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Eletrochemical Changes in Gleysol of the Amazon Estuary

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Eletrochemical Changes in Gleysol of the Amazon Estuary http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/rca.1796 ORIGINAL ARTICLE George Rodrigues da Silva1* Paulo Augusto Lobato da Silva2 Sérgio Brazão e Silva1 Mário Lopes da Silva Junior1 Eletrochemical changes in Gleysol of the Marcos André Piedade Gama1 Antonio Rodrigues Fernandes1 Amazon estuary Alterações eletroquímicas em Gleissolo do estuário 1 Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia – UFRA, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Av. Presidente Tancredo Neves, 2501, 66077-830, Belém, PA, amazônico Brasil 2 Empresa de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural do Estado do Pará – EMATER/PA, Rodovia BR- 316, km 12, s/n, 67105-970, Ananindeua, PA, ABSTRACT: Electrochemical reactions are intensified by soil flooding, which changes Brasil the dynamics of nutrients and negatively affects plant growth. In this work, we aimed to Corresponding Author: evaluate the changes in the redox potential (Eh), pH and nutrient availability in a Haplic E-mail: [email protected] Gleysol soil from a floodplain of the Guamá River, Belém, Pará State. During the period of floods (61 days), samples soils were collected on alternate days and analyzed in dry and wet conditions. Flooding resulted in higher pH values and decreased Eh, which stabilized after 32 days of flooding and did not affect the values of total nitrogen. An increase in the KEYWORDS Oxidation-reduction concentrations of phosphorus, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper and zinc were observed, and Availability of nutrients they were subsequently reduced with time of submergence. The reduction of sulfur occurred Waterlogged soils at low Eh and pH values near neutrality. The results show that nitrogen and sulfur do not limit agricultural production in the lowland soils of the Guamá River. PALAVRAS-CHAVE Oxi-redução RESUMO: Reações eletroquímicas são intensificadas com a inundação do solo, o que altera Disponibilidade de nutrientes a dinâmica dos nutrientes e afetando negativamente o crescimento das plantas. O objetivo Solos alagados foi de avaliar as alterações no potencial redox (Eh), pH e na disponibilidade de nutrientes de um Gleissolo Háplico em várzea do rio Guamá, Belém, estado do Pará, em função do tempo de inundação. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em condição de laboratório. Durante a inundação (61 dias) foram coletadas amostras de solos em dias alternados e analisadas secas e úmidas. A inundação proporcionou elevação dos valores de pH e diminuição no Eh, que estabilizaram-se após 32 dias, e não influenciou o teor de nitrogênio (N) total. Ocorreu aumento nos teores de fósforo (P), enxofre (S), ferro (Fe), manganês (Mn) e zinco (Zn), que foram posteriormente reduzidos com o tempo de inundação. A redução do S ocorreu em valores baixos de Eh e pH próximo da neutralidade. Os altos teores de N e o S demonstram que esses nutrientes não se configuram como limitantes da produção agrícola em solo de várzea do rio Guamá. Received: 24 Nov. 2014 Accepted: 13 Feb. 2015 152 Rev. Cienc. Agrar., v.58, n.2, p. 152-158, abr./jun. 2015 Eletrochemical changes in Gleysol of the Amazon estuary 1 Introduction inhibits the absorption of water and nutrients and decreases the availability of S in the soil (Ponnamperuma, 1972). The lowland soils of the Brazilian Amazon constitute one The magnitude of the changes induced in the physical, of the most important ecosystems of Brazil because of its chemical and biological characteristics of wetland soils of biological productivity and biodiversity. The large coverage the Guamá River as a result of flooding regimes must be area (approximately 200,000 km2) and high fertility of the considered when the sustainable management of these areas soil, which is constantly renewed, allows them to have high is desired. Therefore, the hypothesis that the flooding regime yield potential (Lima et al., 2001). As a result of the physical, changes the dynamics of available nutrients in these soils and chemical and biological factors and flood regimes affecting the modifies their electrochemical properties is tested. soils, the coastal wetlands, which are also called fluvio-marine The objective was to evaluate the changes in pH and Eh wetlands, are classified as Pará River wetlands, Amazon River values and N, P, S, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn concentrations of a Estuary wetlands, Amapaense Coastal Plain wetlands and Haplic Gleysol as a function of the time of submergence. Northeast Paraense and Maranhense Pre-Amazon wetlands (Lima et al., 2001). The wetland soils of the Guamá River, a tributary of the 2 Materials and Methods Pará River, have great economic importance for the state of The soil samples were classified as Haplic Gleysol (Embrapa, Pará. Because they have good natural fertility and are located 2013) and collected 400 m from the Guamá River channel in the in the vicinity of large urban centers, they benefit agricultural Amazon estuary in a high floodplain area (1o27’32.92” S and activities and contribute to improving the quality of life of the 48o25’55.12” W). A homogeneous 10 ha area was selected for populations involved. Their natural fertility is associated with the collection of 10 simple soil samples at a depth of 0-0.2 m the large amount of suspended sediment in the river waters, for the preparation of composite samples. Three subsamples which maintains the soil fertility level (Lima et al., 2001). were extracted for the chemical characterization of the soil, and The periodic flooding of wetland soils changes their chemical the remaining material was used to conduct the experiment. characteristics, including their nutrient dynamics, which affects Sample preparation consisted of air drying, delumping with the development of crops. In these soils, anaerobic bacteria wooden tools, passing the soil through a 2.0-mm mesh sieve decompose organic matter using oxidized compounds from the soil and subsequently characterizing the soil. as electron acceptors, promoting a series of oxidation-reduction The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized reactions. As a consequence, there is a decrease in the redox design with four replicates under controlled conditions in the potential (Eh) and nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), copper (Cu) and Laboratory of Soil Analysis of the Federal Rural University of zinc (Zn) contents as well as an increase in pH and phosphorus Amazonia (Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA). & (P), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) availability (Gonçalves Seven kilograms of soil were placed into four styrofoam boxes, Meurer, 2010; Schmidt et al., 2013). which were flooded with deionized water obtained under quality The increase in pH resulting from waterlogging affects the control for 61 days. The water depth above the soil surface mobilization dynamics of several elements. Fe+3 and Mn+4 in the was maintained at 2 cm. soil surface are reduced to the forms Fe+2 and Mn+2, respectively, Thirty samplings were conducted from January to March increasing their solubility in the soil (Schmidt et al., 2013; 2006 by extracting a soil sample from each plot using a 10-mL Pezeshki & Delaune, 2012). P becomes more available mainly syringe extractor. One group of samples were analyzed after because of the reduction of ferric compounds to ferrous forms, weighing while wet, whereas another group with the same and the release of P that was retained by adsorption or by specific volume were collected and after weighing were oven-dried chemical bonds (Gonçalves & Meurer, 2010; Ponnamperuma, 1972). The concentrations of Zn and Cu decrease because at 105°C. of their ease in forming low solubility compounds such as The ratio between the wet sample weight and dry sample hydroxides, carbonates and sulfides, and in flooded acidic soils, weight was used to determine the factor that was used to these cations may experience increased adsorption onto organic convert the result of the wet soil analysis into oven-dried fine colloids because of the increase in pH (Ponnamperuma, 1972). soil (ODFS). The samples were then analyzed according to In soils under anaerobic conditions, great losses of N occur the method described in Embrapa (1997) with the exception through denitrification, which is considered the main loss of the available S, which followed the methodology described by Alvarez et al. (2001) (Table 1). The variables evaluated mechanism of this element. In the absence of O2, anaerobic - were pH, Eh, available P and S and total N, Fe, Mn, Cu and microorganisms use the oxidized form of N (NO3 ) as an electron acceptor during the decomposition of organic residues Zn contents. pH and Eh were obtained directly from the plots with a and reduce it to N2 or N2O, which leave the system in gas form (Keller et al., 2009). potentiometer prepared for the readings with the use of a 2- combined calomel electrode for the pH readings and a platinum Under these conditions, sulfate (SO4 ) is reduced by the precipitation of metal sulfides, especially pyrite (FeS), which electrode for the Eh readings, which were previously calibrated decreases the availability of S to crops in the long term (Pezeshki with buffer solutions. The measurements performed with aerobic & Delaune, 2012). In soils with high S content, precipitation in soil characteristics on the first day shortly after waterlogging the form of FeS prevents the poisoning of plants by H2S during were considered time zero. The values of the soil attributes & flooding (Pezeshki Delaune, 2012). H2S is toxic to plants, were plotted as a function of time. Rev. Cienc. Agrar., v.58, n.2, p. 152-158, abr./jun. 2015 153 Silva et al. 3 Results and Discussion The accumulation of organic load and its mineralization causes On the first day of waterlogging, the pH value increased by three further reducing conditions in the sediment (Vinatea et al., 2006). units, from 4.4 before waterlogging (Table 1) to 8.7 at 61 days Extremely low Eh values, such as those found in this study, after waterlogging (Figure 1a).
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