volta, Senegal, and Togo) are found in Volume 2 (Working Paper No. 415). Available data for Mali are analyzed in an unpublished paper by Michele Fieloux available through the Population and Human Resources Division of the World Bank. 1/ In addition, a regional volume based on the findings of the nine country studies has been published by the Oxford University Press.2/ According to the United Nations' grouping of countries, West Africa includes sixteen countries with a 1975 total population of 115 million. The selection of the nine countries included in the research project was based on the availability of recent reliable published or unpublished census and survey data featuring information on migration. For some countries, notably Mali and Senegal, the data from recent censuses are not yet available. The most populous country in the region, Nigeria, was excluded because of the controversy regarding its recent census data, particularly those concerning its total population and geographic distribution. Niger, Benin, Guinea, and Guinea Bissau are excluded mainly because of the lack of recent data and the unavailability of scholars familiar with the migration situation in these countries. Nevertheless, a great deal of information on emigration from Guinea is presented. Each of the country reports included here contains sections on national demographic background, international migration, rural-urban and inter-regional migration, and the socioeconomic characteristics of the migrants in the specific country. Pagination is separate for each study and the bibliography. Although there is some attempt to point out how recent migratory flows represent changes from historical trends and reflect current patterns of economic opportunity and political stability, the purpose of this research is not to analyze the causes and consequences of migration. Statements on these issues are incidental to the primary concern. The individual country studies and regional analysis do, however, provide a necessary base for further research into the underlying reasons for migration and its social and economic effects. It is hoped that the findings will also be an asset to researchers and planners of economic and social policy in the countries considered. 1/ Michele Fieloux, 1978. "Mali: Internal and International Migration," Washington, D. C.: World Bank, Development Economics Department, June (unpublished, restricted circulation document). 2/ K. C. Zachariah and Julien Conde, 1980. Migration in West Africa: The Demographic
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