DOCSLIB.ORG

Book of Abstracts

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

CTBT Science and Technology Conference 2021 (SnT2021) Monday 28 June 2021 – Friday 02 July 2021 Book of Abstracts Welcome and introduction It is my pleasure to welcome you to SnT2021, which is the sixth event in the CTBT: Science and Technology conference series. SnT2021 is special and different from previous SnT conferences, and not only in terms ofits hybrid-virtual format. It has two important themes that are unique for this year — the 25th anniversary of the opening for signature of the CTBT, and the Covid-19 pandemic that has affected us all. We will mark the 25th anniversary with a series of invited talks and panels that will address various aspects of the verification system over the past 25 years and the challenges and prospects for theTreaty in the future. The global nature of the Covid-19 pandemic resulted in a world-wide resilience test. This was especially true for the CTBT verification regime, which relies on continuous data gathering, transmission and analysis. We will reflect upon this experience and the lessons that can be learnt from it in a dedicated panel and a series of oral presentations distributed over several sessions. The sessions related to the 25th anniversary include high level discussions on the openingday (28 June) as well as technological and scientific panels over the remainder of the Conference (29 June – 2 July). These panels will cover the topics of sensors, data analysis, regional data, lessons from historical data, preparedness for OSI, as well as scientific and civil applications. It is heartening to see that the level of interest for the SnT conferences continues to grow as we expect more than 1100 participants and 620 presentations that will cover a wide range of disciplines, including seismology, meteorology, acoustics, nuclear sciences, computer sciences, system engineering and maintenance, information and communication technology, and disar- mament and non-proliferation diplomacy. Let me also take this opportunity to express my gratitude to all of the staff who have tirelessly supported this complex undertaking of organizing a hybrid conference setting for the first time and under unprecedented circumstances. Undoubtedly, we would have preferred to welcome everyone again here in Vienna. However, our hope is that the diverse programme and hybrid format will still inspire and enable your active engagement with this important initiative. These SnT conferences are an important contribution to the rich repository of knowledge that will serve as a resource for generations to come. Lassina Zerbo Executive Secretary Page ii Contents Welcome and introduction ................................ ii High-level opening ..................................... 1 G1 SNT21@25th anniversary of the CTBT: Ceremonial Opening and Political Re- marks ........................................ 1 G2 Facilitated dialogue on CTBT@25 years: Evolution of the CTBT, the Organiza- tion and its technologies & CTBT’s model function of inclusion and science cooperation ..................................... 1 G3 Artificial Intelligence (AI) to Transform Nuclear Explosion Monitoring and Veri- fication: Thoughts on Opportunities and What It Might Take to GetThere. .. 2 G4 Space science and technology for global sustainable development, peace, and se- curity ........................................ 2 G5 Securing a nuclear test-free world for Youth and the next generations ...... 3 Highlight talks ........................................ 4 H1-720 Imaging the Earth’s Deep Interior using seismic waves ............ 4 H2-716 Improving ocean monitoring through the expansion of the global seismo- graphic network on the seafloor .......................... 4 H3-715 Progress and Challenges in Atmospheric Sciences ............... 5 Invited talks .......................................... 6 I01-722 Challenges and Achievements of Monitoring for Nuclear Test Explosions in the Context of the CTBT .............................. 6 I02-718 The CTBT Hydroacoustic Network at 25 years ................ 6 I03-714 25 years of infrasound monitoring: achievements and new challenges ... 7 I04-717 The IMS radionuclide network- a unique machine not yet fully exploited .. 7 I05-727 Status of Preparations for the Support of On-site Inspections ........ 8 I06-719 Sustainable Development, Disaster Risk Reduction and CTBTO Verification Regime ........................................ 8 I06-721 Civil and Scientific Applications of IMS Data ................. 9 I07-529 Use of infrasound data for early notification of Volcanic Ash Advisory Cen- tres .......................................... 9 I08-723 Knowledge vs Data ................................ 10 I09-742 Welcome to risk: As we know it or, do we? .................. 10 I10-749 Multiple Reasons for the Anthropocene – Paul Crutzen’s Contribution to Save Planetary Boundaries ............................. 11 I10-752 Artificial radionuclide fallout: a marker for the start of the Anthropocene Epoch ........................................ 11 Invited short talks ...................................... 12 Is1-353 New applications at the IDC for SHI Expert Technical Analysis ....... 12 iii Is2-283 Advancements in hydroacoustic signal processing at CTBT IDC during the past two decades and plans in the future ..................... 12 Is3-381 Infrasound processing system at the IDC, from rudimentary to maturity .. 13 Is4-332 Advancements in Atmospheric Transport Modelling (ATM) at the CTBTO PTS during the past two decades and plans for the future. ........... 13 Is5-239 Development of the first comprehensive draft list of equipment for use during OSIs ......................................... 14 Is6-454 Machine learning prospects for automatic SHI processing .......... 15 Is7-604 Review and outlook of radionuclide screening methods for discriminating nuclear explosion signals from normal radioactivity background in the atmo- sphere ........................................ 15 Panel discussions ...................................... 17 J02 Lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic crisis as a Resilience of the CTBT monitoring regime ................................. 17 J03 Lessons from historic nuclear test explosions and value of recorded signals for monitoring science ................................. 17 J04 Innovation affecting CTBT: pertinent to IMS monitoring system (sensors) ... 18 J05 Innovation affecting CTBT: pertinent to IDC data analysis; needs, ideas andim- plementation pathways ............................... 18 J06 Civil and scientific applications - prospects ..................... 19 J07 Regional data for treaty monitoring ......................... 19 J08 Human versus Machine ................................ 20 J09 Synergy among monitoring systems to address hazard mitigation and global chal- lenges ........................................ 20 J11 Communicating uncertainty among scientists, to policy makers and the public . 21 Events .............................................. 23 M1 Event 1 on Resilience of the CTBT monitoring regime, including lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic crisis ........................ 23 M2 Event 2 on Resilience of the CTBT monitoring regime, including lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic crisis ........................ 23 Oral presentations ...................................... 25 O1.1 The atmosphere and its dynamic .......................... 25 O1.1-320 Obtaining the infrasound bulletin for IS08 ............... 25 O1.1-389 The Coherent Infrasound Wavefield: New IMS Broadband Bulletin Products for Atmospheric Studies and Civilian Applications ...... 25 O1.1-457 Multi-disciplinary characterization of the June 2019 eruptions of Raikoke (Kuril Islands) and Ulawun (Papua New Guinea) volcanoes using re- mote technologies ............................. 26 O1.1-531 Global microbarom patterns: infrasound ambient noise modelling vs IMS observation database ......................... 27 O1.1-536 Reflection on the importance of IMS-like infrasound stations invol- canologically active areas ......................... 27 O1.1-596 Modeling atmospheric transport and dispersion over complex terrain 28 O1.2 The solid earth and its structure .......................... 29 O1.2-091 3D Dynamic Earthquake Rupture Simulations In The Sea Of Marmara 29 O1.2-165 P-wave arrival-time tomography of the Middle East ......... 29 O1.2-238 Monitoring sub-seafloor deformation in plate subduction zone ... 30 O1.2-247 Velocity structure of the uppermost mantle beneath the tanzanian cra- ton and the surrounding proterozoic mobile belts from pn tomography ........................................ 30 Page iv O1.2-277 Teleseismic depth determination, techniques and uncertainties : an Himalayan case study ........................... 31 O1.2-412 A crustal P-wave velocity model for Israel to improve IMS capabilities in the Middle East ............................. 31 O1.3 The oceans and their properties ........................... 33 O1.3-262 Investigation of trends in ocean noise determined from the CTBTO hydroacoustic stations, including during the 2020 COVID-19 lockdown period .................................... 33 O1.3-489 Seismic ocean thermometry using CTBTO hydrophone data ..... 33 O1.3-513 Long-term observations of a potential great whale call from the cen- tral Indian Ocean during 2002-2019 ................... 34 O1.3-648 Using ambient noise at hydroacoustic stations for passive ocean sens- ing ...................................... 34 O1.3-705 SMART Subsea Cables for Observing the Ocean and Earth:
Recommended publications
  • Characterization of Plutonium Particles Originating from the BOMARC Accident -1960

    Characterization of Plutonium Particles Originating from the BOMARC Accident -1960

    UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones 5-2010 Characterization of plutonium particles originating from the BOMARC accident -1960 Richard Charles Gostic University of Nevada Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations Part of the Environmental Chemistry Commons, Environmental Health and Protection Commons, Nuclear Commons, and the Radiochemistry Commons Repository Citation Gostic, Richard Charles, "Characterization of plutonium particles originating from the BOMARC accident -1960" (2010). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.34917/1537163 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHARACTERIZATION OF PLUTONIUM PARTICLES ORIGINATING FROM THE BOMARC ACCIDENT - 1960 By Richard Charles Gostic Bachelor of Science Dowling College
  • Nuclear Fuel Particles in the Environment - Characteristics, Atmospheric Transport and Skin Doses

    Nuclear Fuel Particles in the Environment - Characteristics, Atmospheric Transport and Skin Doses

    FI0200057 STUK-A188 May 2002 Nuclear fuel particles in the environment - characteristics, atmospheric transport and skin doses R. Pollanen STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority University of Helsinki, Department of Physics ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty of Science of the University of Helsinki, for public criticism in the Small Auditorium E204 at Physicum on May 28th 2002, at 12 o'clock a.m. STUK • SATEILYTURVAKESKUS • STRALSAKERHETSCENTRALEN RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORITY SEVERAL PAGES OF THIS PUBLICATION ARE INTENTIONALLY LEFT OUT, DUE TO THE FACT THAT THESE PARTS ARE OUT OF INIS SUBJECT SCOPE The conclusions presented in the STUK report series are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of STUK. ISBN 951-712-528-3 (print) ISBN 951-712-529-1 (pdf) ISSN 0781-1705 Edita Prima Oy, Helsinki 2002 Sold by: STUK—Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority P.O. Box 14 FIN-00881 HELSINKI Finland Tel. +358 9 759 881 STUK-A188 POLLANEN, Roy. Nuclear fuel particles in the environment - characteristics, atmospheric transport and skin doses. STUK-A188. Helsinki 2002. 64 p. + app. 90 p. ISBN 951-712-528-3 ISSN 0781-1705 Keywords Nuclear fuel particle, hot particle, radionuclide, atmospheric transport, activity, skin dose. SUMMARY In the present thesis, nuclear fuel particles are studied from the perspective of their characteristics, atmospheric transport and possible skin doses. These particles, often referred to as 'hot' particles, can be released into the environment, as has happened in past years, through human activities, incidents and accidents, such as the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in 1986.
  • NKS-180, Overview of Sources of Radioactive Particles of Nordic

    NKS-180, Overview of Sources of Radioactive Particles of Nordic

    Nordisk kernesikkerhedsforskning Norrænar kjarnöryggisrannsóknir Pohjoismainen ydinturvallisuustutkimus Nordisk kjernesikkerhetsforskning Nordisk kärnsäkerhetsforskning Nordic nuclear safety research NKS-180 ISBN 978-87-7893-246-4 Overview of sources of radioactive particles of Nordic relevance as well as a short description of available particle characterisation techniques Ole Christian Lind1), Ulrika Nygren2), Lennart Thaning2), Henrik Ramebäck2), Singh Sidhu3), Per Roos4), Roy Pöllänen5), Ylva Ranebo6), Elis Holm6) and Brit Salbu1) 1)Norwegian University Of Life Sciences, Norway 2)Swedish Defense Research Agency (FOI), Sweden 3)Institute For Energy Technology, Norway 4)Risø National Laboratories, Denmark 5)STUK, Finland 6)University Of Lund, Sweden October 2008 Abstract The present overview report show that there are many existing and potential sources of radioactive particle contamination of relevance to the Nordic countries. Following their release, radioactive particles represent point sources of short- and long-term radioecological significance, and the failure to recognise their presence may lead to significant errors in the short- and long-term impact assessments related to radioactive contamination at a particular site. Thus, there is a need of knowledge with respect to the probability, quantity and expected impact of radioactive particle formation and release in case of specified potential nuclear events (e.g. reactor accident or nuclear terrorism). Furthermore, knowledge with respect to the particle characteristics influencing transport, ecosystem transfer and biological effects is important. In this respect, it should be noted that an IAEA coordinated research project was running from 2000-2006 (IAEA CRP, 2001) focussing on characterisation and environmental impact of radioactive particles, while a new IAEA CRP focussing on the biological effects of radioactive particles will be launched in 2008.

  • Dounreay Particles Advisory Group

    Dounreay Particles Advisory Group Third Report September 2006 Dounreay Particle Advisory Group Third Report Publishing Organisation Scottish Environment Protection Agency, Erskine Court, Castle Business Park, Stirling, FK9 4TR Tel: 01786 457700 Fax: 01786 446885 Website: www.sepa.org.uk © SEPA 2006 ISBN: 1-901322-64-5 i ii FOREWORD The Group was faced with the dilemma of producing this Third Report promptly with major gaps in our knowledge, which we had identified, or awaiting provision of the most vital information. We chose the latter option. It was decided that, with a single exception, information received after the end of February could not be considered adequately for inclusion in this Report. As the exception, the Group considered it essential to confirm in practice our theoretical assessment of the performance of Groundhog Evolution (and its predecessor) in monitoring of beaches for particles. Under the auspices of COMARE, we participated in empirical measurements undertaken at Sandside Bay in April 2006, which was the earliest opportunity circumstances permitted. The Group had also considered it essential to monitor the beach at Dunnet Bay. A major review of the potential consequences for health of particles was proposed by the Group, commissioned by SEPA and undertaken comprehensively by the Radiation Protection Division of the Health Protection Agency. We have now been able to set our findings in the context of public health, which we regard as the most important factor, and to categorise particles as Significant, Relevant or Minor according to their potential to cause harm. Information was sought on the relationship between the activity of particles and their mass and density in order to understand better their behaviour in the marine environment.

  • DOD 3150.8-M: Nuclear Weapon Accident Response Procedures

    1 2 DoD 3150.8-M, December 1999 3 FOREWORD DoD 3150.8-M, December 1999 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FOREWORD 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 FIGURES 7 TABLES 8 REFERENCES 9 DEFINITIONS 11 ABBREVIATIONS AND/OR ACRONYMS 33 PART I - PLANNING, POLICY, AND RESPONSE GUIDANCE 44 C1. CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 45 C2. CHAPTER 2 - NUCLEAR WEAPON ACCIDENT RESPONSE PROCEDURES 52 C3. CHAPTER 3 - SHIPBOARD ACCIDENT RESPONSE 83 PART II - TECHNICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES OF RADIOLOGICAL 95 ACCIDENT RESPONSE C4. CHAPTER 4 - RADIOLOGICAL HAZARD AND SAFETY ENVIRONMENTAL 96 MONITORING C5. CHAPTER 5 - RESPIRATORY AND PERSONNEL PROTECTION 198 C6. CHAPTER 6 - CONTAMINATION CONTROL 206 C7. CHAPTER 7 - BIOASSAY PROCEDURES 216 C8. CHAPTER 8 - RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS, CHARACTERISTICS, HAZARDS, 225 AND HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS C9. CHAPTER 9 - CONVERSION FACTORS FOR WEAPONS GRADE PLUTONIUM 232 C10. CHAPTER 10 - MEDICAL 239 C11. CHAPTER 11 - SECURITY 256 C12. CHAPTER 12 - WEAPON RECOVERY OPERATIONS 266 C13. CHAPTER 13 - COMMUNICATIONS 274 4 FOREWORD DoD 3150.8-M, December 1999 C14. CHAPTER 14 - PUBLIC AFFAIRS 288 C15. CHAPTER 15 - LEGAL 320 C16. CHAPTER 16 - LOGISTIC SUPPORT 332 C17. CHAPTER 17 - TRAINING 342 PART III - SITE REMEDIATION GUIDANCE 345 C18. CHAPTER 18 - OVERVIEW OF THE SITE REMEDIATION PROCESS 346 C19. CHAPTER 19 - ACCIDENT SCENCE RESPONSE 351 C20. CHAPTER 20 - INTERMEDIATE ACTIONS 358 C21. CHAPTER 21 - LONG-TERM ACTIONS 365 PART IV - SPECIALIZED ASSETS AND POINTS OF CONTACT 372 C22. CHAPTER 22 - SUMMARY OF SPECIALIZED CAPABILITIES 373 C23. CHAPTER 23 - BIBLIOGRAPHY 384 APPENDICES C3.AP1. SHIPBOARD FIREFIGHTING 89 C3.AP2. SHIPBOARD RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING AND CONTROL 91 C4.AP1. RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING EQUIPMENT 114 C4.AP2.
  • Characterization of Radioactive Particles from the Dounreay Nuclear Reprocessing Facility

    Characterization of Radioactive Particles from the Dounreay Nuclear Reprocessing Facility

    Science of the Total Environment 727 (2020) 138488 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Science of the Total Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/scitotenv Characterization of radioactive particles from the Dounreay nuclear reprocessing facility Ian Byrnes a,⁎, Ole Christian Lind a, Elisabeth Lindbo Hansen a,b, Koen Janssens c,BritSalbua a Center for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1433 Ås, Norway b Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (DSA), P.O. Box 329, Skøyen, NO-0213 Oslo, Norway c AXES, Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium HIGHLIGHTS GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT • Multi-technique characterization of ra- dioactive Dounreay (MTR and DFR) par- ticles • Particle characteristics reflect nuclear fuel designs and accidental release sce- narios. • Highly enriched (235U/238U range of 2.2–4.0), tetravalent U in both particle types • Particles from MTR (Al, Nd ~ 1–2 atom %) can be differed from DFR (Nb, Mo ~ 0.5–1atom%). • Beta emission derived dose rates for Dounreay particles support existing models. article info abstract Article history: Radioactive particles originating from nuclear fuel reprocessing at the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Received 22 December 2019 Authority's Dounreay Facility were inadvertently released to the environment in the late 1950s to 1970s and Received in revised form 2 April 2020 have subsequently been found on site grounds and local beaches. Previous assessments of risk associated with Accepted 4 April 2020 encountering a particle have been based on conservative assumptions related to particle composition and speci- Available online 7 April 2020 ation.
  • Radiation Standards for Hot Particles

    Radiation Standards for Hot Particles

    UNITED STATE5 ATOMIC E?: ZRGY CCNfk<:SS10i4 VJASHIKCTO.N. B.C. 235.75 February13, 1?74 .. cc:.,llatE2rr,Jl!lU?. .- BEST COPYAVAHABLE Nanml ResourcesDefenseCouncil,Inc. V1ON STREET,N.W. WMXINGTON,D.C.2CG36 202783-5710 P& Aho Oj% Ntw Yod 0.6ce 644HAhflLTONAVENUE 12 February 1574 13WEST44thSTRE[T PALONTO.CALIF.94301 NEw YORK.FJ.Y.:::3s 432327-1080 212869-0150 Mr. Lester Rogers Director of Regulatory Standards U. S. Atomic Energy Commission Washington, D. C. 20545 Dear Les: For your information I have enclosed a copy of the document that supports a petition of NRDC for a 115,000 fold reducti~n in radiation standards applicable to plutonium znd oti.er actnides. We plan to file the petition with both the AEC and EPA on the morning of 14 February. Sincerely yours, /’(#- ,’ ,, Arthur R. Tamplin Enclosure .- .- -- f Radiation Standards for Hot Particles ..-.! . .’. ,-- --- A Report on the Inadequacy of Existing Radiation Protection Standards Related to Internal Exposure of Man to Insoluble . Particles of Plutonium and Other Alpha-emitting Hot Particles. February 24, 1S74 “ 1 . .* . ● ✎ Jkthur R. Tamplin Thomas B. Cochran .- .-— .* . Natural P.esources Esfense Council 1710 N. Street, NOW. Washington, D. C. 20035 . f Introduction..=”. ...1 11 plutonium Use and Ptilic Health . “. 3 . III Existing Standards for plutonium Exposure . 6 Iv Calculating the Dose Due to Insoluble Alpha-Emitters . 11 A The Dose Equivalent. 11 B Modifying Factors . 13 c The Hot Particle Problem . 18 v Biological Data Related to the”Cancer Risk from Insoluble Plutonium Exposure . .. 21 ., A The Geesaman Hypothesis . 22 B Related Human Experience . 26 c Related Lung Experiments .
  • Radioactive Particles in the Environment: Sources, Particle Characterization and Analytical Techniques

    Radioactive Particles in the Environment: Sources, Particle Characterization and Analytical Techniques

    spine 5,5 mm IAEA-TECDOC-1663 Radioactive particles in the Environment: Sources, Particle Characterization and Analytical Techniques INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA ISBN 978–92–0–119010–9 ISSN 1011–4289 Radioactive particles in the Environment: Sources, Particle Characterization and Analytical Techniques The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GHANA NORWAY ALBANIA GREECE OMAN ALGERIA GUATEMALA PAKISTAN ANGOLA HAITI PALAU ARGENTINA HOLY SEE PANAMA ARMENIA HONDURAS PARAGUAY AUSTRALIA HUNGARY PERU AUSTRIA ICELAND PHILIPPINES AZERBAIJAN INDIA POLAND BAHRAIN INDONESIA PORTUGAL BANGLADESH IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF QATAR BELARUS IRAQ REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BELGIUM IRELAND ROMANIA BELIZE ISRAEL RUSSIAN FEDERATION BENIN ITALY SAUDI ARABIA BOLIVIA JAMAICA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JAPAN SENEGAL BOTSWANA JORDAN SERBIA BRAZIL KAZAKHSTAN SEYCHELLES BULGARIA KENYA SIERRA LEONE BURKINA FASO KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SINGAPORE BURUNDI KUWAIT SLOVAKIA CAMBODIA KYRGYZSTAN SLOVENIA CAMEROON LATVIA SOUTH AFRICA CANADA LEBANON SPAIN CENTRAL AFRICAN LESOTHO SRI LANKA REPUBLIC LIBERIA SUDAN CHAD LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA SWEDEN CHILE LIECHTENSTEIN SWITZERLAND CHINA LITHUANIA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COLOMBIA LUXEMBOURG TAJIKISTAN CONGO MADAGASCAR THAILAND COSTA RICA MALAWI THE FORMER YUGOSLAV CÔTE D’IVOIRE MALAYSIA REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CROATIA MALI TUNISIA CUBA MALTA TURKEY CYPRUS MARSHALL ISLANDS UGANDA CZECH REPUBLIC MAURITANIA UKRAINE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MAURITIUS UNITED ARAB EMIRATES OF THE CONGO MEXICO UNITED KINGDOM