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The Covid-19 Pandemic and Its Repercussions on the Malaysian Tourism Industry
Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Management, May-June 2021, Vol. 9, No. 3, 135-145 doi: 10.17265/2328-2169/2021.03.001 D D AV I D PUBLISHING The Covid-19 Pandemic and Its Repercussions on the Malaysian Tourism Industry Noriah Ramli, Majdah Zawawi International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, Malaysia The outbreak of the novel coronavirus (Covid-19) has hit the nation’s tourism sector hard. With the closure of borders, industry players should now realize that they cannot rely and focus too much on international receipts but should also give equal balance attention to local tourist and tourism products. Hence, urgent steps must be taken by the government to reduce the impact of this outbreak on the country’s economy, by introducing measures to boost domestic tourism and to satisfy the cravings of the tourism needs of the population. It is not an understatement that Malaysians often look for tourists’ destinations outside Malaysia for fun and adventure, ignoring the fact that Malaysia has a lot to offer to tourist in terms of sun, sea, culture, heritage, gastronomy, and adventure. National geography programs like “Tribal Chef” demonstrate how “experiential tourism” resonates with the young and adventurous, international and Malaysian alike. The main purpose of this paper is to give an insight about the effect of Covid-19 pandemic to the tourism and hospitality services industry in Malaysia. What is the immediate impact of Covid-19 pandemic on Malaysia’s tourism industry? What are the initiatives (stimulus package) taken by the Malaysian government in order to ensure tourism sustainability during Covid-19 pandemic? How to boost tourist confidence? How to revive Malaysia’s tourism industry? How local government agencies can help in promoting and coordinating domestic tourism? These are some of the questions which a response is provided in the paper. -
Singapore's Exchange Rate-Based Monetary Policy
Singapore’s Exchange Rate-Based Monetary Policy Since 1981, monetary policy in Singapore has been centred on the management of the exchange rate. The primary objective has been to promote price stability as a sound basis for sustainable economic growth. The exchange rate represents an ideal intermediate target of monetary policy in the context of the small and open Singapore economy. It is relatively controllable through direct interventions in the foreign exchange markets and bears a stable and predictable relationship with the price stability as the final target of policy over the medium-term. There are several key features of the exchange rate system in Singapore. First, the Singapore dollar is managed against a basket of currencies of our major trading partners and competitors. The various currencies are assigned weights in accordance with the importance of the country to Singapore’s trading relations with the rest of the world. The composition of the basket is revised periodically to take into account changes in trade patterns. Second, MAS operates a managed float regime for the Singapore dollar. The trade- weighted exchange rate is allowed to fluctuate within a policy band, the level and direction of which is announced semi-annually to the market. The band provides a mechanism to accommodate short-term fluctuations in the foreign exchange markets and flexibility in managing the exchange rate. Third, the exchange rate policy band is periodically reviewed to ensure that it remains consistent with underlying fundamentals of the economy. It is important to continually assess the path of the exchange rate in order to avoid a misalignment in the currency value. -
Forecasting Malaysian Ringgit: Before and After the Global Crisis
ASIAN ACADEMY of MANAGEMENT JOURNAL of ACCOUNTING and FINANCE AAMJAF, Vol. 9, No. 2, 157–175, 2013 FORECASTING MALAYSIAN RINGGIT: BEFORE AND AFTER THE GLOBAL CRISIS Chan Tze-Haw1, Lye Chun Teck2 and Hooy Chee-Wooi3 1 Graduate School of Business, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia 2 Faculty of Business, Multimedia University, Jalan Ayer Keroh Lama, 75450 Ayer Keroh, Melaka, Malaysia 3 School of Management, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT The forecasting of exchange rates remains a difficult task due to global crises and authority interventions. This study employs the monetary-portfolio balance exchange rate model and its unrestricted version in the analysis of Malaysian Ringgit during the post- Bretton Wood era (1991M1–2012M12), before and after the subprime crisis. We compare two Artificial Neural Network (ANN) estimation procedures (MLFN and GRNN) with the random walks (RW) and the Vector Autoregressive (VAR) methods. The out-of- sample forecasting assessment reveals the following. First, the unrestricted model has superior forecasting performance compared to the original model during the 24-month forecasting horizon. Second, the ANNs have outperformed both the RW and VAR forecasts in all cases. Third, the MLFNs consistently outperform the GRNNs in both exchange rate models in all evaluation criteria. Fourth, forecasting performance is weakened when the post-subprime crisis period was included. In brief, economic fundamentals are still vital in forecasting the Malaysian Ringgit, but the monetary mechanism may not sufficiently work through foreign exchange adjustments in the short run due to global uncertainties. These findings are beneficial for policy making, investment modelling, and corporate planning. -
Econ 690 Spring, 2019 C. Engel Answers to Homework 5 1
Econ 690 Spring, 2019 C. Engel Answers to Homework 5 1. Suppose the spot rate is CHF0.9976/$ in the spot market, and the 180-day forward rate is CHF0.9908/$. If the 180-day dollar interest rate is 3% p.a., what is the annualized 180-day interest rate on Swiss francs that would prevent arbitrage? Answer: Interest rate parity requires equality of the return to investing in CHF versus converting the CHF principal into dollars, investing the dollars, and selling the dollar principal plus interest in the forward market for CHF: 1 1 + ( ) = × (1 + ($)) × ( /$) ( /$) If we “de-annualize”� the dollar �interest rate, we find that the 180 day interest rate is 0.015. Hence, the Swiss franc interest rate that prevents arbitrage is 1 i(CHF) = × 1.015 × CHF0.9908/$ - 1 = 0.0081 CHF0.9976/$ If we annualize this value, we find 0.0081 × (100) × (360/180) = 1.62%. 2. As a trader for Goldman Sachs you see the following prices from two different banks: 1-year euro deposits/loans: 6.0% – 6.125% p.a. 1-year Malaysian ringgit deposits/loans: 10.5% – 10.625% p.a. Spot exchange rates: MYR 4.6602 / EUR – MYR 4.6622 / EUR 1-year forward exchange rates: MYR 4.9500 / EUR – MYR 4.9650 / EUR The interest rates are quoted on a 360-day year. Can you do a covered interest arbitrage? Answer: We need to check the two inequalities that characterize the absence of covered interest arbitrage. In the first, we will borrow euros at 6.125%, convert to ringgits in the spot market at MYR4.6602 / EUR, invest the ringgits at 10.5%, and sell the ringgit principal plus interest forward for euros at MYR4.9650 / EUR. -
Relevant Market/ Region Commercial Transaction Rates
Last Updated: 31, May 2021 You can find details about changes to our rates and fees and when they will apply on our Policy Updates Page. You can also view these changes by clicking ‘Legal’ at the bottom of any web-page and then selecting ‘Policy Updates’. Domestic: A transaction occurring when both the sender and receiver are registered with or identified by PayPal as residents of the same market. International: A transaction occurring when the sender and receiver are registered with or identified by PayPal as residents of different markets. Certain markets are grouped together when calculating international transaction rates. For a listing of our groupings, please access our Market/Region Grouping Table. Market Code Table: We may refer to two-letter market codes throughout our fee pages. For a complete listing of PayPal market codes, please access our Market Code Table. Relevant Market/ Region Rates published below apply to PayPal accounts of residents of the following market/region: Market/Region list Taiwan (TW) Commercial Transaction Rates When you buy or sell goods or services, make any other commercial type of transaction, send or receive a charity donation or receive a payment when you “request money” using PayPal, we call that a “commercial transaction”. Receiving international transactions Where sender’s market/region is Rate Outside of Taiwan (TW) Commercial Transactions 4.40% + fixed fee Fixed fee for commercial transactions (based on currency received) Currency Fee Australian dollar 0.30 AUD Brazilian real 0.60 BRL Canadian -
A Simultaneous-Equation Model of the Determinants of the Thai Baht/U.S
A SIMULTANEOUS-EQUATION MODEL OF THE DETERMINANTS OF THE THAI BAHT/U.S. DOLLAR EXCHANGE RATE Yu Hsing, Southeastern Louisiana University ABSTRACT This paper examines short-run determinants of the Thai baht/U.S. dollar (THB/ USD) exchange rate based on a simultaneous-equation model. Using a reduced form equation and applying the EGARCH method, the paper fnds that the THB/ USD exchange rate is positively associated with the real 10-year U.S. government bond yield, real U.S. exports to Thailand, the real U.S. stock price and the expected exchange rate and negatively infuenced by the real Thai government bond yield, real U.S. imports from Thailand, and the real Thai stock price. JEL Classifcation: F31 INTRODUCTION The choice of exchange rate regimes, overvaluation of a currency, and global fnancial crises may affect the behavior of an exchange rate. Before the Asian fnancial crisis, the Thai baht was pegged to a basket of major currencies and was substantially over-valued. Due to speculative attacks and running out of foreign reserves, the Thai government gave up pegging of major currencies and announced the adoption of a foating exchange rate regime on July 2, 1997. As a result, the Thai baht had depreciated as much as 108.74% against the U.S. dollar. In the recent global fnancial crisis, the Thai baht had lost as much as 13.76% of its value versus the U.S. dollar. While a depreciating currency is expected to lead to more exports, it would cause less imports, higher domestic infation, decreasing international capital infows, rising costs of foreign debt measured in the domestic currency, and other related negative impacts. -
68Th Annual Report Chapter VI. Exchange Rates and Capital Flows
VI. Exchange rates and capital flows Highlights In 1997 and early 1998 current and prospective business cycle developments in the three largest economies continued to dominate interest rate expectations as well as the movements of the dollar against the yen and the Deutsche mark. The yen showed more variability than the mark as market participants revised their views regarding the momentum of the Japanese economy. As in 1996, the dollar’s strength served to redistribute world demand in a stabilising manner, away from the full employment economy of the United States to economies that were still operating below potential. A question remains as to whether the US current account deficit, which is expected to widen substantially as a result of exchange rate changes and the Asian crisis, will prove sustainable given the continuing build- up of US external liabilities. Under the influence of several forces, large currency depreciations spread across East Asia and beyond in 1997. Apart from similarities in domestic conditions, common factors were the strength of the dollar, competition in international trade, widespread shifts in speculative positions and foreign investors’ withdrawal of funds from markets considered similar. The fall in output growth and wealth in Asia depressed commodity and gold prices, thereby putting downward pressure on the Canadian and Australian dollars. Against the background of a strong US dollar, most European currencies proved stable or strengthened against the mark. As fiscal policies and inflation converged, forward exchange rates and currency option prices anticipated the euro over a year before the scheduled introduction of monetary union. Already in 1997, trading of marks against the other currencies of prospective monetary union members had slowed. -
SBI FOREX CARD RATES Date 30-09-2021 Time 10:00 AM
SBI FOREX CARD RATES Date 30-09-2021 Time 10:00 AM CARD RATES FOR TRANSACTIONS BELOW Rs. 10 LACS CURRENCY TT BUY TT SELL BILL BUY BILL SELL TC BUY TC SELL CN BUY CN SELL PC BUY UNITED STATES DOLLAR USD/INR 73.50 75.00 73.44 75.15 72.80 75.40 72.50 75.50 73.39 EURO EUR/INR 84.71 87.60 84.64 87.78 83.90 88.05 83.50 88.25 84.58 GREAT BRITAIN POUND GBP/INR 98.34 101.48 98.26 101.68 97.40 102.00 96.90 102.25 98.19 JAPANESE YEN JPY/INR 65.23 67.48 65.18 67.61 64.60 67.80 62.10 70.00 65.13 SWISS FRANC CHF/INR 78.11 80.99 78.04 81.16 77.35 81.40 74.35 84.05 77.99 AUSTRALIAN DOLLAR AUD/INR 52.44 54.64 52.40 54.75 52.40 54.90 50.40 56.70 52.36 NEW ZEALAND DOLLAR NZD/INR 50.20 52.39 50.16 52.49 0.00 0.00 47.80 54.35 50.12 CANADIAN DOLLAR CAD/INR 57.35 59.27 57.31 59.38 56.80 59.55 54.60 61.50 57.26 SINGAPORE DOLLAR SGD/INR 53.71 55.41 53.66 55.52 0.00 0.00 51.15 57.50 53.63 HONG KONG DOLLAR HKD/INR 9.38 9.69 9.37 9.71 0.00 0.00 8.90 10.05 9.35 DANISH KRONER DKK/INR 11.40 11.77 11.38 11.80 0.00 0.00 10.80 12.25 11.38 NORWEGIAN KRONER NOK/INR 8.34 8.62 8.33 8.63 0.00 0.00 7.95 8.95 8.31 SWEDISH KRONA SEK/INR 8.30 8.57 8.29 8.59 0.00 0.00 7.90 8.90 8.27 BAHRAINI DINAR BHD/INR 191.13 203.01 190.97 203.42 0.00 0.00 185.65 206.50 190.84 KUWAITI DINAR KWD/INR 238.76 254.17 238.57 254.68 0.00 0.00 231.90 258.55 238.40 UAE DIRHAM AED/INR 19.62 20.84 19.60 20.88 0.00 0.00 19.05 21.20 19.59 SAUDI ARABIAN RIYAL SAR/INR 19.21 20.40 19.19 20.44 0.00 0.00 18.65 20.75 19.18 SOUTH AFRICAN RAND ZAR/INR 4.76 5.06 4.75 5.07 0.00 0.00 4.55 5.15 4.74 CHINESE YUAN CNY/INR -
The Pound Sterling
ESSAYS IN INTERNATIONAL FINANCE No. 13, February 1952 THE POUND STERLING ROY F. HARROD INTERNATIONAL FINANCE SECTION DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS PRINCETON UNIVERSITY Princeton, New Jersey The present essay is the thirteenth in the series ESSAYS IN INTERNATIONAL FINANCE published by the International Finance Section of the Department of Economics and Social Institutions in Princeton University. The author, R. F. Harrod, is joint editor of the ECONOMIC JOURNAL, Lecturer in economics at Christ Church, Oxford, Fellow of the British Academy, and• Member of the Council of the Royal Economic So- ciety. He served in the Prime Minister's Office dur- ing most of World War II and from 1947 to 1950 was a member of the United Nations Sub-Committee on Employment and Economic Stability. While the Section sponsors the essays in this series, it takes no further responsibility for the opinions therein expressed. The writer's are free to develop their topics as they will and their ideas may or may - • v not be shared by the editorial committee of the Sec- tion or the members of the Department. The Section welcomes the submission of manu- scripts for this series and will assume responsibility for a careful reading of them and for returning to the authors those found unacceptable for publication. GARDNER PATTERSON, Director International Finance Section THE POUND STERLING ROY F. HARROD Christ Church, Oxford I. PRESUPPOSITIONS OF EARLY POLICY S' TERLING was at its heyday before 1914. It was. something ' more than the British currency; it was universally accepted as the most satisfactory medium for international transactions and might be regarded as a world currency, even indeed as the world cur- rency: Its special position waS,no doubt connected with the widespread ramifications of Britain's foreign trade and investment. -
Relevant Market/ Region Commercial Transaction Rates
Last Updated: 31, May 2021 You can find details about changes to our rates and fees and when they will apply on our Policy Updates Page. You can also view these changes by clicking ‘Legal’ at the bottom of any web-page and then selecting ‘Policy Updates’. Domestic: A transaction occurring when both the sender and receiver are registered with or identified by PayPal as residents of the same market. International: A transaction occurring when the sender and receiver are registered with or identified by PayPal as residents of different markets. Certain markets are grouped together when calculating international transaction rates. For a listing of our groupings, please access our Market/Region Grouping Table. Market Code Table: We may refer to two-letter market codes throughout our fee pages. For a complete listing of PayPal market codes, please access our Market Code Table. Relevant Market/ Region Rates published below apply to PayPal accounts of residents of the following market/region: Market/Region list Vietnam (VN) Commercial Transaction Rates When you buy or sell goods or services, make any other commercial type of transaction, send or receive a charity donation or receive a payment when you “request money” using PayPal, we call that a “commercial transaction”. Receiving international transactions Where sender’s market/region is Rate Outside of Vietnam (VN) Commercial Transactions 4.40% + fixed fee Fixed fee for commercial transactions (based on currency received) Currency Fee Australian dollar 0.30 AUD Brazilian real 0.60 BRL Canadian dollar -
0.30560 0.30570 Daily Treasury Market Commentary KUWAITI DINAR
KUWAITI DINAR 0.30560 0.30570 Daily Treasury Market Commentary October 28, 2020 Foreign Exchange Developments: Economic Updates: The euro fell against the dollar on Wednesday following a New orders for key US-made capital goods increased Currency Price MTD % 3M% YTD% media report that France's government was leaning to six-year high in September, wrapping up a quarter EUR/USD 1.1779 0.51 0.55 5.07 toward reinstating a national lockdown to curb a of potentially record growth in business spending and GBP/USD 1.3043 0.98 0.87 -1.64 resurgence in coronavirus cases. the economy. AUD/USD 0.7145 -0.24 -0.18 1.75 The dollar, however, gave up early gains against other Britain must spell out how far it wants to diverge from USD/CHF 0.909 -1.28 -0.98 -6.09 major currencies as sentiment turned bearish due to European Union rules if it wants access to the bloc's USD/JPY 104.26 -1.16 -0.81 -4.25 uncertainty about the outcome of the U.S. presidential financial market from January, a top European USD/CAD 1.3191 -0.97 -1.39 1.57 election next week. The euro fell 0.14% to $1.1780 in Asia Commission official said on Tuesday. on Wednesday, down for a third consecutive session. Sterling held steady at $1.3035, supported by hopes for a Local & GCC news: last-minute trade deal between Britain and the European Kuwait's central bank announced on Tuesday it was Index Price Change MTD% YTD% Union. -
Turkey Practical Information
1349 Portage Avenue Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada R3G 0V7 1-800-661-3830 www.greatcanadiantravel.com Turkey Practical Information Turkey, officially the Republic of Turkey, is a transcontinental country in Eurasia. The country is surrounded by seas on three sides. Ankara is the capital while Istanbul is the country’s largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Documentation Canadian passports are required for visitors to travel to Turkey and must be valid for 60 days beyond the duration of your stay indicated on your visa. A visa is required for all travel to Turkey. Airports Istanbul Atatürk Airport Istanbul Atatürk Airport is the main international airport serving Istanbul and surrounding areas. It is located 24km west of Istanbul’s center and serves as the main hub for Turkish Airlines. There are many other airports located through Turkey. 1349 Portage Avenue Winnipeg, Manitoba Canada R3G 0V7 1-800-661-3830 Location and Geography www.greatcanadiantravel.com Turkey is a country located in both Europe and Asia. The Black Sea is to the north and the Mediterranean Sea is to the west and southwest. Georgia and Armenia are northeast, Azerbaijan and Iran are east, Iraq and Syria are southeast, and Greece and Bulgaria are northwest. Turkey is among the larger countries of the region with a land area greater than any European country. It is a mountainous country with flat land covering only one-sixth of the surface. Mountain crests exceed 2300 metres in many places and Turkey’s highest mountain, Mount Ararat reaches 5165 metres high. Other notable mountains include Uludoruk Peak-4744 metres high, Demirkazik Peak-3755 metres high and Mount Aydos-3479 metres high.